海藻酸钙/生物炭复合材料的制备及其对Pb (Ⅱ)的吸附性能和机制

利用海藻酸钙(CA)包覆生物炭(BC)制备了一种新型复合材料(CA/BC),用以吸附水溶液中的Pb(Ⅱ).系统研究了溶液的初始浓度、p H、时间对吸附的影响.BC和CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)等温热力学数据符合Langmuir模型,在p H=5的条件下对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为93.20 mg·g~(-1)和155.04 mg·g~(-1).BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附是速率控制步骤.CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)动力学数据符合准一级动力学模型,扩散是速率控制步骤.结果表明CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机制主要包括形成配合物,以及Ca(Ⅱ)与Pb(Ⅱ)发生离子交换.     

铁锰生物污泥吸附磷

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、比表面和孔隙度分析仪等设备,研究了由生物除铁除锰滤柱反冲洗铁锰生物污泥制得的铁锰氧化物的表征性状,并结合等温吸附-解吸和动力学实验研究对铁锰氧化物吸附磷的吸附特性和相关机制进行探究.结果表明:供试铁锰氧化物是球形颗粒聚合体,孔隙发达且多以微孔形式存在,比表面积为285.6m2/g.铁锰氧化物的磷吸附特性可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述,相关系数均大于0.9,达到极显著水平,吸附容量为39.06mg/g.中性盐介质(KNO3)中在最大吸附量时P的解吸率为13.04%.铁锰氧化物对磷的吸附焓变△H0为正值,是吸热过程,吉布斯自由能变△G0为负值,该吸附过程是自发进行的.准二级动力学模型可较好地反映供试铁锰氧化物的等温吸附动力学.     

脱硫石膏基羟基磷灰石对Cu2+吸附性能的研究

以燃煤电厂废弃物脱硫石膏(FGD)为主要原料,利用水热合成法制备羟基磷灰石(FGD-HA),利用XRD和SEM对FGD-HA的物相组成和微观形貌进行了分析和观察.通过静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及吸附热力学.结果表明,伪二级动力学模型相关系数为0.9998,是描述FGD-HA吸附Cu2+的最佳动力学模型,Cu2+在FGD-HA上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温线模型(R2=0.9846),热力学表明此吸附是自发吸热的过程.利用响应面分析法对Cu2+的吸附条件进行优化,得出投加量3.11g/L、pH值4.96、温度22.09℃、Cu2+初始浓度24.75mg/L为最佳吸附条件,此条件下Cu2+去除率预测值为100%,相同条件下开展的验证实验结果为97.4%,与预测值相接近说明模型的选择是实际可行的.     

河流沉积物对典型PPCPs的吸附特性及其影响因素

采用批平衡实验方法,研究了黄浦江沉积物对环丙沙星(CIP)、四环素(TC)、磺胺甲唑(SMX)和三氯生(TCS)的吸附特性,探讨了吸附时间、初始浓度、溶液p H值和温度等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,CIP、TC、SMX和TCS在沉积物中的吸附过程均呈现先快速后缓慢的变化趋势,等温吸附平衡时间约为4 h.溶液p H值对CIP、TC和TCS的吸附过程具有显著影响,但对SMX的吸附影响较小.目标PPCPs吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学方程,吸附常数为4.89×10-3~1.96×10-2kg·(min·mg)-1.吸附等温线能较好地符合Freundlich方程和线性方程,高温不利于CIP和TCS吸附,而利于TC和SMX吸附.沉积物对CIP、TC和TCS的吸附能力较强,但对SMX吸附效果较差,当初始浓度为10 mg·L-1时,沉积物对CIP、TC、SMX和TCS的平衡吸附量分别可达702.8、733.1、54.7和695.0 mg·kg-1.     

嗜酸性细菌对废旧线路板浸出的吸附行为及动力学

探究嗜酸性细菌对废旧线路板浸出的吸附行为及其动力学模型是生物浸出机制研究的重要基础.本研究通过考察接种不同浓度氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)浸出线路板中铜的吸附行为,探索了菌体在线路板粉末表面的吸附过程,分析了其吸附行为的动力学特性.结果表明,A.ferrooxidans在线路板粉末表面的吸附均于5 h内达到平衡.随着初始菌浓度的增大,吸附速率和吸附的微生物量也随之增大.初始菌体浓度为2.4×105、2.4×107和2.4×109cells·m L-1时对应的最大吸附量分别为1.8701、2.3552和2.9833 mg·g-1,吸附的微生物量占总生物量的比例分别为43.75%、53.97%和55.94%,铜的浸出率分别达到71.20%、88.33%和95.05%.进一步的非线性拟合结果显示,一级动力学模型适用于A.ferrooxidans与线路板粉末的吸附行为,模型拟合度(R2)分别达到0.9321、0.9134和0.9193.     

紫外老化作用对纳米生物炭吸附环丙沙星的影响机制

纳米生物炭的老化行为在自然环境中是不可避免的,然而老化作用对纳米生物炭吸附污染物的影响机制尚不清楚.采用模拟光照老化,通过元素分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜和红外光谱分析老化前后纳米生物炭的组成和结构特性变化,探究了老化纳米生物炭对环丙沙星(CIP)的吸附机制以及溶液p H值和纳米生物炭浓度梯度对吸附的影响.结果表明,老化作用使纳米生物炭C元素含量降低,O元素含量增加,极性增强,芳香性和粒径降低.老化前后纳米生物炭对CIP的吸附在很大程度上取决于溶液p H值,酸性条件下溶液p H值的增加更有利于CIP的吸附.纳米生物炭浓度梯度影响研究表明,纳米生物炭在低浓度条件下更有利于CIP的吸附.老化前后纳米生物炭对CIP的吸附更符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir模型能更好地描述CIP在老化前后纳米生物炭上的吸附行为,最大吸附量分别为607.69 mg·g^-1和920.73 mg·g^-1,老化纳米生物炭对CIP的吸附性能优于纳米生物炭,且主要的吸附机制为孔隙填充、静电作用和氢键作用.紫外老化作用增强了纳米生物炭对CIP的吸附性能.     

土壤及铝氧化物吸附氯磺隆和苄嘧磺隆动力学研究

用间歇法研究了红壤和人工合成的铝氧化物吸附除草剂(氯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆)的动力学特性。结果表明:土壤和氧化物对除草剂的吸附均在较短的时间内达到平衡。用五种模型对土壤和氧化物的吸附动力学过程进行了描述,其中最优模型是一级动力学方程。两种除草剂在两种供试样品中的吸附量均有差别。     

玉米秸秆生物炭对灰钙土吸附金霉素的影响

为研究生物炭(BC)添加对灰钙土(HGT)吸附金霉素(CTC)的影响,本文以玉米秸秆为原料分别在200、400和600℃下制备BC.采用批平衡法,研究CTC在HGT和HGT+BC上的吸附行为.结果表明,HGT对CTC的吸附平衡时间为240 min,添加BC使平衡时间相对延长,符合准二级动力学模型.CTC的总体吸附速率由表面扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制,且表面扩散速率更快,疏水分配作用促进吸附进行.3种等温吸附模型拟合对CTC在HGT和HGT+BC中的吸附均呈现较好相关性.添加BC使HGT对CTC的吸附分配系数Kd值增大,亲和力增强.不同温度时分配系数Kd的差异性表明吸附过程为放热反应.吸附满足不同等温线型(L型和S型),是以化学吸附为主的非均质复杂吸附过程,伴随静电引力、氢键相互作用等表面吸附和物理吸附.pH=3时,CTC+与土壤表面的负性位点大量结合,发生阳离子交换与静电吸引作用,吸附量最大.pH增大,CTC存在形态改变,HGT和BC对其吸附能力减弱.BC在不同pH下始终增强HGT对CTC的吸附,且添加量越大,CTC的吸附分配系数Kd值越大.吸附是由HGT和BC的有机质含量、矿物组成、理化性质及CTC存在形态和环境因素共同作用的结果.研究表明适量添加BC对HGT吸附CTC具有积极影响,裂解温度200℃时作用最显著,可以有效促进HGT对CTC的吸附与固定作用.     

硅藻土基多孔吸附填料的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附

以硅藻土为主要原料,添加超细碳粉、烧结助剂和粘结剂,按一定比例混合、搅拌、造粒,在设定程序下煅烧,制备了硅藻土基多孔吸附填料(DBPAF),探讨了烧成温度、造孔剂添加量、硅藻土粉体粒径对DBPAF孔隙特征的影响,运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对DBPAF的微观形貌和物相组成进行了观察和分析,采用动态吸附实验研究了DBPAF的可操作性,采用静态吸附实验研究了DBPAF吸附Pb2+的性能和机制.结果表明,最适烧成温度范围为900~1000℃,最适造孔剂添加量为7.0%,最适硅藻土粉体粒径为2.40μm;与硅藻土原土(粉体)相比,DBPAF的可操作性明显提高,孔隙结构得到了明显改善,物相组成以方石英相为主.研究还表明,烧制过程升温速率以2~5℃/min为宜以保证DBPAF气孔分布均匀;DBPAF对Pb2+吸附容量较硅藻土原土(粉体)提高了78.0%,吸附过程速率控制步骤为Pb2+与DBPAF孔道内的基团发生的化学反应,吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型.     

活性炭/铁氧化物磁性复合吸附材料的制备及去除水中酸性橙Ⅱ的研究

为获得同时具有优良的吸附特性和磁分离性的吸附材料,把活性炭和铁氧化物进行复合,得到活性炭/铁氧化物磁性复合吸附材料.吸附饱和后,用简单的磁分离工序即可把该吸附材料从溶液中快速分离出来.用共沉淀法制备了活性炭与铁氧化物质量比分别为3∶2和3∶1的磁性复合吸附材料,并用磁强计、BET比表面测定仪、XRD和扫描电镜对其进行了表征.考察了制备温度对复合吸附材料磁性的影响,研究了磁性复合材料吸附去除水中偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ的动力学、等温线及pH的影响.结果表明,不同温度条件下制备的复合吸附材料均有良好的磁性能,铁氧化物的存在对其比表面或者孔结构影响不大;活性炭铁氧化物磁性复合吸附材料对偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附动力学和吸附等温线也表明铁氧化的存在对活性炭的高吸附能力没有影响.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.