有机磷农药的多残留气相色谱分析方法

本文提供了一个简单、快速测定16种有机磷农药的多残留分析方法,样品经丙酮、水混合溶剂提取,加入氯化钠析出丙酮,再加二氯甲烷提取水相中残留的少量有机磷农药,分出有机相,经无水硫酸钠干燥后浓缩,用气相色谱仪测定。经饮用水、土壤、果蔬、谷物、烟草等添加试验,回收率为75.00—105.26％;变异系数为0.61—16.49％;最低检出浓度为1.2×10~(-3)mg/kg。     

超声波提取-分散固相萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中的有机磷农药

建立了快速准确地测定土壤中敌敌畏、乐果、毒死蜱残留量的分析方法。样品用1%乙酸乙腈超声波提取,PSA和C18混合吸附剂分散萃取净化,GC-FPD检测,基质外标法定量。在0.01~4.0mg/L范围内,3种农药的峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好,相关系数r0.999,方法的检出限为0.004~0.02mg/kg,定量限为0.02~0.05mg/kg,加标回收率在73%~95%之间,相对标准偏差为1.3%~9.1%。该方法操作简单,结果准确,对检测条件要求低,适用于土壤中有机磷农药敌敌畏、乐果、毒死蜱的残留检测。     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱测定土壤中有机磷农药

为准确、简便地测定土壤中的乐果、毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷及三唑磷残留量,采用分散固相萃取净化,建立了气相色谱法测定土壤中这4种有机磷农药残留的分析方法。样品经水浸润后,冰乙酸-乙腈(V∶V=1∶99)溶液超声提取,适量乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)和十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(C18)吸附剂净化提取液,GC/FPD测定,基质外标法定量。在优化条件下,乐果和三唑磷的线性范围为0.04~4.0 mg/L,毒死蜱和杀螟硫磷的线性范围为0.02~2.0 mg/L,相关系数r均大于0.998。在0.05~1.0 mg/kg添加水平范围内,4种农药的平均回收率在83.3%~96.6%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=3)为1.3%~9.4%,检出限(S/N3)为0.007 7~0.022 mg/kg,定量限(S/N10)为0.026~0.072 mg/kg。该方法操作简单、结果准确、有机试剂用量少、分析成本低,适用于土壤中有机磷农药的残留检测与分析。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取净化(SPE)-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的方法。采用ASE技术对土壤中OCPs进行提取,选用二氯甲烷∶丙酮=1∶1作为萃取溶剂,减少了组分的损失,17种OCPs的提取回收率达71.7%~113.4%。以弗罗里硅土小柱为净化载体,选择不同的淋洗溶剂形成4种方案进行净化试验,结果表明:方案1采用丙酮∶正己烷=1∶1为淋洗溶剂时的净化效果最好,17种OCPs的回收率为71.0%~97.6%,方法的检出限为0.16~0.28μg/kg。利用所建立的方法进行3个水平(0.01 mg/kg、0.02mg/kg、0.05mg/kg)的加标回收试验,结果表明:除了添加水平为0.01mg/kg时异狄氏剂和环氧七氯的回收率较差外,其余OCPs的回收率均达到72.3%~108.2%,相对标准偏差RSD小于15.6%,方法的回收率和相对标准偏差均满足土壤农药残留检测中准确度和精密度的要求。     

超声波萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和底质中的25种有机氯农药研究

建立了超声波萃取、Florisil柱净化,SPB-5毛细管柱分离,ECD检测器测定土壤和底质中25种有机氯农药的方法.该方法的检出限为0.079 μg/kg ～1.2 μg/kg,加标回收率为73.1％ ～ 126.5％,相对标准偏差为3.3％ ～9.7％.实验结果证明,该方法灵敏度高、精密度高,操作快速简便,满足土壤和底质中有机氯农药的测定要求.     

ASE-GC/MS同时测定土壤中8种酰胺类除草剂

通过优化加速溶剂萃取(ASE)条件、固相小柱净化(SPE)条件和气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)仪器分析条件,建立了"ASE提取-SPE净化-GC/MS分析"同时测定土壤中敌稗、甲草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺、杀草丹、异丙草胺和异丙甲草胺8种酰胺类除草剂残留量的分析方法。土壤样品经正己烷∶丙酮(1∶1)提取,提取液浓缩后经固相小柱净化,气相色谱质谱测定,内标法定量。研究结果表明:8种酰胺类除草剂在0.1~6.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数在0.995以上,方法检出限在5.0×10~(-3)~9.2×10~(-3)mg/kg之间,对实际土壤样品进行低、中、高浓度分别为0.02、0.05和0.5 mg/kg的加标测定,平行分析(n=6)的相对标准偏差在3.6%~12.5%之间,酰胺类除草剂的平均回收率在64.8%~101.7%之间。该方法灵敏度高、快速准确,适用于土壤中酰胺类除草剂的定性和定量检测,能为批量土壤样品的检测提供科学的方法。     

土壤和沉积物中17种有机氯农药残留量的测定

利用混合溶剂超声萃取出土壤、沉积物中的有机氯农药,弗罗里硅土小柱净化去除样品中色素、脂肪等杂质,浓缩后采用DB-35ms毛细柱分离,气相色谱微池电子捕获检测器(μECD)分析17种有机氯农药的残留量。该方法净化效果好,色谱峰分离好,灵敏度高,17种有机氯农药检测限均低于0.07μg/kg,加标回收率为74%～110%,相对标准偏差为2.6%～8.4%。     

直接进样气相色谱法分析污水中敌敌畏

水中有机磷农药的提取和测定方法的报道已经很多。一般多采用溶剂萃取法或树脂吸附法提取水中农药,再将抽提液净化、浓缩后进行色谱分析.样品的预处理工作比较繁琐,本文介绍水样不经预处理直接进样分析有机磷农药的方法,甚为简便. 由于火焰光度检测器(FPD)是对含磷和含硫化合物有高灵敏度和高选择性响应的检测器,它本身     

GDX树脂富集—GC—FPD测定土壤中亲水性有机磷农药残留量

本文提出了采用高分子多孔微球ＧＤＸ树脂吸附富集－气相色谱法测定土壤中亲水性有机磷农药残留量的方法。土样用水浸取，过滤，滤液经ＧＤＸ树脂吸富集，然后用氯仿洗脱浓缩后，用气相色谱法测定。实验结果表明：该方法对亲水性有机磷农药乐果、久效磷，甲基对硫磷的平均回收率可达８５％以上，用于实际土壤样品的分析，结果令人满意。     

气相色谱法测定水中七种有机磷农药研究

水中微量有机磷农药经二氯甲烷萃取、净化、凝胶净化色谱(GPC)浓缩,用带火焰光度检测器(FPD)的毛细管柱气相色谱仪测定.实验结果表明:七种有机磷农药曲线线性良好,相关系数可达0.999以上;检出限能够满足《地表水环境质量标准》限值要求;加标回收率范围为81.4%~92.4%,相对标准偏差范围为2.5%~7.3%,相对误差范围为1.9%~8.5%.可以同时测定《地表水环境质量标准》中规定的7种有机磷农药,提高工作效率.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.