低碳氮比猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮

针对低碳氮比猪场废水传统脱氮法碳源不足的问题,采用SBBR反应器进行短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合脱氮.实验表明,短程硝化反硝化预处理可为厌氧氨氧化创造良好的进水条件;经预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果显著,氨氮、亚硝态氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为91.8%、 99.3%、 84.1%,废水中残留有机物未对厌氧氨氧化效果产生明显影响,氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮平均变化量之比为 1∶1.21∶0.24.色质联用分析结果显示,猪场废水中有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应前后未发生明显变化,主要化合物为酯类和烷烃类物质;特殊功能菌种检测结果表明,实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌共存的系统,厌氧氨氧化菌是该系统主要脱氮功能菌.     

短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺处理煤气化废水

针对煤气化废水现有处理工艺存在的污染物去除效果差、运行成本高等问题,文章提出了短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化的处理工艺。将部分原水和经硝化阶段处理的原水按一定比例混合后进入短程反硝化阶段,充分利用原水中的COD作为短程反硝化碳源获得富含氨氮和亚硝氮的出水,保证了后续厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮过程能够正常进行。通过控制反应器温度在15～25℃、pH在8.0～8.5和少量有机碳源投加的措施实现了对短程反硝化过程的稳定控制,亚硝氮积累率高达85.7%。该实验最终出水总氮去除率可达87.0%,出水COD低于28.0 mg/L,氨氮低于4.8 mg/L,证明了短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺的可行性和高效性。同时,该工艺曝气能耗低、有机碳源和碱度消耗少,为厌氧氨氧化技术的应用提供了新的思路。     

EGSB-BAF集成系统实现厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化

将膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和曝气生物滤池(BAF)集成,EGSB出水进入BAF进行短程硝化,BAF出水外回流至EGSB反应器为后者提供亚硝态氮,在不需外部投加亚硝态氮的条件下,实现厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化的耦合, 系统地处理ρ(氨氮)为50 mg/L和ρ(COD_Cr)为500 mg/L的合成废水.结果表明:当外回流比为200%时,系统CODCr,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为92.4%,97.4%和80.6%;出水ρ(氨氮),ρ(亚硝态氮),ρ(硝态氮)和ρ(COD_Cr)分别为1.05,4.30,2.56和35.3 mg/L;COD_Cr,总氮和氨氮的去除负荷速率分别为1.770,0.137和0.164 kg/(m3·d). 与传统的活性污泥过程相比,EGSB-BAF集成系统回收甲烷1.03 　L/d,占系统COD_Cr去除量的37.0%;在系统总氮的去除过程中,厌氧氨氧化途径占35.9%,短程反硝化途径占47.4%,全程反硝化途径占16.7%.      

反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能

本研究在一体式分区反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥和亚硝化污泥,通过与反硝化反应器串联,研究了前置反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明,未串联反硝化之前,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器在进水氨氮浓度为600 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1)时,总氮去除速率(NRR)可达1.88 kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除率(NRE)可达90.3%;而在进水COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1),即C/N0.8时,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的NRR下降至1.50 kg·(m3·d)-1.通过前置反硝化反应器可以迅速缓解有机物对厌氧氨氧化的不利影响;反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联反应器在进水NH+4-N浓度为1 100 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度1 150 mg·L~(-1)时,仍可稳定高效运行,整体NRR可达1.37kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区NRRana高达15.6 kg·(m3·d)-1,平均NRE可达98.6%,在仅利用原水中有机碳源的情况下实现了垃圾渗滤液的高效深度脱氮.此工艺晚期处理垃圾渗滤液可去除大部分易生物降解有机物.     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理高含氮废水的研究

采用实验室规模的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究其对高含氮、低C/N废水的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器的水力停留时间控制在1.0d时,亚硝化活性比较稳定,进水氨氮浓度对其影响不大.进水氨氮浓度在400～600 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮浓度都在260～280 mg/L,可以通过控制进水氨氮浓度调节出水亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率.亚硝化反应器出水的亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率对厌氧氨氧化脱氮率有重要的作用.当进水氨氮浓度为480 mg/L时,出水中亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.2左右,进入厌氧氨氧化反应器的氮物质去除率达到     

耐高氨氮异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌TN-14的鉴定及其脱氮性能

从环境中筛选出1株耐高氨氮、具有产絮、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的新菌株TN-14,对其进行生理生化特征及分子鉴定、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力以及产絮性能的考察,并研究其与耐氨氮能力以及对高氨氮猪场废水的除污性能.根据菌株生理生化特征以及分子鉴定结果,可初步确定菌株TN-14为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..异养硝化反应体系中,24 h内菌株TN-14对氨氮、总氮的去除率分别达到97.13%和93.53%;硝酸盐反硝化体系中,24 h内硝态氮从94.24 mg·L-1降到39.32mg·L-1,硝态氮的去除率达到58.28%,反硝化速率为2.28 mg·(L·h)-1;亚硝酸盐反硝化体系中,亚硝态氮从反应初始浓度97.78 mg·L-1下降到21.30 mg·L-1,亚硝态氮去除率达78.22%,反硝化速率为2.55 mg·(L·h)-1.菌株TN-14具有良好的产絮特性,其培养液对0.4%的高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达94.74%;菌株TN-14能够在氨氮高达1200 mg·L-1的环境下生长.菌株TN-14对实际猪场废水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到85.30%、65.72%、64.86%和79.41%,在实际高氨废水生物处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

反硝化-高效部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理老龄垃圾渗滤液

采用反硝化-沸石曝气生物滤池(ZBAF)部分亚硝化及氧氨氧化组合工艺处理老龄垃圾渗滤液,探究ZBAF部分亚硝化特性以及组合工艺的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明通过游离氨(FA)对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的选择性抑制ZBAF可以实现老龄垃圾渗滤液稳定高效部分亚硝化,平均亚硝氮积累率(NAR)为93.8%亚硝氮产率(NPR)最高达1.659 kg·(m~(3·d)~(-1);在进水中投加葡萄糖700mg·L~(-1)后,当回流比为2.0 HRT为2.2 d时,由于反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的协同作用,组合工艺脱氮效果最佳,平均氨氮去除率(ARE)、总氮去除率(NRE)和总氮去除负荷(NRR)分别达97.2%、90.0%和0.585 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均COD去除率为45.3%其中厌氧氨氧化平均NRR_(ANA)为1.060 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)最高达1.268 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).利用高通量测序技术分析各装置中的微生物群落结构.结果显示,反硝化细菌(Paracoccus和Comamonnas)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)(Nitrosomonas)和厌氧氨氧化菌(Candidatus Kuenenia和Candidatus Anammoxoglobus)分别为反硝化、ZBAF和厌氧氨氧化装置中的优势菌这与组合工艺稳定的脱氮性能相吻合.     

溶解氧对亚硝酸型硝化反硝化的影响研究

在序批式生物膜反应器内接种以氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌为主的活性污泥,期望实现亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮,处理城市污水。在进水TN为30～40 mg/l、氨氮为30～35 mg/l、COD为250 mg/l左右、pH值为7.50～7.80、温度为25±1℃等条件下,研究不同溶解氧对总氮去除率和亚硝酸盐氮积累率的影响,结果表明,在溶解氧浓度为1.5～2.5 mg/l时,可以实现稳定的亚硝酸型硝化反硝化,总氮去除率为75%左右,亚硝酸盐氮积累率为65%～82%。     

部分半硝化AGS-SBR工艺的启动及其种群结构分析

采用序批式污泥反应器(SBR),接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),以人工模拟低COD/N废水为进水水质,在pH 7.5~8.5,温度为30℃,DO浓度约为0.8 mg·L-1的条件下,通过逐步提高进水氨氮浓度的策略启动部分半硝化工艺.结果表明,通过逐步提高进水氨氮浓度方法,可在60 d内初步形成部分半硝化工艺.部分半硝化工艺运行期间,系统对NO_2~--N的积累率基本维系在80%以上,对TN的去除率平均为64.54%,出水亚硝态氮和氨氮(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N)比值平均达到1.16,符合厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应进水要求.同时,基于高通量测序技术分析了部分半硝化工艺启动后微生物种群结构组成,其主要优势菌属有:Candidate-division-TM7-norank(相对丰度68.63%)、Saprospiraceae-uncultured(8.26%)、Thauera(4.63%)、Denitratisoma(3.16%)、Anaerolineaceae-uncultured(1.63%)和Anaerovorax(1.39%).部分半硝化AGS-SBR系统中与脱氮功能相关的主要菌属为:Nitrosomonas、Thauera、Denitratisoma和Bacillus,该系统中存在自养脱氮、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化的多种脱氮途径.     

生物脱氮组合工艺的研究及应用

为处理高浓度含氮废水,提出生物脱氮组合工艺,首先介绍3种生物脱氮技术原理,同时对其进行比较分析,找出现有技术在实际应用中存在的不足,从而归纳出生物脱氮组合工艺,即"短程硝化+厌氧氨氧化+反硝化"。该组合工艺可去除废水中各种形式的氮,且去除1 mol氨态氮消耗0.75 mol氧气。实际应用中总氮去除率最高可达87.5%,氨氮去除率最高可达91.8%。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.