有机污染物在HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕中的一维扩散解析解

HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕被认为是目前最为安全有效的地下污染源阻隔技术之一.针对帷幕底部嵌入不透水层和帷幕下游地下水较为活跃的工况,推导了有机污染物在HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕三层结构中的一维扩散解析解.利用本文的解析解分析了HDPE膜-膨润土复合帷幕对亲水性和疏水性两类有机污染物的阻隔效果.分析结果表明:由于亲水性有机物与HDPE膜间的分配系数低,该复合防污帷幕对其阻隔效果显著优于具有高分配系数的疏水性有机物.对于疏水性有机物,可通过增大复合帷幕中膨润土的阻滞因子和帷幕厚度来改善其阻隔效果;膨润土的阻滞因子增大10倍且帷幕厚由0.6m增大为1.0m,改进后复合帷幕对疏水性有机物的阻隔效果可达到原帷幕对低分配系数亲水性有机物的阻隔水平.工程实践中可通过对HDPE膜进行表面处理以降低其分配系数或膨润土改性以增大其阻滞因子等措施来增强该复合帷幕的阻隔效果.     

沸石-膨润土阻隔屏障阻控锰渣堆场氨氮污染

以沸石和膨润土为基础材料制备阻隔屏障,该文通过力学实验、渗透实验、微观表征、吸附实验、离心实验和数值模拟实验,探究阻隔屏障对锰渣堆场氨氮污染的阻控效果。结果表明：阻隔材料的最佳质量配比为沸石∶膨润土=3∶2,水泥质量占整个体系质量配比的50%;沸石的加入提升了阻隔材料的抗渗性能和力学性能,使其最小渗透系数达到2.049×10-10m/s,最大抗压强度达到3.36 MPa;沸石让阻隔材料内部结构变得均匀且紧密,显著提升了阻隔材料对氨氮的吸附能力;阻隔材料对氨氮的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型和Freundlich模型,并且该吸附属于吸热过程;随着氨氮溶液的渗透,阻隔材料渗透系数呈现逐渐减小并稳定的趋势;利用Visual MODFLOW对氨氮在地下水中运移的过程进行数值模拟,经过5 000 d后阻隔屏障仍未被击穿。沸石-膨润土阻隔屏障对锰渣堆场氨氮污染表现出了优异的阻控效果。     

阻隔防爆材料应用与研究进展

为阻隔防爆材料的应用与推广提供科学依据,在调研国内外阻隔防爆材料文献的基础上,介绍了阻隔防爆材料的基本概念和应用现状;重点讨论了阻隔防爆材料的抑爆机理和阻隔防爆性能评价方法,并分析阻隔防爆材料技术研究领域存在的问题,指出新型阻隔防爆材料在研制过程中应注意的要素,分析了目前国内阻隔防爆材料评价测试方法中的不足之处;最后对新的阻隔防爆材料的推广与应用进行了研究展望。     

场地重金属复合污染阻隔技术研究进展

近年来,我国遗留场地重金属复合污染问题日益突出。为有效阻断重金属迁移扩散,阻隔技术成为国内外场地污染控制研究的焦点。通过系统分析阻隔技术在典型重金属污染场地的应用实例,概述阻隔技术先进材料和相关实施现状,发掘不同阻隔技术应用过程中的主要问题,提出了阻隔技术组合式应用和阻隔系统工程决策等研究方向,从技术、经济、土地再利用等多维度综合考量,为复杂情景下的场地重金属污染治理提供理论依据和技术参考。     

活性炭-土-膨润土复合材料阻隔性能研究

以粉质粘土(SC)作为母土,通过柔性壁渗透试验和静平衡吸附试验分别研究了不同配比的土-膨润土(SB)及活性炭-土-膨润土(ASB)在不同渗滤液工况下的渗透性能及吸附性能。结果表明,将Pb(NO₃)₂溶液作为渗液,单元体渗透性能随Pb²⁺浓度增大而逐渐增强,且渗液浓度相同时SB渗透系数随膨润土掺量增加呈大幅降低后趋于平稳趋势。膨润土和活性炭的掺入可有效增强材料的吸附性能,随渗液浓度的增加,SC、SB及ASB对Pb²⁺的吸附容量变大,且ASB较SC及SB吸附容量差值逐渐变大。综合防渗及地下水质量标准提出了满足修复重金属污染场地阻隔材料的基准配比,研究结果可为重金属污染场地的修复与治理提供参考。     

浅谈HAN阻隔防爆技术及其在加油站新建、改造中的应用

危险化学品储存容器的防爆问题,一直是世界各国长期以来研究的重大课题.在发达国家,随着阻隔防爆技术应用的不断拓展,已成功应用于油库、加油站、公共汽车、运油车、军用车辆等领域.     

基于Visual MODFLOW的垃圾填埋场阻隔墙设计及效果评估

为了探究阻隔墙在地下水污染场地中的应用效果,以四川省某城市垃圾填埋场为例,选取Cd2+为污染物,通过对水文地质条件的调查,设计了特定条件下阻隔墙的结构、位置以及规模。通过解析法计算了阻隔墙的服役年限,并采用MODFLOW和MT3D模块模拟了设置阻隔墙前后地下水中Cd2+污染羽的分布,分析了阻隔墙对地下水中Cd2+的阻隔效果。结果表明:该阻隔墙为漏斗导水门式垂直阻隔墙。在设置厚度为1 m,选取GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类标准作为击穿标准时,阻隔墙的服役年限为12.51年。在污染场中,阻隔墙会吸附地下水中的Cd2+,并减弱阻隔墙上下游间的水力联系,进而实现对地下水中Cd2+的有效阻隔。     

垃圾浓缩液固化材料的防水和除臭性能研究

通过利用3种凝胶固化材料对垃圾浓缩液进行固化稳定化处理处置,同时利用浓缩液与固化材料形成的浆状混合物喷射至垃圾堆体表面,考察其作为膜覆盖的防水、异味隔绝效果。结果表明,3种固化材料对浓缩液中COD、氨氮和盐分均具有较高的固化效率,其中固化材料C效果最为明显,3种污染物固化效率分别为87.2%、93.7%和86.6%,汞和砷两种重金属的固化效率分别为87.6%和94.6%。恶臭阻隔实验结果表明:3种固化材料对于生活垃圾和市政污泥两种臭气污染源均具有较高的臭气阻隔效果,尤其是固化材料C在密闭实验组中对于两种污染源臭气浓度的隔绝效率仍然为77.73%和71.62%。此外,此覆盖材料还具有较好的防水性能,冲刷水中污染物浓度值极低。     

基于修复效果的污染土壤修复工程环境足迹分析

为定量评估污染土壤修复工程的环境影响，基于北方某焦化厂有机污染场地原位热脱附和阻隔通风技术的实际修复效果，计算了该工程各阶段的环境足迹及相对贡献，阐明了其主要来源，并对这两种技术修复单位方量土壤的环境足迹和基于污染物含量变化与风险削减的环境足迹强度进行了分析. 结果表明:在达到修复目标的情况下，工程施工准备阶段环境足迹占比仅在1%左右，高风险区原位热脱附施工运行阶段温室气体排放量、能源消耗量、耗水量、空气污染物排放量占比分别为63.39%、93.02%、72.82%和71.08%，低风险区阻隔通风施工运行阶段温室气体排放量、能源消耗量、耗水量、空气污染物排放量占比分别为35.40%、6.77%、26.26%和27.74%；原位热脱附技术修复单位方量土壤的环境足迹高于阻隔通风技术，原位热脱附技术的能源消耗量约为阻隔通风技术的49.70倍，温室气体排放量、耗水量、空气污染物排放量为阻隔通风技术的6.32~10.30倍. 研究显示:天然气使用、电能消耗和现场机械设备使用是该工程环境足迹的主要来源，在高风险区原位热脱附修复工程中苯的环境足迹强度高于苯并[a]芘，原位热脱附技术的能源强度高于阻隔通风技术，基于污染物含量降低情况的环境足迹强度对量化原位热脱附技术的环境足迹适用性较好，而基于风险削减的环境足迹强度适用于阻隔通风技术.      

水泥土阻隔墙阻控地下水污染

阻隔墙能够有效阻止地下水中的污染物扩散,以水泥土为研究对象,通过渗透实验、稳定性实验、吸附实验及工程案例研究了阻隔墙的性能。结果表明:随着水泥掺量增大,水泥土渗透系数不断降低,粉质黏土、黏质粉土、粉砂水泥掺量分别为12%、20%、25%时,抗渗效果较好。无侧限抗压强度随水泥掺量增加而增大,粉砂水泥土阻隔墙增幅显著。土壤黏粒含量越高,满足水泥土坍落度要求的水灰比越大。等温吸附符合Freundlich模型,水泥土对Cu2+和Zn2+吸附效果较四氯酚和六价铬显著。吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学方程,吸附过程主要为化学吸附,粉质黏土水泥土吸附Cu2+和Zn2+的平衡吸附量最高,分别为7.692,7.143 mg/g。工程应用表明,水泥土阻隔墙对地下水石油烃有机污染物具有显著的阻控效果,监测井检测浓度均低于风险控制值。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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