青海北部及邻近地区地震趋势研究

对青海北部及邻近地区1976年以来ML≥3.0地震进行了分析,得到了该区5级以上中强地震的活动规律,认为研究区内地震活动正处于第四个活跃期,下一次中强地震发生在柴达木地震带的可能性较大.     

月相调制比在华东及安徽地区的研究与应用

对华东地区1970年以来5级以上地震的月相效应进行了分析,表明该区地震活动具有明显的月相效应;分别对华东、安徽地区1970年以来4.5级和4级以上地震的月相调制比进行分析研究,认为华东MS5.5级、安徽MS5.5级以上地震活动受月相调制作用显著,分别提出了华东地区MS≥5.5级及安徽地区MS≥5.0级地震发生前月相调制比的定量预测指标,它对这两个区域大震的发生具有中、短期预测意义.     

白赤交角的周期在川滇地区M≥6.7级地震预测中的应用

基于对20世纪以来川滇地区M≥6.7级以上大地震年份与月亮白赤交角的两个极值的变化周期18.6年的关系,建立了1个预测模型,用于对未来川滇地区地震的发生时间进行预测。分析结果表明,20世纪以来川滇地区的39个M≥6.7级强震与月亮白赤交角的两个极值的变化周期18.6年有着密切的关系。通过分析,认为川滇地区未来19年内有可能发生4次M≥6.7级地震的危险,另一方面,2012～2017年有强烈的地震灾害信号,并且未来几次M≥6.7地震可能发生在2014/2015/2019/2027年。     

地震与优生

目前,我国大陆地震活动正处于本世纪以来第5个高潮期,具有中强震连发的特征。据统计,自1988年至1997年底,我国大陆及邻近地区已发生7级以上(含7级)大地震15次(其中8次发生于我国境内)。专家们分析出目前我国地震高潮期的具体地区:云南和新疆为“主体活动区”;青海和东南沿海是“参与活动区”;四川、西藏等地自1988年以来虽多次发生6级以上强震,但7级以上大地震尚未发生,将根据其震情的发展确定其活动期类型。根据世界历史地震活动程度统计,全球平均每年发生1～2次8级以上特大地震,18～20次7级以上大地震。我国是世界上多地震国家,也是中地震活动水     

利用最大熵原理预测安徽及华东地区中小地震活动水平

利用最大熵原理对安徽及华东地区中小地震活动水平进行统计预测,结果显示:安徽地区一年之内一般会发生Ms≥2.5地震,有可能发生Ms≥3.0地震,然而发生Ms≥3.5级地震的可能性不大。华东地区一年内一般会发生Ms≥3.5地震,有可能发生Ms≥4.0级地震,但发生Ms≥4.5级地震的可能性不大。     

2013年11月23日山东莱州4.6级地震序列初步分析

2013年11月23日山东省莱州市发生Ms4.6级地震,该地震发生在沂沭断裂带东侧.该地震序列类型为主余型,但是地震序列的h值小于1.根据地震的等震线长轴、震源机制解和地质资料分析认为发震断层呈NE向.该地震打破了华北地区6个月的ML4级地震平静,可能预示着华北地区中强地震活动复苏,拉开华北地区中强地震活动序幕,对华北地区6级地震具有指示意义.此外,该地震是1995年苍山Ms5.2级地震后,山东内陆地区发生的最大地震,引起了广泛的政府和社会关注,具有重要的社会影响.     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地震活动特征分析

分析了鄂尔多斯块体周缘的地震活动特征,结果表明块体的东缘、南缘、西缘均发生过8级强震或多次7级以上地震,而北缘历史上仅发生过1次7级地震,可见块体周缘的强震活动水平存在显著差异,中强地震活动的时间、空间差异也较为显著,1929年以前,块体北缘没有中强地震记录,而块体东缘、南缘、西缘却是中强地震的丛集区域,1929年以后,块体周缘的地震活动格局发生了显著变化。2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震后,多种迹象表明,鄂尔多斯块体北缘特别是西北缘的地震危险趋势将进一步加剧。b值空间扫描结果显示该区域也是低b值高应力积累区域,鄂尔多斯块体北缘的历史中强地震均发生在这些高应力积累的区域。在关注鄂尔多斯块体西北缘的同时,也应特别关注超长平静区内蒙古临河至晋冀蒙交界地区发生强震的可能性。     

楚雄中强震活动特征研究

2000年姚安5.9、6.5级地震以来,楚雄区域中强地震活动呈现频次高、强度大、范围广的现象。通过对楚雄区域中强地震活动进行研究,得出以楚雄-南华地震带为活动主体的楚雄区域中强地震活跃,楚雄地震带南段和北段6.0级以上地震活动存在互相呼应、相继活动的现象;20世纪,云南7.0级强震活动时段,楚雄区域中强地震在时、空、强...     

国内外灾后重建事例

新疆乌恰地震 1985年8月23日新疆乌恰地震是成功迁址重建的启示例。20世纪这里已发生里氏4．7级以上地震百余次。6级～7级地震10多次。乌恰老县城地基是粉细砂层，抗震性能较差。1986年按国务院决定开始新址搬迁，1989年完成了全部搬迁，1990年4月17日乌恰西南6．4级地震、1993年12月1日发生6．2级地震、1996年3月19日阿图什发生6．9级地震，所有这些均未对乌恰新城有影响，这是一个成功的搬迁的典例。     

黑龙江及周边3次中等地震震前活动能量场及物理升温现象时空特征分析

通过计算地震活动能量距平场,研究了黑龙江及其附近区域3次中等地震前的研究区能量场在地震孕育过程中相关的物理时空变化特征。结果显示,地震活动能量场的时间曲线呈较大幅度上升可能预示了发生中强震的时间段,而地震活动能量场等值线高值变化区对应了可能发生M5以上地震的区域。结合热红外卫星长波辐射(OLR)值发现,地震前能量场等值线高值变化区升温明显,表明研究区能量场处于能量积累(释放)增强的状态。这些特征的提取,对该地区中强地震的中短期预测有一定的指导意义。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.