带凸缘薄壁喇叭形零件的整形

通过对带凸缘薄壁喇叭形零件整形工艺进行了分析,介绍了模具结构及工作过程,提出了采用浮动聚氨酯橡胶整形凹模和浮动汽缸式组合凸模,实现了对带凸缘薄壁喇叭形零件的整形,该模具对同类型零件的整形提供了参考。     

细小窄槽的冲制

在金属板料上冲制相当于料厚,甚至小于料厚的细小窄槽(图1),由于凸模自身强度的不足,模具结构及其制造精度不合理等不良因素的影响,在使用过程中往往导致凸模的弯曲和折断。为此,对带有细小窄槽的冲件所采用的模具结构及模具制造工艺,应以保证,维护和增强冲槽凸模的强度为主要目的,选用有效的方法,消除和削弱上述不利因素。本文就冲槽凸模的固定方式和改变凸模刀口的几何形状来分散冲裁力以达到增强冲槽凸模的强度谈点体会。     

粗动手轮挤压成形模具设计

针对某光学显微镜粗动手轮零件进行工艺分析,提出用镦挤成形代替原来的切削加工。根据产品零件的要求及成形特点,改进挤压模具结构,通过挤压实验,对模具参数和技术要求进行了修改。得出:1.对于带锥形通孔多台阶的零件,可采用上下凸模来挤压成形;2.对于圆角较小,两断面差较大的成形凸模,可采用组合式而不采用整体式;3.对于有小圆角的凸模,适当降低热处理硬度,提高塑性。生产证明,该模具结构合理,参数合适,利用该模具挤压成形,可提高材料利用率,降低生产成本,保证产品精度,具有一定的使用价值。     

简化凹模形状的冲压模具设计

在保证产品质量的条件下,简化冲模结构,减少模具加工工时,从而达到降低模具成本的目的,这是冲模设计人员必须考虑的问题。实际生产中所使用的各种简易模具,有的是从简化冲模结构出发(如通用模具),有的是从取消凹模(或凸模)出发(如软模成形)。这里介绍的是简化凹模形状的成形方法,这种成形方法的特点是凹模形状不是成形后工件的形状,而是一种简化的凹模(或凸模),这就方便了模具的加工,也属一种简易的模具。此种简化凹模的成形方法及其模具结构如下:     

圆形凸台件的冷挤压工艺及模具设计

对圆形凸台件的冷挤压工艺与机械加工工艺进行了比较,对圆形凸台件进行了冷挤压工艺分析,叙述了工艺难点,详细叙述了圆形凸台件冷挤压工艺的工序设计、毛坯计算、毛坯软化处理、凸、凹模的设计及模具整体设计、介绍了圆形凸台件的冷挤压工艺的优越性。     

带小孔零件挤压成形模具的设计

就仪器、仪表等机械行业常用的带有小孔零件的成形工艺进行了分析研究,针对某光学显微镜上粗动手轮这一典型零件进行力能计算分析,提出了用镦挤成形内斜小孔取代机械加工。该成形模具结构简单紧凑,可一次成形外形及小φ7的带斜度小孔,且成形精度高,模具采用镶套结构,可一模多用,降低了模具成本,缩短了生产周期。该模具具有两个凸模,凸模1将斜孔台阶的成形、定位、顶杆等集于一体,减少或消除了壁厚差,排气孔的巧妙设计,保证了金属的充填性。凸模2主要是传递挤压力用于成形,其上没有让位孔,保证了其必要的行程和两个凸模中心的一致性,保证了产品的成形精度,通过实验和现场生产应用表明:该模具结构合理,产品精度高,材料利用率提高一倍,机加工时减少了60％以上,具有较高的经济价值和广泛的实用性。     

抛物形件用软凸模拉深成形

分析了抛物形件用软凸模拉深过程,用聚氨酯橡胶凸模能简化抛物形件的制造工艺,有效地防止拉裂、起皱和回弹,给出了软凸模拉深系数和合适的软模硬度。     

冲孔压形模的设计

该大型复杂模具设计采用了科学、合理的冲压工艺方案,避免了常规模具制作中试验确定尺寸的现象,通过凸、凹模的合理分块,克服了钫型加工;模座设计及制作使用了“实型铸造”新技术;减少了机械加工余量。这样,不仅降低了模具制造成本,而且使大型模具制造周期由一年缩短到四个月。     

一种简易冲模的设计方法

在冲床精度较好的情况下,人们在设计简易冲模时往往不用导向装置。如形状简单的落料模、冲孔模和浅拉伸模等,只需要凸模和凹模加上必要的固定装置和卸料装置就可以了。这种模具结构简单,零件少,可以大大缩短模具的设计和制造周期,使产品尽     

250摩托车变档轮挤压工艺与模具

介绍了250摩托车变档轮挤压工艺与模具,该模具结构具有节省贵重模具材料、易于加工、更换方便的特点,可供类似挤压模设计参考.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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