陕北风沙黄土过渡区河道径流影响因素的识别

陕北地区属风沙草滩到黄土沟壑的过渡区,准确识别该地区河道径流的各影响因素及影响程度,对干旱半干旱地区的资源开发具有重要意义。该文以陕北窟野河流域为例,首先介绍了主成分分析法的原理以及计算步骤;其次采用该方法对1980-1998年、1999-2010年以及1980-2010年3个时期的河道径流影响因素进行了分析。其中1980-1998年间,第1主成分对窟野河径流的贡献率达到了67.40%;1999-2010年间,第1主成分的贡献率为46.34%;1980-2010年间,反映气温、用水量、水保面积和煤炭开采量等因素的第1主成分,贡献率为65.42%。结果表明,主成分分析法可以较为准确地识别窟野河径流的主要影响因素及其影响程度。     

基于SWAT模型的煤炭开采区河道径流变化识别

近些年陕北地区河道径流减少明显,特别是煤炭开采地区,而各影响因素的定量识别研究很少。该文以陕北煤炭开采区窟野河流域为例,首先建立了基准期(1960-1979)的SWAT模型;接着依次将近期(1999-2010)气象数据、土地利用数据代入模型,定量计算了近期气象因素、水保措施对河道径流的影响;最后根据近期生产生活用水的增量,得到煤炭开采等因素对河道径流的影响程度。结果表明:近期相对于基准期,窟野河流域由于气象因素造成的减水量为21 987×10~4m~3,水保措施造成的减水量为6 560×10~4m~3,煤炭开采造成的减水量为17 850×10~4m~3。该结果可为窟野河流域的生态修复提供重要参考。     

窟野河流域煤炭开采对水循环的影响研究

黄河流域煤炭开采对水资源的赋存和循环条件产生严重影响,并影响入黄径流量,研究煤炭开采对水循环的影响,揭示河川径流变化机理,这对于研究黄河水沙变化机理及维持黄河健康生命具有重要的意义。论文以黄河中游窟野河为研究对象,运用数理统计和建立YRWBM模型(Yellow River Water Balance Model,简称YRWBM模型)的方法,研究了窟野河流域煤炭开采对水循环的影响,研究结果表明,煤炭开采是窟野河径流变化的一个重要原因,1997—2006年,窟野河煤炭资源开采量为5 500×104t/a,减少水资源量为2.9×108m3/a,占这阶段径流变化的54.8%。吨煤对径流开采的影响量约为5.27 m3。     

黄河中游河龙区间径流量变化趋势及其归因

黄河水沙变化关乎黄河流域生态安全和全流域的高质量发展。近年来黄河水量出现大幅锐减,制约了当地社会经济和下游可持续发展。量化气候变化和人类活动对径流量减少的贡献对于解析黄河水沙变化动因具有重要意义。由于研究尺度和研究方法的不同,径流量变化的因素和影响程度存在较大差异。本文采用MK趋势检验和双累积曲线法系统分析黄河中游河龙区间四个典型流域（皇甫川、窟野河、无定河、延河）1960—2015年间水文要素的变化趋势,利用Budyko水热平衡方程阐明气候变化和人类活动对流域径流变化的作用。结果表明：1960—2015年皇甫川、窟野河、无定河、延河流域径流量均显著下降（P<0.01）,且径流量均在1979年和1999年前后发生突变,而降水量变化不显著。同基准期（1960—1979年）相比,P2时期（1980—1999年）气候变化对径流减少的贡献率达64%~76%;随着退耕还林还草工程的大规模实施,P3时期（2000—2015年）人类活动成为径流减少的主要影响因素,其贡献率达71%~88%。     

1956-2005年窟野河径流变化及人类活动对径流的影响分析

为明确水土保持综合治理和矿产资源开发引起的水文情势演变,以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区的窟野河流域为研究区域,选择近50 a的径流、降雨资料,运用非参数检验、R/S、小波分析、历时曲线方法,探讨径流的变化趋势、突变和周期,并利用降雨-径流多元线性模型估算气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响。结果表明:径流量表现出显著减少趋势,变率为-0.11×10⁸ m³/a,跃变时间发生在1979、1996年。与基准期(1956-1979年)相比,煤炭开发期(1997-2005年)的日径流量在5%、50%和95%的频率上减少程度均较水土保持效应期(1980-1996年)大。年径流的演变在9、18、32 a存在显著的周期。水土保持效应期气候变化与人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为58.62%、41.38%,煤炭开发期气候变化占21.75%,人类活动占78.25%,其中采煤活动占52.27%。煤炭开采是导致窟野河径流减少的主要因素,但是气候变化的影响也不可忽视,在进行水土保持综合治理和水资源合理规划时应充分考虑。     

基于空间聚类的中国东北气候分区及其气象干旱时间变化特征

近50年来,中国东北地区干旱化趋势明显,越来越频繁的干旱事件对该区域人民的生产和生活造成了严重的影响。基于1961-2016年中国地面降水和气温月值0.5°×0.5°格点数据,利用空间系统聚类方法对中国东北进行气候分区,通过标准化降水指数探讨了中国东北各亚区气象干旱的时间演变规律,并结合小波功率谱和小波全谱分析了各亚区干旱的周期变化特征。结果表明：（1）空间上,可将东北地区分为8个气候亚区,即西辽河平原半干旱农牧区、吉辽东部山地湿润农林区、呼伦贝尔高原半干旱牧业区、东北中部半湿润—半干旱农牧区、黑吉东部山地湿润农林区、大兴安岭北部湿润林业区、呼伦贝尔—黑河湿润—半湿润农林区、三江平原湿润农业区;（2）不同亚区的干旱事件时间演变特征存在明显差异,但大致都经历了3个干旱时期：1960s后期、1970s中后期至1980s前期、1990s后期至2000s;2000-2010年间东北地区干旱发生频率和影响范围最大,尤其是中、西部;（3）不同亚区干旱变化主要存在11年和3~8年的显著周期,第一主周期差异明显。研究结果对于弄清楚中国东北各亚区特有的气候变化驱动因素、制定气候均质区域干旱监测计划和水资源的管理具有重要的现实意义。     

白洋淀流域径流过程对极端气象干旱的响应分析

以白洋淀流域为研究对象,选取唐河、沙河、白沟引河3条支流上游4个水文站1959—2016年的日径流数据,采用改进退水常数后的数字滤波法中的Chapman-Maxwell法对4个子流域的日径流进行基流分割,利用水文气象要素异常值法划分干旱时期,分析水文干旱（径流干旱与基流干旱）对极端气象干旱过程的响应规律。结果表明:1）白洋淀年降水量呈减少趋势,线性倾向率为1.81 mm/a2。在1979年发生减少突变,突变后降水量减少8%;并检测到白洋淀流域发生极端气象干旱,持续时间从1996年8月至2011年5月;2）4个子流域的水文干旱较气象干旱具有明显的时间滞后,且水文干旱持续时间比气象干旱更长,烈度、强度更大,表明长期干旱期间降雨-径流关系的不稳定性;3）4个子流域水文恢复时间较气象恢复平均滞后55个月,且基流恢复滞后于径流恢复。研究结果可加深径流与基流对气候变化的响应的理解,为核算河道生态需水以及维持河道生态系统健康提供一定理论依据和实践参照。     

高原内陆河流域气候水文突变与生态演变规律——以内蒙古锡林河和巴拉格尔河流域为例

以内蒙古锡林河和巴拉格尔河流域为研究对象,利用数理统计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、气候倾向法、克里金空间插值等方法,综合遥感信息解译,辨析近55a不同高原内陆河流域气温-降水-径流突变与生态演变规律,结果表明：锡林河流域干旱程度较巴拉格尔河流域剧烈,气温总体偏高,降水量、径流深偏枯,降水、径流天数偏少,且径流系数偏低;锡林河流域气温增温趋势较显著,气温突变较早,两地增温速率均大于0.2℃/10a;在年尺度,两地径流系数、降水量、径流量的突变时间、顺序、驱动因素和突变前后变化量存在较大差异;在季节尺度,两地降水空间分布差异较大;两地NDVI最大值与冬季降水分布特征趋同,均分布于上游河谷区.     

黄河上游高寒区水资源变化的气候响应特征

利用黄河高寒区吉迈(达日县)水文站、国家气象局达日、玛多观测站1959-2007年,共计49 a水文、气象及部分冻土监测资料,采用峰型度及丰枯率指数、Mann-Kendall时间序列突变点及趋势检验方法、小波分析法、灰色关联分析等统计方法,分析径流年际、年内变化特征,探讨径流长期变化主要影响因素,并建立核主成分支持向量机(KPCA-LSSVM)预测模型,对未来2011-2014年径流情势进行分析。结果表明,由于区域气候、下垫面条件变化及人为因素影响,不同时期作用于水资源的主导因素存在差异,径流时间序列存在明显突变点,为1961、1999和2005年;黄河源区径流2002-2006年间存在不显著减少趋势,小波分析表明未来3~9 a内,年径流量将略高于1990-2007年间的平均值;1983年后冻结期气温升高,季节性冻土退化较为明显,对于径流的补给减少,是地区河道水资源减少的原因之一;模型预测结果显示,由于降水对于径流的延迟作用和气温升高引起冻融关系变化等原因,2011-2014年水源区河川径流量与多年平均值相比减少25.3%。     

2000年以来内蒙古生长季旱情变化遥感监测及其影响因素分析

为探讨内蒙古旱情状况及其影响因素,利用MODIS 16 d合成的植被指数产品数据MOD13A2和8 d合成的地表温度产品数据MOD11A2构建Ts-NDVI特征空间,计算温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）,基于内蒙古2000—2017年生长季每16 d的TVDI分析了近18年来内蒙古生长季旱情时空分布特征,结合气温和降水资料初步探讨了旱情变化的影响因素。结果表明：（1）2000—2017年内蒙古生长季TVDI平均值为0.6,重旱和中旱所占面积最大,其中2007年、2010年为旱情最为严重的年份。内蒙古干旱空间分异明显,西南部以轻旱为主,中部地区以中旱为主,大兴安岭以西的呼伦贝尔草原等地旱情严重。（2）近18年内蒙古生长季干旱程度呈现轻微加重趋势,年际变化值θ_slope介于-0.07~0.7之间,阿鲁科尔沁旗东北部至霍林河一带旱情加重趋势最为严重,阿荣旗和扎兰屯等农业生产地区旱情有轻微加重趋势。（3）2017年内蒙古生长季以区域性和局域性干旱为主,6月和9月干旱最为严重,呼伦贝尔草原和鄂尔多斯高原西部干旱发生频率高且程度重。（4）内蒙古干旱影响因子分析结果表明,TVDI值与气温呈正相关、与降水和坡度呈负相关、与小于1300 m的高程呈正相关、与大于1300 m的高程呈负相关关系。内蒙古生长季TVDI与气温和降水偏相关分析结果表明,锡林郭勒盟苏尼特左旗北部、呼伦贝尔鄂伦春自治旗和呼伦贝尔草原等地旱情与气温正相关关系较为显著（P<0.01）,锡林郭勒盟东北部干旱情况与降水负相关关系较为显著（P<0.01）,其中,气温对旱情的影响强于降水。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.