多菌灵降解菌NY97-1的鉴定及降解条件

分离筛选出一株能高效降解多菌灵的芽孢杆菌菌株NY97-1,经生理生化和序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌Bacillus pumilus.该细菌降解多菌灵的最适pH值为6.0～10.0,最适温度为35.0～40.0℃.该菌在多菌灵浓度为10、30、50、100、300 mg·L-1的无机盐培养基中,30℃振荡培养24 h后,其对多菌灵的降解率分别为42.44％、48.97％、77.19％、78.66％和90.07％.添加少量有机氮源如酵母浸出粉、胰蛋白胨、酵母膏可促进菌株NY97-1对多菌灵的降解作用,添加少量无机氮源尿素会抑制菌株NY97-1对多菌灵的降解作用.     

一株对氯苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从某化工厂污水处理车间好氧池活性污泥中分离到一株降解对氯苯胺的细菌PCA039菌株 ,该菌株能够以对氯苯胺为唯一碳源、氮源生长 .经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及 16SrDNA序列分析 ,该菌株初步鉴定为Diaphorobacter sp..进一步研究表明 ,该菌株的生长过程中 ,氯离子释放同步于对氯苯胺降解 ,并且氯离子的释放量与对氯苯胺的降解量相当 .其利用对氯苯胺生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5,3d时间内的最适降解浓度为300mg/L(2.35mmol/L) .测定了降解途径中相关酶的活性 ,表明对氯苯胺经过苯胺双加氧酶初始氧化和羟基化后 ,芳环的裂解是由邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶催化.     

两株菲降解菌株的特性及其系统发育分析

从石油污染土壤中分离到两株可以菲为唯一碳源的细菌菌株,经形态和生理生化特性分析,脂肪酸含量分析和16S rDNA序列同源性鉴定, 两菌均属鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas),菌株ZX4为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis),而菌株EVA17与该属内已知菌的序列同源性在93%~98%之间,推测可能为一新种.两菌株在不同碳源培养基上的生长曲线表明菲对细菌生长有明显的延滞作用.菌株EVA17全细胞蛋白质电泳图谱揭示该细菌在菲诱导下可出现诱导性蛋白,推测可能为一些解毒酶或降解酶.菲降解细菌在以结晶态菲为碳源时生长速率明显低于以粉末态菲为碳源时的生长速率,表明细菌与菲间的接触面积是限制其利用菲的一个重要因素.分离菌株谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST酶)具有可与1-氯-2,4-二硝基苯(CDNB)结合的活性.添加表面活性剂吐温-80可促进细菌对菲的利用.     

甾体雌激素废水中优势降解菌的分离及特性

从某避孕药生产厂污水处理站好氧池活性污泥中通过富集驯化,分离到一株降解甾体雌激素(3-甲氧基-17a羟基-1,3,5(10),8(9)-雌甾-4-烯,简称MHE)的细菌ZY3菌株.经形态及16SrDNA序列分析初步鉴定,该菌株属于Raoultella属(Raoultellasp.).经过对ZY3菌株以MHE为唯一碳源生长和降解特性的分析表明,ZY3菌株利用MHE生长的最适温度和pH值分别为35℃和10.0,72h内的最适降解浓度为10mg/L.加入营养物质麦芽糖和蛋白胨能促进菌株对底物的降解,在72h内降解率达到了87%和85%.     

辛硫磷降解菌XSP-1的分离、鉴定及其降解特性研究

从农药厂污泥中分离到1株能以辛硫磷为唯一碳源生长的细菌, 命名为XSP-1.根据其生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析, 将该菌株初步鉴定为戴尔福特菌属(Delftia sp.). 该菌株能在7 h内完全降解100　mg/L的辛硫磷. XSP-1降解辛硫磷的最适pH为7.0, 最适温度为35℃, 降解速率与初始接种量呈正相关, 该菌株对甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷也有较好的降解能力. 根据已报道有机磷农药降解基因mpd的保守序列设计引物, 未从该菌株中扩增到目标条带, 但是该菌株是否带有新的有机磷农药降解基因仍需要进一步研究.     

3-PBA降解菌BA3的降解特性及基因工程菌构建

从石油污染土壤中分离到1株能以3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为BA3.根据其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列相似性分析,将该菌鉴定为鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium sp.).该菌株在60 h内对100 mg·L-1的3-苯氧基苯甲酸的降解率达到99%.降解3-苯氧基苯甲酸的最适温度为30℃...     

1株高效BBP降解菌的分离与特性研究

从湖北省荆沙河泥样中富集培养分离得到了1株能够以邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯为唯一碳源和能源生长的细菌并命名为HS-B1.采用形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定,发现HS-B1是1株杆状、需氧、革兰氏阴性细菌,接触酶呈阳性反应,氧化酶呈阴性反应,不产硫化氢气体,且该菌的16S rDNA序列与琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)的相似性高达99%.因此初步鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.).摇瓶实验表明,菌株HS-B1生长和BBP降解的最适培养条件为35℃,pH 8.0.采用0.10 mmol.L-1非离子型表面活性剂吐温-80提高了BBP在水溶液中的表观溶解度,发现在最适培养条件下,HS-B1能够在48 h内将浓度为1 000 mg.L-1BBP完全降解,证明是一株高效降解菌.底物广谱性实验中,菌株HS-B1也能够有效利用DMP、DEP、DBP等邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,说明该菌株在处理邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的污染治理中有独特的应用潜力.     

一株尼古丁高效降解菌株的分离鉴定和降解特性

从杭州利群环保纸业有限公司库存废烟叶中分离得到一株尼古丁高效降解菌株ZUTSKD.经形态、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌株属于Pseudomonas sp.,命名为Pseudomonas sp. Strain ZUTSKD.该菌能以尼古丁为唯一碳氮源和能源生长,降解尼古丁最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.5.添加氯化铵和葡萄糖有利于尼古丁的降解.在尼古丁的代谢产物中能够检测到3-(2,3,4-三氢-5-吡咯基)-吡啶,2,3′-二吡啶, 可天宁和3-羧基-吡啶.该研究表明,ZUTSKD菌株有很强的尼古丁降解能力,可用于处理烟草废弃物.     

乐果降解菌L3 的分离、鉴定及降解性能

从某农药厂废水处理池活性污泥中分离到1 株以乐果为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为L3.根据其生理生化特征和16S r RNA (GenBank Accession No.EU004590 )基因序列分析,将该菌株初步鉴定为副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.).该菌株能在6h 内降解100mg/L 的乐果至检出限以下.L3 降解乐果的最适pH 值为7.0,最适温度为35℃.土壤试验表明,L3 可在3d 内降解250mg/kg 乐果至检出限以下     

高效降酚菌Bacillus sp.JY01的固定化及降解特性研究

以海藻酸钠作为载体将降酚菌株Bacillussp.JY01进行固定化包埋,并通过正交实验确定了该菌株固定化细胞制备的最优条件;研究并对比了固定化细胞和游离细胞的降酚性能,研究结果表明最佳固定条件为:海藻酸钠质量分数3%菌液量:海藻酸钠水溶液体积比4:30、氯化钙含量为3%、钙化交联时间8h;固定化细胞降解苯酚的最适温度是32℃,最适pH值范围为7.0～7.5,最适条件下能高效降解质量分数为1300mg/L的苯酚溶液,固定化细胞重复利用8次苯酚降解率仍可达到96.8%,该固定化细胞降酚性能优于游离细胞。这将为该细菌进一步应用于含酚工业废水的生物处理提供可靠的控制条件。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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