聊城冬季一重污染过程PM2.5污染特征及成因分析

北方秋冬季为重污染过程频发季节,为了解聊城市冬季重污染过程中PM_(2.5)及化学组分污染特征,于2016年1月7~11日在聊城市区开展PM_(2.5)样品采集并分析了其中水溶性离子、碳成分及无机金属元素这3种化学组分,并对污染特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明,此次污染过程PM_(2.5)浓度呈现明显的倒V字型,平均浓度为238.3μg·m~(-3),超过国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)二级浓度限值2.2倍;NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为PM_(2.5)的主要水溶性离子成分;随污染加重或减轻,NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl-和Mg~(2+)浓度呈现增加或降低趋势,而Ca~(2+)变化趋势与之相反.污染鼎盛时,NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度分别为48.96、68.45和80.55μg·m~(-3),达到起始阶段的6.29、7.31和7.84倍;过程期间OC和EC的浓度为20.8~60.2μg·m~(-3)和3.0~7.5μg·m~(-3),OC浓度高于EC且变化幅度明显偏大;过程期间各日无机金属元素浓度和分别为10.2、22.4、16.0、19.6和8.2μg·m~(-3),富集因子(EF)结果显示,各元素EF均小于10,未被富集,表明污染过程中其主要来源于地壳等自然源;PM_(2.5)质量浓度重构结果表明,有机物(OM)、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为PM_(2.5)的主要组分,其次为NH_4~+、地壳物质和其他离子,EC和微量元素含量相对较低.随着PM_(2.5)污染加重,二次无机盐(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-及NH_4~+)浓度及所占比例均随之增加,OM浓度随之增加但比例有所下降,而地壳物质浓度及比例均下降,表明二次无机转化是此次污染过程的主要原因,主要受燃煤和机动车排放影响.     

成都冬季PM2.5化学组分污染特征及来源解析

2017年1月1~20日在成都地区分昼夜对PM_(2.5)进行连续膜样品采集,并在实验室测定了其主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)的质量浓度.观测期间,PM_(2.5)的平均质量浓度为(127.1±59.9)μg·m~(-3);总水溶性离子的质量浓度为(56.5±25.7)μg·m~(-3),其中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的离子,质量浓度分别为(13.6±5.5)、(21.4±12.0)和(13.3±5.7)μg·m~(-3),一共占到了水溶性离子的85.6%;有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的平均质量浓度分别为34.0μg·m~(-3)和6.1μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的26.8%和4.8%.昼夜污染对比显示,PM_(2.5)白天和夜晚质量浓度分别为(120.4±56.4)μg·m~(-3)和(133.8±64.0)μg·m~(-3),夜间污染更为严重.SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4白天浓度高于夜间,这与白天光照促进了二次离子的形成有关;而Cl-、K+、OC和EC浓度夜间明显升高,可能是受夜间煤和生物质燃烧排放增加的影响.通过对近年来成都冬季PM_(2.5)化学组分的研究进行文献总结和比较后发现,SO2-4浓度显著降低,从2010年的50.6μg·m~(-3)降低到2017年的13.6μg·m~(-3);而NO-3浓度变化不大,维持在20μg·m~(-3)左右.PM_(2.5)中离子酸碱平衡分析表明,成都冬季PM_(2.5)由于NH+4的相对过剩而呈现出碱性,与以往呈偏酸性结果存在差异.对成都冬季NO-3/SO2-4的比值进行计算,NO-3/SO2-4平均值为1.57,表明移动源对PM_(2.5)污染影响更大.OC与EC的相关性表明,白天和夜间OC与EC的相关系数分别为0.82和0.90(P0.01),OC与EC来源具有一致性.SOC估算结果显示,白天和夜间SOC浓度分别为8.5μg·m~(-3)和11.9μg·m~(-3),占到OC的28.1%和31.8%.K+/EC平均值为0.31,并且K+与OC之间相关系数为0.87(P0.01),说明生物质燃烧对成都冬季碳质气溶胶有一定影响.主成分分析表明,成都冬季PM_(2.5)主要来源于燃烧源(燃煤、生物质燃烧等)、二次无机污染源以及土壤和扬尘源,其贡献率分别为32.8%、34.5%和21.5%.     

陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)主要化学组分特征

通过对陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)采样分析,获得PM_(2.5)质量浓度及主要化学组分特征。PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为89.5±42.0μg·m~(-3),超过国家二级标准。观测期间PM_(2.5)中OC、EC浓度平均值分别为16.0±6.9μg·m~(-3)和5.7±3.2μg·m~(-3),OC/EC平均比值为3.0±0.4。主要水溶性离子组分为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。粒子数浓度与表面积浓度峰值主要集中在0.5μm以下粒径段。PAHs、BeP和BaP平均质量浓度分别为48.9±10.9 ng·m~(-3)、3.0±0.9 ng·m~(-3)和1.2±0.7 ng·m~(-3),PAHs污染较严重,强致癌物BaP浓度超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值。当地农村以石煤为主的能源结构及采用的燃烧方式是导致污染的重要因素。     

泉州市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征及来源解析

为掌握泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中无机水溶性离子的季节变化特征,于2014年3月~2015年1月同步采集了泉州市5个采样点共116个PM_(2.5)样品.用离子色谱法分析了PM_(2.5)中Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)等9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,总水溶性离子浓度季节变化特征为春季(14.24±6.43)μg·m~(-3)冬季(8.54±7.61)μg·m~(-3)夏季(4.10±2.67)μg·m~(-3)秋季(3.91±2.58)μg·m~(-3);SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)是PM_(2.5)中主要的3种离子,占水溶性离子总质量浓度比例分别为春季(90.3±3.3)%、夏季(68.8±11.7)%、秋季(78.9±7.1)%和冬季(74.0±18.4)%,说明春季二次污染较为严重;PM_(2.5)中阴、阳离子电荷平衡分析显示,阴离子相对亏损,大气细颗粒物组分呈弱碱性;春、冬季NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3等形式存在,而夏、秋季则主要以NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在;PMF源解析结果表明,泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来自海盐、二次源、建筑扬尘、垃圾焚烧源和生物质燃烧源.     

苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析

2015年在苏州市城区采集大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共87套,用重量法分析了PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,离子色谱法分析了颗粒物中F-、Cl-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+),共9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,苏州市PM_(2.5)的年均质量浓度为(74.26±38.01)μg·m-3,其季节特征为冬季春季秋季夏季;9种水溶性离子的总质量浓度为(43.95±23.60)μg·m~(-3),各离子的浓度高低顺序为NO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+Na~+Cl~-K~+Ca~(2+)F-Mg~(2+);SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者的简称)是最主要的水溶性离子;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者之间具有显著的相关性,它们在PM_(2.5)中主要是以NH_4NO_3和(NH_4)_2SO_4的结合方式存在.苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要来源包括工业源、燃烧源、二次过程和建筑土壤尘等.     

安阳市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子季节特征及来源解析

为探究安阳市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的污染特征及其来源,于2018～2019年的典型月份在安阳市采集PM_(2.5)样品,使用离子色谱测试了9种水溶性离子(Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)).开展了PM_(2.5)和水溶性离子浓度水平的分析、阴阳离子平衡和氮氧化率(NOR)、硫氧化率(SOR)的计算、离子相关性和主成分分析等.结果表明,安阳市PM_(2.5)和水溶性离子年均浓度分别为(85.81±45.43)μg·m~(-3)和(48.21±30.04)μg·m~(-3),各离子浓度高低顺序为NO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+ Cl~-K~+ Ca~(2+) Na~+Mg~(2+)F~-;阴阳离子电荷当量数值为0.75～0.94,大气气溶胶显碱性;NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-以及K~+和Cl~-等具有显著的相关性;氮氧化率(NOR)和硫氧化率(SOR)的年均值分别为0.25和0.37;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)的年均浓度为(42.72±27.87)μg·m~(-3),占水溶性离子总量的87.14%;春季、夏季和秋季的NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在,冬季的NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3和NH_4 Cl的形式存在;水溶性离子主要来自于二次生成、燃煤、生物质燃烧和扬尘.     

南京江北新区冬季PM2.5中化学组分的昼夜变化特征及其来源解析

为更好地了解南京江北新区大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的昼夜变化特征,冬季连续采集了2个月的PM_(2.5)样品,研究其水溶性离子昼夜变化特征及来源解析.结果表明,观测期间水溶性离子质量浓度变化范围为17. 07～168. 43μg·m~(-3),均值为(59. 01±30. 75)μg·m~(-3),且白天的水溶性离子平均质量浓度高于夜晚. NO_3~-和NH_4~+的浓度占离子总浓度的比值在夜晚偏高,而SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-则在白天偏高. SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)是南京市PM_(2.5)中最重要的水溶性离子,其质量浓度在污染天要高于清洁天.白天和夜晚的阴阳离子平衡比值(AE/CE)大于1,说明PM_(2.5)呈酸性.相关性分析显示NH_4~+与NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)之间具有显著的线性相关性,其在PM_(2.5)中主要是以NH_4NO_3和(NH_4)_2SO_4结合方式存在. PMF源解析进一步表明南京江北新区冬季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来源于机动车排放、化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧和扬尘等.     

海南三亚大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子浓度及其粒径分布特征

为研究我国旅游城市海南省三亚市大气颗粒物浓度水平及其化学成分,于2012年6月~2014年5月,使用惯性撞击式分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,并利用离子色谱法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子浓度及粒径分布.结果表明,PM_(2.1)和PM_(2.1~9)中总水溶性无机离子浓度平均值分别为(8.91±7.27)μg·m~(-3)和(11.34±9.37)μg·m~(-3).PM_(2.1)中SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+占总水溶性无机离子的质量分数比较高,二者总和达到72.2%;PM_(2.1~9)中Cl-、Ca~(2+)和Na+占比较高,三者总和为67.6%.PM_(2.1)中总水溶性无机离子浓度在冬季最高,春秋季节次之,夏季浓度最低,分别为(14.58±8.88)、(9.33±7.72)、(8.72±4.42)和(3.82±1.59)μg·m~(-3);PM_(2.1~9)中总水溶性无机离子浓度夏季最高(17.14±16.00)μg·m~(-3),冬季次之(10.59±3.80)μg·m~(-3),春季和秋季变化差异不大,分别为(9.41±3.63)μg·m~(-3)和(8.21±3.24)μg·m~(-3).SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+呈细粒径段为主的双模态分布,春季、夏季和秋季细粒径段峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而冬季则出现在0.65~1.1μm粒径段,细粒径段峰值出现由凝结模态向液滴模态转移的现象;NO~(-3)、Na+、Cl-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)呈粗粒径单峰分布,峰值出现在4.7~9μm粒径段;K+为双模态分布,细、粗粒径段峰值分别出现在0.43~0.65μm和4.7~5.8μm.三亚作为我国少数PM2.5年均值达标城市,水溶性无机离子来源主要为二次源、海盐和土壤尘及降尘.     

2014年APEC前后北京城区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

2014年10月至11月间,在北京城区开展PM_(2.5)监测并对其中的水溶性离子进行离线及在线分析.其中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+在不同观测阶段均是PM_(2.5)中的主要离子,APEC期间三者总浓度为(26.8±22.5)μg·m~(-3),占PM2.5质量浓度的(41.7±8.5)%,占所测水溶性离子组分的(84.7±5.0)%;APEC期间NO-3浓度水平较高,对PM_(2.5)贡献最大.对APEC期间水溶性离子的累积趋势研究发现,NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和Cl~-均经历了3个不同的累积过程,除气象条件外,本地源排放及区域污染引起的累积效应仍不可忽视.对颗粒物酸性特征研究发现,不同观测期间,颗粒物中主要水溶性离子浓度虽有不同,但北京秋末冬初颗粒物无明显酸化特征.     

邯郸市大气PM_(2.5)成分空间分布研究

为研究邯郸市2015年PM_(2.5)的污染状况,采用河北工程大学监测站全年PM_(2.5)浓度和气象在线监测数据以及4个代表月4个站点离线采样成分数据,分析了PM_(2.5)的浓度水平与气象要素的关系以及其化学组分特征。结果表明:PM_(2.5)的年均浓度为91.14μg/m~3,最高达到706.56μg/m~3;不同相对湿度条件下,PM_(2.5)浓度对邯郸地区能见度有较大影响。此外,邯郸静风频率较大,全年东南风风速较小,PM_(2.5)污染相对更加严重;PM_(2.5)中主要化学成分为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+、OC和EC,4个站点采样无显著差异性。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.