生产性UASB反应器的中温高温交替启动运行过程

处理柠檬酸废水的UASB反应器因所处地区季节气温相差较大,可在中温和高温条件下交替启动运行.反应器在中温条件下启动,串联使用的两级UASB反应器的COD去除率达到77%～86%;当气温升高反应器内水温达到44℃～45℃时,反应器升温进入高温启动运行阶段,两级UASB反应器的COD去除率达到84%～93%;UASB反应器停产38d后,进行了中温再启动,COD去除率达到82%～96%.本文报道了生产性UASB反应器中温、高温交替启动运行的过程,以及中温和高温厌氧颗粒污泥的特性.     

UASB-膜生物反应器处理抗生素废水的研究

采用UASB-膜生物反应器对抗生素废水进行处理研究。结果表明,UASB具有很强的抗冲击能力,当UASB和膜生物反应器的容积负荷分别为10.9kgCOD/m3·d和4.62kgCOD/m3·d时,系统COD去除率仍有96.47%。污泥浓度对膜生物反应器的COD去除率有较大影响,当MLSS保持在3000～4000mg/L时,膜生物反应器COD去除率为85%左右,高于MLSS保持在7500～7800mg/L时为68%左右。在不排泥运行时膜生物反应器中MLVSS和MLSS比值比排泥运行时低。     

UASB处理阿维菌素废水的研究

利用 UASB反应器处理阿维菌素废水试验运行结果表明 :通过控制进水中 AVM浓度和对厌氧污泥有效的培养驯化 ,AVM的基质抑制影响基本消除 ;当进水 COD为 6 0 0 0～ 6 5 0 0 mg/ L时 ,出水 COD为 82 0～ 90 0 mg/ L ,反应器水力停留时间 9.5～ 10 .5 h,容积负荷达到 14～ 15 kg COD/ (m3· d) ,COD去除率达以 86 .1%     

UASB-SBR处理生物柴油制环氧脂肪酸甲酯废水

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-序批式活性污泥法反应器(SBR)组合工艺处理生物柴油制环氧脂肪酸甲酯废水,考察了反应器各个阶段废水的处理效果。试验结果表明:当调整废水的氧化还原电位(ORP)降至-50~+50mV,UASB稳定运行阶段进水COD约为6 000mg/L时,出水COD在1 300mg/L以下,COD去除率约为80%,VFA浓度为180mg/L(以乙酸计)左右,最佳容积负荷为6.0kg/(m3·d);采用SBR处理UASB出水,当容积负荷为1.27kg/(m3·d)时,出水COD在250mg/L以下,COD去除率在80%以上,氨氮浓度在25mg/L以下,TP浓度在4mg/L以下,且处理后废水的COD、氨氮浓度、TP浓度均达到《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》(CJ343—2010)的A级要求。     

基于新型载体AMC/UASB-SCMBBR生物工艺处理印染废水的中试研究

针对泉州某印染厂实际废水(COD 800～1800 mg·L~(-1),NH~+_4-N 20～50 mg·L~(-1),pH=8～14),以两种新型载体分别作为厌氧与好氧单元中微生物固定化载体,考察了中试规模上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)与柔性悬浮载体移动床生物膜反应器(SCMBBR)组合工艺对该废水的处理效果.4个月的连续试验结果表明:①经过30 d前期调试运行该工艺系统成功启动,处理量为1.5～2.2 m~3·d~(-1)时,AMC/UASB和SCMBBR反应器对COD的去除率分别达到22%和50%,AMC/UASB反应器出现明显的产气现象,SCMBBR中载体挂膜状况良好;②启动完成后经过90 d的连续运行,当AMC/UASB和SCMBBR反应器水力停留时间分别为10.7 h和8.8 h,废水处理量为5 m~3·d~(-1)时,稳定运行阶段整个工艺废水COD去除率达到78%,出水氨氮平均浓度为3.4 mg·L~(-1);此外,整体工艺色度去除率达到65%,其中,厌氧段色度去除率达到50%左右;③通过分析计算,整个系统污泥减量达到67.7%～76.6%,该生物组合工艺具有明显的污泥减量效果.     

UASB处理生物柴油废水的效果研究

采用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)工艺处理地沟油回收制备生物柴油废水,通过试验研究了UASB反应器各个阶段对该类废水的处理效果,并考察了甲基磺酸、对甲基苯磺酸两种预酯化催化剂对该类废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:当进水COD为15g/L、容积负荷为15kg/(m3·d)时,UASB反应器COD的去除率稳定在87%左右,出水VFA为4~6mmol/L,沼气产量为16.8L/d;当容积负荷稳定在5kg/(m3·d),进水甲基磺酸浓度为5500mg/L时,UASB反应器COD的去除率达83%以上,进水对甲基苯磺酸浓度为1 000mg/L时,UASB反应器COD的去除率为58.3%,从废水处理的难易程度角度考虑,建议采用甲基磺酸为预酯化催化剂。     

UASB反应器处理CMC废水的启动特性研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以高浓度羧甲基纤维素(CMC)废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下UASB反应器的启动、颗粒污泥特性和废水处理效果.结果表明,采用接种颗粒污泥与消化污泥的混合泥进行培养,并逐步提高进水CMC废水浓度,运行80 d后,可实现UASB反应器的启动;当进水COD值达到4 000 mg/L,容积负荷6.86 kg/(m3.d),COD去除率在80%以上;反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,且颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性良好.     

EGSB反应器快速培养厌氧颗粒污泥

在EGSB反应器中接种取自UASB反应器的絮状污泥(占总接种污泥量的4/5)和少量厌氧颗粒污泥(粒径<0.8mm,占总接种污泥量的1/5),对用该反应器快速培养厌氧颗粒污泥进行了试验研究,结果显示:经过35d运行,反应器中的污泥出现明显的颗粒化现象,平均粒径达1.4mm,且粒径分布均匀,中间粒径(1～2mm)的质量分数达61.84%。当进水COD浓度为7500mg/L,容积负荷为52kg/(m3.d),水力停留时间约3.2h,回流比为12,上升流速为3.4m/h时,反应器仍可稳定运行,COD去除率达95.4%,且在此运行条件下,通过排泥维持反应器内的MLSS为45g/L时,污泥的增长最为迅速,经过4～5d,MLSS可达65g/L。     

UASB处理高浓度畜禽养殖废水启动及产气性能研究

利用外循环上流式厌氧污泥床反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度畜禽养殖废水,研究反应器的启动影响因素和产气性能,分析反应器运行特征。在容积负荷为8.1 kg COD/(m3·d)时反应器取得最佳的运行效果,此时COD平均去除率86.9%,出水VFA为204.0 mg/L。该负荷下单位容积平均产气率2.2 L/(L·d),消耗单位有机物平均产气率316.9 m L/g COD,甲烷平均含量70.5%。该研究可为UASB处理高浓度养殖废水的启动提供依据。     

UASB工艺处理玉米淀粉废水研究报告

本文以河北邢台地区某年产40万吨玉米淀粉企业进行生产实践研究,用上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)对玉米淀粉废水进行预处理,采用工艺优化和仪器分析的方法,对工艺关键控制点进行跟踪分析,确定了UASB调试的控制因素:COD容积负荷达到8 kg COD·(m3·d)-1时,出水COD达到450 mg·L-1~500 mg·L-1,COD去除率达到95%,沼气产率达到0.36L·kg COD-1,系统运行稳定。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.