滇西北剑湖沉积物磷形态、空间分布及释放贡献

采用连续分级提取法提取了剑湖沉积物中弱吸附态磷(NH_4Cl-P)、可还原态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-rP)、有机质结合态磷(NaOH-nrP)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)和残渣态磷(Res-P)6种形态的磷,并对表层(0~10 cm)沉积物磷形态水平空间分布、沉积柱芯(0~75 cm)磷形态垂向空间分布和释放贡献特征进行了分析.结果表明:表层沉积物6种磷形态平均含量差别较大,其含量由高到低排序为HCl-PRes-PNaOH-rPNaOH-nrPBD-PNH_4Cl-P;HCl-P含量是NH_4Cl-P的72倍,3种稳定磷形态(HCl-P、Res-P和NaOH-rP)含量是3种潜在可移动磷形态(NaOH-nrP、BD-P和NH_4Cl-P)含量的6.5倍.NH_4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-nrP和NaOH-rP含量的变异系数明显高于HCl-P和Res-P含量的变异系数.尽管表层沉积物6种磷形态的水平空间分布特征不尽相同,4条主要入湖河流入湖口区6种磷形态含量平均值之和是湖周浅水区的1.40倍,但能指示出入湖河流是外源磷污染物输入的主要通道.虽然沉积柱芯6种磷形态垂向空间分布特征各异,6种磷形态入湖口区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.60、1.87、1.87、1.61、1.18和1.15倍,其他湖区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.18、1.34、1.39、1.41、0.97和0.83倍,但除HCl-P和Res-P在其他湖区为随深度增加而缓慢递增外,基本上能反映出6种磷形态含量在入湖口区随深度增加而递减的程度都远强于其他湖区.外源磷输入和人为活动影响是3种潜在可移动磷形态和NaOH-rP的主要因素,流域地质背景是HCl-P和Res-P的主要影响因素.6种磷形态在入湖口区快释放贡献率多为负值,表示以滞留状态为主,慢释放贡献率全为正值,表示都为释放状态,滞留贡献最大和释放贡献最大的都是NaOH-rP;其他湖区快释放贡献率和慢释放贡献率多为正值,表示都以释放状态为主,NaOH-rP释放贡献最大,Res-P滞留贡献最大.     

沉积物与悬浮物中磷分级分离形态差异的初步研究

以滇池2个典型的严重富营养化湖湾——马村湾和海东湾为研究区域,研究分析了2个湖湾沉积物及水体悬浮物中4种磷的赋存形态：松散吸附态磷（NH4Cl-P）、氧化还原敏感态磷（BD-P）、金属结合态磷（NaOH-P）和钙结合态磷（HCl-P）以及有机质含量及总磷（TP）含量．结果表明：沉积物随着风浪搅动悬浮进入水体后,4种形态的磷含量及其所占总磷的比例均发生了较大变化,NH4Cl—P的含量升高,是由于快速的吸附作用所致;NaOH-P在4种磷形态中的比例下降,含量上升,表明沉积物再悬浮进入水体后磷的活化特性加大,其释放的潜力大为增强,这与湖水的pH密切相关．     

反复扰动下磷在沉积物和悬浮物以及上覆水间的交换

以太湖梅梁湾和月亮湾沉积物为研究对象,分析了沉积物反复扰动下磷在沉积物、悬浮物、上覆水间的交换规律.结果表明,反复扰动下,上覆水中TP和PP浓度降低;DTP则是在第8 d达到平衡浓度,分别稳定在0.019 mg·L-1(梅梁湾)和0.039 mg·L-1(月亮湾);DIP则发生了释放,随后降低,DIP的释放主要与沉积物中NH4Cl-P含量最大有关.第8 d达到平衡浓度,分别稳定在0.013 mg·L-1(梅梁湾)和0.028 mg·L-1(月亮湾).与上覆水中溶解氧的变化规律吻合.另外,扰动过程中梅梁湾上覆水DTP和DIP均明显高于月亮湾.由于扰动作用,悬浮物和沉积物上不同形态磷(NH4Cl-P、Fe/Al-P、HCl-P)数量分布发生明显变化.扰动过程中,梅梁湾悬浮物上NH4Cl-P、Fe/Al-P、HCl-P含量逐渐降低,而同一时间段上覆水中不同形态磷含量同样降低,但沉积物上NH4Cl-P、Fe/Al-P、HCl-P含量逐渐增加.尽管月亮湾的趋势不如梅梁湾显著,但总体趋势一致,暗示悬浮物在磷交换过程中所起的媒介作用.     

Phosphorus fractions and its release in the sediments of Haihe River, China

The amounts and forms of phosphorus (P) in surface sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, North China, were examined using a sequential chemical extraction procedure. Five fractions of sedimentary P, including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), metal oxide bound P (NaOH-P), calcium bound P (HCl-P), and residual P (Res-P) (organic and refractory P), were separately quantified. The results indicated that the contents of di erent P fractions in the sediments varied greatly. The total P (TP) contents ranged from 968 to 2017 mg/kg. Phosphorus contents in NH4Cl-P, BD-P, NaOH-P, and HCl-P ranged from 6.7 to 26.6 mg/kg, 54.5 to 90.2 mg/kg, 185.2 to 382.5 mg/kg, and 252.3 to 425.5 mg/kg, respectively, which represented 1.2%–3.2%, 7.7%–13%, 33.3%–48.9%, and 36.2%–54.2% of the sedimentary inorganic P, respectively. For all the sediment samples, the rank order of P-fractions was Res-P > HCl-P > NaOH-P > BD-P > NH4Cl-P. The highly positive relationship between the amounts of P released from the sediments and those in the NH4Cl-P and BD-P fractions, indicated that NH4Cl-P and BD-P were the main fractions that can release P easily.     

南水北调对密云水库水位变幅带土壤磷释放量的影响

南水北调来水引起的水位上涨可能会导致密云水库水位变幅带土壤中磷的释放.过量的磷可能会引起水体富营养,因此,研究水库变幅带磷释放风险对密云水库水质安全保障具有科学指导意义.本研究采用连续浸提法测定密云水库变幅带土壤及沉积物中弱吸附态磷(NH_4ClP)、铁磷(BD-P)、铝磷(NaOH-P)及钙磷(HCl-P)等4种不同形态磷含量,探讨其分布特征;并在室内进行了磷释放模拟实验,估算了南水北调来水引起水库水位上升所致的易释放磷的释放量.结果表明,NH_4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P广泛地分布于密云水库变幅带土壤及沉积物中.在白河、内湖及潮河3个库区,磷形态分布具有一致规律,即HCl-PNaOH-PBD-PNH_4Cl-P.因密云水库变幅带为中国典型的北方碱性土壤,变幅带无机磷主要为钙磷.NH_4Cl-P在3个库区变幅带土壤中含量相差不大,在受水动扰动力影响较小的内湖库区BD-P含量略高于其它2个库区.在3个不同库区中,潜在活性磷NH_4Cl-P和较稳定的NaOH-P在岸上和水陆交界面土壤及水下沉积物中含量相差不大,受氧化还原条件影响较大的BD-P在沉积物中的含量略高于岸上和水陆交界面土壤.磷释放模拟实验及释放量估算结果表明,水库水位上涨3 m的情况下,白河、潮河和内湖库区淹没变幅带土壤分别释放1.02、0.80、0.37 mg·m~(-2)易释放磷.白河和内湖库区变幅带被水淹没土壤中磷释放的风险可能更高,需加强防护.     

贵州红枫湖沉积物磷的生物有效性研究

选取贵州红枫湖这一典型的高原深水湖泊为研究对象,对其沉积物磷的生物有效性开展系统地分析研究。结果表明,红枫湖沉积物生物有效磷(BAP)含量从高到低依次为藻类可利用磷(AAP)Na HCO3可提取态磷(Olsen-P)水溶性磷(WSP),平均值分别为323、61.2和3.1mg/kg。红枫湖沉积物BAP含量呈现随深度增加而降低的垂向分布特征,在表层沉积物中含量较高,存在较大的磷释放风险。相关性分析表明,弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)和可还原态磷(BD-P)可能是沉积物生物活性磷最主要的来源。红枫湖沉积物磷生物有效性的科学评价,将为科学制定湖泊沉积物内源磷污染治理方案提供理论依据。     

草海湖滨带沉积物微生物群落对磷形态的影响

为探究高原湖泊湖滨带沉积物中微生物群落对磷赋存形态的影响,以草海湖滨带沉积物为研究对象,分析了磷素赋存形态;通过高通量测序技术分析了细菌和古菌的群落组成.结果表明,草海湖滨带表层沉积物的总磷含量范围在662.89~881.26mg/kg之间,平均值为750.36mg/kg;各磷形态中NaOH-NRP＞Res-P＞BD-P＞HCl-P＞NaOH-SRP＞NH₄Cl-P.细菌群落由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)等59个门和硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、厌氧粘细菌属(Anaeromyxobacter)等1259个属组成;古菌群落由泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)等8个门和甲烷丝菌属(Methanosaeta)等67个属组成.冗余分析、主成分分析和共现性网络分析表明,微生物群落能驱动草海沉积物中磷的形态转化,细菌主要通过影响铁的氧化/还原和碱性磷酸酶的活性;古菌则通过改变有机质和酸性磷酸酶活性来调控沉积物磷形态.     

贵州草海沉积物磷形态分布及释放风险分析

以草海湖区表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Hupfer改进后的化学连续提取法分析20个采样点沉积物中磷形态特征,通过不同磷吸附释放风险指数评估草海的潜在生态风险,并探讨影响磷形态和吸附释放的因素.结果表明,草海湖区表层沉积物总磷（TP）含量为780.95~1229.42 mg·kg^-1,存在轻度污染;磷形态含量分布表现为NaOH-NRP＞Res-P＞HCl-P＞BD-P＞NaOH-SRP＞NH₄Cl-P,TP与HCl-P、BD-P和NaOH-NRP均呈显著正相关（p＜0.001）.草海沉积物生物有效磷（BAP）含量为486.71~812.86 mg·kg^-1,占TP的59.18%~69.38%,内源磷负荷相对较大.沉积物磷吸附释放相关指数的变化范围分别为：磷吸附平衡浓度（EPC₀）：0.001~0.839 mg·L^-1（明显高于上覆水SRP）;磷吸附指数（PSI）：35.47~159.40 （mg·L）·（100 g·μmol）^-1;磷吸附饱和度（DPS）：3.64%~16.51%;磷释放风险指数（ERI）：3.03%~39.57%.草海沉积物磷释放风险存在显著的空间异质性,以较低释放风险为主,县城-西海码头区域为高释放风险区域.主成分分析（PCA）和冗余分析（RDA）显示：草海湖区表层沉积物各形态磷受理化性质、酶活性影响,其中Zn、Cd、Pb、中性磷酸酶（NP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、总氮（TN）影响比重较大;Fe_ox、Al_ox,NH₄Cl-P、BD-P和过氧化氢酶（CAT）与草海沉积物磷的吸附释放指数均显著相关.总体来看,草海自身的生态环境和周边的人类活动是显著影响沉积物中磷形态及磷吸附释放的主要因素.     

辽河保护区七星湿地磷的空间分布特征

为明确七星湿地水体和沉积物中磷的迁移转化过程,分析了上覆水和间隙水中磷的浓度及分布,研究了沉积物中磷的形态分布特征,计算了沉积物-水界面正磷酸盐(PO43--P)的扩散通量,并对水体及沉积物中不同形态磷进行了Pearson相关性分析。结果表明,水体和沉积物中总磷(TP)空间分布特征为在西小河和万泉河汇入口处二者浓度均较高;在羊肠河处二者浓度均较低;在湿地出口处,干流中TP浓度有所降低。沉积物中的TP以无机磷(IP)为主,所占比例为68.27%~87.41%。IP中各形态磷所占比例为金属(水合)氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-rP)钙结合态磷(HCl-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)有机质和腐殖质中的磷(NaOH-nrP)氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)。沉积物-水界面PO43--P扩散通量为正值,表明沉积物是上覆水中磷元素的重要来源。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,沉积物中BD-P是水体中磷的重要来源之一,NaOH-rP是沉积物中TP和IP的重要控制因子。     

滇池沉积物磷内负荷及其对水体贡献的研究

在滇池全湖选取 1 1 0个采样点 ,调查了沉积物磷的营养状况 ;外海不同方位选取 6个采样点 ,研究了沉积物磷的赋存形态、剖面分布及其对水体的贡献 .结果表明 ,滇池沉积物表层 ( 0～ 5cm)总磷含量主要变化在 2～ 3g·kg-1 ,最大值为 6 6 6g·kg-1 .沉积物剖面表明 ,表层总磷含量远高于底层 ,在 0～ 1 0cm总磷含量随深度增加而迅速降低 .在点 4、点 5和点 6 ,不同形态磷的含量顺序为NaOH P ,Org P >HCl P >BD P >NH4Cl P .滇池南部 (S1、S2 )沉积物钙结合态磷含量较高 ,表现为HCl P >NaOH P ,Org P >BD P >NH4Cl P(表层 0～ 2 0cm) .沉积物表层 0～ 1 0cm活性磷含量很高 ,且随深度增加含量急剧下降 ,滇池北部沉积物具有很大的释磷潜力 .可溶性磷在水 土界面的浓度梯度为沉积物磷向水体扩散提供了条件 ,在外源减少的情况下沉积物磷内负荷将在一定时间内成为滇池富营养化的主导因子     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.