厌氧折流板反应器处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性研究

采用固定水力停留时间(HRT)、逐步提高进水土霉素(OTC)浓度的方式,考察了四格室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性,以期为工程实践提供理论指导和技术参考.结果表明,ABR在pH=7.00~7.50、(35±1)℃、HRT=24 h、进水初始COD为2000.0mg·L-1的条件下启动,经49 d的运行,在进水COD为4500.0 mg·L-1、OTC为0.1 g·m-3·d-1、pH=7.20条件下达到了稳定状态,系统COD去除效率稳定在95.0%左右.在维持进水COD和HRT不变的条件下,通过增加进水OTC浓度的方式将OTC的负荷分阶段提高为1.0、3.3和5.0g·m-3·d-1的过程中,ABR对OTC的去除率略有下降,从59.9%降低到了57.7%,而对COD的去除率则始终保持在95%上下.可见,ABR处理土霉素废水具有有效性和运行稳定性,是值得深入研发的土霉素废水处理工艺.     

IC反应器处理制药废水的颗粒污泥驯化和快速启动

试验研究了厌氧内循环(IC)反应器处理化工合成制药废水时,颗粒污泥的驯化培养启动过程.IC反应器控制在中温条件运行,接种颗粒污泥取自处理味精废水的厌氧上升流式污泥床反应器,驯化开始采用葡萄糖基质与制药废水混合废水,然后很快转化为全部是生物难降解的合成制药废水.结果表明,采用高负荷、高进水浓度的启动控制条件,经历23d的启动运行,IC反应器的容积负荷达到5 kgCOD/(m3·d), COD去除率达到70%~80%.在容积负荷达到7.4kgCOD/(m3·d)时,COD的去除率仍可稳定在70%左右.IC反应器中的成熟颗粒污泥形状规则、密实、粒径大.扫描电镜观察发现,颗粒污泥中古细菌产甲烷鬓毛菌(Methanosaetaceae)占优势. IC反应器处理难降解废水在高负荷、高进水浓度条件下可实现快速培养驯化和启动.     

浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器处理啤酒废水试验

研究了新型浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器(SDRAnMBR)处理模拟啤酒废水的运行性能.研究结果表明,SDRAnMBR对啤酒废水有较好的处理效果,处理过程负荷提高快,有机物去除率高,系统耐冲击负荷的能力强,而且运行非常稳定.正常运行期间,进水COD在2900～5200mg·L-1,容积负荷为4.97～12.48kg·m-·3d-1(以COD计)时,COD的平均去除率为95.15%.膜截留和三相旋转流的共同作用,加强了在高污泥浓度(MLSS)和高负荷条件下运行时的混合和传质,从而强化了SDRAnMBR在高MLSS和高容积负荷下运行的稳定性和出水水质.     

MIC反应器处理酒精废水的污泥颗粒化研究

颗粒污泥是厌氧反应器稳定运行和高效能的载体。以MIC厌氧反应器处理高浓度酒精废水为例,采用城市污水厂的消化污泥启动MIC反应器,其培养过程分为3个阶段:驯化启动期、颗粒污泥出现期和颗粒污泥成熟期。污泥完成颗粒化后,MIC反应器COD容积负荷稳定在20kg·m-3·d-1,COD去除率为90%以上。并讨论了颗粒污泥的粒径分布、沉降性能等性质,为培养国产的厌氧颗粒污泥积累经验。     

一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水脱氮试验研究

采用新型一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水,在反应器中实现了高效的同步硝化反硝化脱氮,同时采用多点进水方式解决了脱氮低碳源问题.试验结果表明,在温度20℃,有机负荷(COD)为0.85 kg·m-3·d-1、氮负荷为0.27 kg·m-3·d-1、HRT为9h、分点进水条件下,可使进水COD为320 mg.L-1,TN为97 mg.L-1,NH;.N为84mg·L-1左右的高氮城镇污水,出水COD、TN、NH4 -N分别为16 mg·L-1、19.1mg·L-1、6.86 mg·L-1,达到国家一级排放B标准.     

自动控制实现两级混合床反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的短程硝化

采用两级混合床反应器(分别命名为 Hybrid Ⅰ和 HybridⅡ).对垃圾渗滤液中的COD和氨氮去除进行了试验研究,混合床由颗粒悬浮载体和固定组合软性填料相结合.试验以反应器的 DO、pH、ORP、SS等作为在线控制参数,研究了该反应器在固定温度(28～33℃)、不同进水负荷、DO 和 pH值下的运行效果,最后在 Hybrid 反应器的优化控制条件(DOHrbrid Ⅰ=(2.0±0.2)mg·L-1,DOHbrid Ⅱ=(1.5±0.2)mg·L-1,pHHybrid Ⅰ=8.0±0.2,pHHybrid Ⅱ=8.5±0.2,周期进水量为50L)下,实现了COD的高效去除以及氨氮的短程硝化去除.垃圾渗滤液进水 COD和氨氮分别为2300～5700mg·L-1和580～1150mg·L-1.两级混合床反应器工艺的COD和氨氮的去除率分别为93%和95%左右,总氮(TN)的去除率在82%以上.连续运行过程中 Hybrid Ⅰ和 Hybrid Ⅱ反应器的COD最大去除速率分别为 1.91 kg·m-3·d-1和0.75kg·m-3·d-1,氨氮亚硝化速率最大分别为 0.54kg·m-3·d-1和0.33kg·m-3·d-1.运行结果表明,该工艺耐冲击负荷强,处理效果稳定.     

基于ASBR反应器的厌氧氨氧化启动及特性研究

采用ASBR反应器,接种消化污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥的混合污泥,在温度(35±1)℃、HRT为24h、pH为7.3～8.5的条件下经过160d的培养,获得了砖红色的厌氧氨氧化菌菌胶团.试验结果表明:进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度约为180mg·L-1,平均总氮容积负荷为0.38kg·m-3·d-1时.NH4+4-N和NO-2N的去除率平均为93.2%和95.7%,TN平均去除率为86.9%.厌氧氨氧化反应过程出水pH值高于进水,稳定在7.74左右.     

EGSB-MBR组合工艺处理糖蜜发酵废水效能研究

实验采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器与好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺对糖蜜发酵废水进行处理.重点考察了组合工艺对发酵废水的处理效能,包括甲烷的产生效率、污染物(COD、NH4+-N和TN)的去除效能.实验结果表明:控温条件下[(35±1)℃]、进水COD约为2250mg/L、pH在为6.0左右时,EGSB对发酵废水的COD去除率可达75.6%,甲烷的容积产气速率为0.48m3/(m3·d).MBR在溶解氧(DO)为1~2mg/L左右时,采用曝气-搅拌交替运行方式处理EGSB出水,可以实现同步硝化反硝化,并且在曝气3h-搅拌1h交替运行条件下,NH4+-N、TN去除率分别为85.13%、58.57%,而最终COD去除率达到85%.     

内循环厌氧反应器处理十溴联苯醚

在中低温厌氧条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器降解BDE-209废水。结果表明:在温度为18～30℃,反应器运行62 d,第14天反应器出现颗粒污泥,随着运行时间和容积负荷的增加,颗粒污泥的粒径不断增大。当进水ρ(COD)为11 000 mg/L,控制HRT为24 h,COD容积负荷为11.7 kg/(m3.d)时,COD去除率稳定在70%以上,BDE-209降解效率达26.8%。     

微压流化式复合生物反应器处理含酚废水效能的研究

通过连续动态试验,对新型微压流化式复合生物反应器(MP-FHBR)处理模拟苯酚废水的效能进行研究.结果表明,MP-FHBR的COD容积负荷可达4.86kg/(m3·d)、苯酚容积负荷可达1.96kg/(m3·d),出水COD低于200mg/L、出水苯酚浓度低于1mg/L,COD和苯酚去除率分别达到90%和99%以上.当苯酚容积负荷达到2.04kg/(m3·d),苯酚在反应器中逐渐累积,反应器内微生物的TTC-比脱氢酶活性下降.当MP-FHBR进水苯酚浓度为800mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为9～10h.水力负荷对反应器沉淀池的泥水分离效果影响较大,限制了反应器的进水量,所以MP-FHBR主要适用于处理较高浓度的含酚废水.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.