淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量年际变化及其对氮输入的响应

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法自2002～2004年连续3a观测了三江平原淡水沼泽湿地CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放特征及外源氮素输入条件下温室气体通量的变化.结果表明,三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放具有明显的季节及年际变化规律.其中生态系统呼吸CO₂排放的最大值[779.33～965.40 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在7、8月份,CH4通量最大值[19.19～30.52 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在8月,N₂O通量最大值[0.072～0.15 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在5月和9月,3种温室气体通量最小值CO₂为2.36～18.73 mg·(m·h)^-1;CH₄为-0.35～0.59 mg·(m·h)^-1;N₂O为-0.032～-0.009 mg·(m·h)^-1大都出现在冬季,且冬季淡水沼泽湿地表现为N2O的吸收.对气候因子的分析发现,温度条件是影响淡水沼泽湿地温室气体排放通量季节性变化的主要因子,而降水和积水水位变化是影响其排放年际变化的关键因素,特别是降水对CH₄排放通量的影响较其它2种温室气体更显著,且冬季雪融水对夏季CH₄的排放起重要作用.CO₂和CH4排放与土壤温度(5cm)呈显著的指数相关关系,而N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和水深相关性不显著.氮输入促进了三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体的排放,与对照处理相比,其排放通量分别升高了34%,145%和110%.     

季节性冻融期沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放动态

三江平原季节性冻-融时间长达7～8个月,对沼泽湿地温室气体排放有重要影响.采用静态箱/气相色谱法研究了三江平原冻、融期沼泽湿地温室气体排放特征,表明三江平原不同类型沼泽湿地冬季都有明显的CH₄和CO₂排放,且冬季沼泽湿地CH₄排放量在全年CH₄排放中占有重要份额.融冻期沼泽湿地出现明显的CH₄和CO₂排放峰值,季节性积水沼泽化草甸CH₄和CO₂排放量大于常年积水沼泽湿地,而冬季常年积水沼泽湿地CH₄排放通量大于季节性积水沼泽化草甸.融冻期CO₂排放通量与土壤温度(5cm)呈指数相关关系(R²=0.912,p<0.001),沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与CH₄通量间也呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.751,p<0.001).冬季三江平原沼泽湿地是N₂O的汇,融冻期随着土壤温度升高逐渐成为N₂O的源,且在5月份沼泽湿地表层土壤(0～20cm)融冻期间N₂O排放通量明显增大.三江平原土壤冻、融期间沼泽湿地温室气体的排放特征,反映了冬季微生物活性的存在及融冻作用对土壤碳矿化和氮硝化、反硝化作用有重要影响.     

凋落物添加和去除处理对三江平原小叶章湿地生长季温室气体排放的影响

为了解三江平原小叶章湿地温室气体排放对凋落物处理的响应,利用黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所三江平原湿地生态定位研究站内的试验平台,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,分别对去除当年凋落物（NL）、去除当年凋落物和草炭层（NL+NH）、添加当年凋落物（DL）、添加当年凋落物和草炭层（DL+DH）以及空白对照（CK）等5个处理的小叶章湿地进行了生长季温室气体排放通量观测,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明：（DL+DH、DL）处理分别使CO₂排放通量增加了21.23%和10.86%;使生长季CH₄排放通量增加了21.37%和9.81%;使N₂O排放通量增加了29.62%和12.76%.（NL+NH、NL）处理分别使CO₂排放通量降低了16.13%和9.41%;使CH₄排放通量增加了65.67%和45.92%;使N₂O排放通量降低了14.36%和16.92%.添加和去除凋落物均未改变CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放的季节动态.CO₂排放通量与土壤温度出现了显著正相关关系,CH₄和N₂O排放通量未与土壤温度出现显著相关关系.CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量均未与土壤含水量出现显著相关关系.     

螃蟹活动对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地土壤温室气体排放通量的影响

于2015年1月（冬季）、4月（春季）、6月（夏季）和9月（秋季）,以闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地为研究区,采用静态箱与气相色谱结合的方法,研究螃蟹对湿地土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量及综合增温潜势的影响。研究表明：温室气体排放季节变化较为显著,CO₂、CH₄排放通量最大值均出现在夏季,N₂O排放通量最大值出现在秋季,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量最小值均出现在春季。与无螃蟹组相比,高潮滩和中潮滩螃蟹组CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量均值都增大,其中高潮滩螃蟹组CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量依次增大了46.36%、66.67%和69.66%,中潮滩螃蟹组CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量依次增大了53.57%、142.97%、73.08%。相关性分析结果表明：土壤CO₂排放通量与土壤温度显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.05）,CH₄和N₂O排放通量与土壤温度显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.01）;N₂O排放通量与土壤pH显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.01）,与土壤含水量显著正相关（n=96,p＜0.05）。综上所述,螃蟹活动对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地土壤的干扰促进了温室气体的排放,为有效调节湿地碳、氮固持作用和湿地生态系统科学管理提供了参考。     

渭南市道路移动源高分辨温室气体排放清单及特征研究

根据渭南市机动车保有量和抽样调查与观测数据,采用MOVES模型计算了渭南市2017—2019年道路移动源CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO 4种 温室气体的排放量,分析了机动车车型、燃料和排放标准对温室气体排放量的影响.基于ArcGIS和渭南市道路网信息,建立了高分辨率（1 km× 1 km和1 h×1 h）的温室气体排放清单.结果表明,渭南市2019年道路移动源CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO的排放量分别为424.322×10⁴、0.044×10⁴、0.007×10⁴和2.808×10⁴ t,以CO₂当量计,机动车温室气体的总排放量为432.843×10⁴ t. 4种道路移动源温室气体中,CO₂占总温室气体排放量的98.03%.渭南市小型客车对温室气体的贡献率最大,分别排放了43.41%的CO₂、74.78%的N₂O和57.17%的CO.大型客车排放了34.47%的CH₄, 汽油车和天然气汽车是N₂O和CH₄的主要排放源,分别排放了86.76%的N₂O和61.87%的CH₄.渭南市道路移动源温室气体排放强度24 h变化呈“双峰”分布,空间分布呈明显的“线-面”特征,这与道路分布密度高度相关,路网密集的城市中心为机动车温室气体的高排放区.     

农垦与放牧对内蒙古草原N2O、CO2排放和CH4吸收的影响

利用优选静态箱/气相色谱法(GC),首次对我国内蒙古草原典型地区进行了人类活动对N₂O、CO₂和CH₄交换通量影响的实验观测结果表明,农垦麦田N₂O平均排放通量比原始草原高出3倍,并改变了草甸草原为CO₂汇的性质,使其季节排放净通量以C计增加14.3 mg·(m²·h).随放牧强度的增加CO₂排放通量呈线性增长,轻牧会引起草原对CH₄吸收的大幅增加,而随着放牧压力的增大,增加值迅速回落.农垦麦田与草甸草原相比地-气间CH₄交换无显著变化,放牧强度对N₂O排放影响无显著规律.土壤湿度和温度是影响草原排放N₂O和CO₂、吸收CH4季节变化形式的关键因子,而人类活动仅影响排放强度.排放和吸收量年际间差异很大,但主要受降水的影响.N₂O和CO₂排放与CH₄吸收峰值相反现象普遍存在.     

新型缓释尿素对削减温室气体、NH3排放和淋溶作用的研究

温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃的排放及水体污染带来的环境问题日益突出,其中,化肥的施用等农业排放是重要来源之一.本实验评价了新型缓释化肥对温室气体排放和水体污染的影响,采用密闭箱法,在饱和田间持水量(WFPS) 60%的条件下,检测恒温(23℃)环境中土壤温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃挥发.结果表明,30 d内缓释尿素组比普通尿素组释放的CO₂、CH₄、N₂O平均排放通量分别降低24.69%、3.01%、26.75%,NH₃排放量减少24.36%;模拟降雨条件的淋溶实验(15 d)显示,缓释尿素组的淋失率明显低于普通尿素组,总氮减少6.97%,尿素氮减少4.75%,缓释尿素和普通尿素组淋出水样中尿素氮和总氮量所占比重均在淋溶第1 d最大,缓释尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为36.1%和41.23%,普通尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为48.7%和72.4%.结果表明,缓释尿素较普通尿素在消减温室气体排放和氨排放有明显的效果.     

施用不同污泥堆肥品对土壤温室气体排放的影响

通过田间试验,分别施加两种不同的污泥堆肥品（A：含生物质炭堆肥品,B：不含生物质炭堆肥品）和不同施肥量,分析土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O动态变化特征和排放系数,研究施用污泥堆肥品对土壤温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,土壤CO₂和CH₄排放主要集中在生长期,生物质炭堆肥品低施用量能减少CO₂排放,而高施肥量增加CO₂排放.CH₄排放主要为负值,总体表现为土壤吸收CH₄,对照处理吸收量远高于其他处理（P<0.01）,A组处理CH₄吸收量随施肥量的增加而增加（P<0.05）.N₂O排放集中在发芽期和幼苗期,施肥量越高,排放量越大（P<0.01）.污泥堆肥品农用过程排放的温室气体主要是N₂O,施用A、B两种污泥堆肥品的土壤N₂O排放系数分别为1.02%~1.90%和1.28%~2.93%.生物质炭堆肥品具有显著的碳减排效果,其温室气体排放量比不含生物质炭堆肥品的土壤低19.49%~35.56%,且对于N₂O的减排效果较CH₄更为显著.     

中国农业源甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响因素

基于清单方法对中国的甲烷（CH₄）及氧化亚氮（N₂O）等农业源非二氧化碳（CO₂）温室气体（GHG）排放情况进行核算研究,通过引入Tapio弹性脱钩理论和对数平均迪氏指数（LMDI）方法研究了中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放的影响因素.结果表明：①1980—2018年中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放量由0.56×10⁹ t CO₂-eq上升至0.73×10⁹ t CO₂-eq;②1980—2018年中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放随着农业总产值增长而缓慢增加,整体呈弱脱钩状态,但其脱钩状态稳定性较差;③从LMDI因素分解角度看,经济因素和人口规模因素对中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放呈正效应,经济因素影响最大;效率因素和结构因素均对中国农业源CH₄和N₂O排放有减缓作用,其中,效率因素为主要抑制因素;④结构因素、效率因素和人口规模因素对脱钩努力的影响程度为效率因素>结构因素>人口规模因素.     

城市草坪温室气体排放特征及影响因素

草坪作为城市绿地的重要组成部分，其温室气体的吸收或排放不容忽视.然而当前对亚热带城市草坪温室气体通量的研究相对匮乏.采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对杭州市城区典型城市草坪的多种温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO）地气交换通量进行了连续观测研究.结果表明，城市草坪的温室气体月平均通量变化明显，而其日变化特征并不明显.城市草地和土壤（无植被生长的裸土）是大气N₂O的源，平均通量分别为（0.66±0.17）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（0.58±0.20）μg·（m²·min）^-1；是CH₄和CO的汇，其中CH₄平均通量分别为（-0.21±0.078）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-0.26±0.10）μg·（m²·min）^-1，CO分别为（-6.36±1.28）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-6.55±1.69）μg·（m²·min）^-1.城市草地和土壤CO₂平均通量分别为（5.28±0.75） mg·（m²·min）^-1和（4.83±0.91） mg·（m²·min）^-1.基于相关性分析研究发现，草地和土壤的CO₂和N₂O通量均与降水量呈显著的负相关，而CH₄和CO通量与降水量呈显著的正相关；除草地CH₄通量与土壤温度无显著相关、草地N₂O通量与土壤温度呈显著负相关外，其余各温室气体通量与土壤温度均呈显著正相关.另外，城市草坪的草地和土壤CO₂（R²为0.371和0.314）和N₂O （R²为0.371和0.284）通量季节变化受降水量的影响要大于其它温室气体，而土壤温度对CO通量的影响（R²为0.290和0.234）要显著于其它温室气体.     

青海南部高原积雪期与生长季高寒草甸土壤CO2、CH4和N2O通量的观测

以静态箱采集气体和气相色谱分析气体浓度方法,测定分析了青海南部高原积雪期和生长季高寒草甸土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量.结果表明在积雪集中期的3月3日和4日,积雪深度为9~10 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为1.33 g·(m~2·h)-1、N_2O通量为0.21 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-0.19 mg·(m~2·h)-1;在积雪末期的4月30日,积雪深度在8~9 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为4.70 g·(m~2·h)~(-1)、N_2O通量为0.24 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-1.23 mg·(m~2·h)-1;积雪深度小于4 cm时,土壤CO_2和N_2O通量较低或为负值,土壤CH_4通量为负值且绝对值较小.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量与积雪深度呈正相关、土壤CH_4通量与积雪深度呈负相关(P0.05),土壤CO_2与CH_4通量及CH_4与N_2O通量间呈负相关、土壤CO_2与N_2O通量间呈正相关.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量在生长季较高、在积雪末期其次、在积雪集中期较低;土壤CH_4通量为负值,其绝对值在生长季和积雪末期较大.结果说明积雪改变将影响青藏高原高寒草甸土壤温室气体通量.     

Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gases at the NitroEurope core flux measurement sites: Measurement strategy and first data sets

The NitroEurope project aims to improve understanding of the nitrogen (N) cycle at the continental scale and quantify the major fluxes of reactive N by a combination of reactive N measurements and modelling activities. As part of the overall measurement strategy, a network of 13 flux ‘super sites’ (Level-3) has been established, covering European forest, arable, grassland and wetland sites, with the objective of quantifying the N budget at a high spatial resolution and temporal frequency for 4.5 years, and to estimate greenhouse gas budgets (N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂). These sites are supported by a network of low-cost flux measurements (Level-2, 9 sites) and a network to infer reactive N fluxes at 58 sites (Level-1), for comparison with carbon (C) flux measurements.Measurements at the Level-3 sites include high resolution N₂O, NO (also CH₄, CO₂) fluxes, wet and dry N deposition, leaching of N and C and N transformations in plant, litter and soil. Results for the first 11 months (1.8.2006 to 30.6.2007) suggest that the grasslands are the largest source of N₂O, that forests are the largest source of NO and sink of CH₄ and that N deposition rates influence NO and N₂O fluxes in non-agricultural ecosystems. The NO and N₂O emission ratio is influenced by soil type and precipitation. First budgets of reactive N entering and leaving the ecosystem and of net greenhouse gas exchange are outlined. Further information on rates of denitrification to N₂ and biological N₂ fixation is required to complete the N budgets for some sites. The quantitative roles played by CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ in defining net greenhouse gas exchange differ widely between ecosystems depending on the interactions of climate, soil type, land use and management.     

Effect of drainage on CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes from aquaculture ponds during winter in a subtropical estuary of China

Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the production and flux of greenhouse gases(GHGs)from aquaculture ponds are largely unknown.In the present study,field-based research was performed to compare the GHG fluxes between one drained pond(DP,with a water depth of 0.05 m)and one undrained pond(UDP,with a water depth of 1.16 m)during one winter in the Min River estuary of southeast China.Over the entire study period,the mean CO_2flux in the DP was(0.75±0.12)mmol/(m~2·hr),which was significantly higher than that in the UDP of(-0.49±0.09)mmol/(m~2·hr)(p0.01).This indicates that drainage drastically transforms aquaculture ponds from a net sink to a net source of CO_2in winter.Mean CH_4and N_2O emissions were significantly higher in the DP compared to those in the UDP(CH_4=(0.66±0.31)vs.(0.07±0.06)mmol/(m~2·hr)and N_2O=(19.54±2.08)vs.(0.01±0.04)μmol/(m~2·hr))(p0.01),suggesting that drainage would also significantly enhance CH_4and N_2O emissions.Changes in environmental variables(including sediment temperature,p H,salinity,redox status,and water depth)contributed significantly to the enhanced GHG emissions following pond drainage.Furthermore,analysis of the sustained-flux global warming and cooling potentials indicated that the combined global warming potentials of the GHG fluxes were significantly higher in the DP than in the UDP(p0.01),with values of739.18 and 26.46 mg CO_2-eq/(m~2·hr),respectively.Our findings suggested that drainage of aquaculture ponds can increase the emissions of potent GHGs from the coastal zone of China to the atmosphere during winter,further aggravating the problem of global warming.     

河口潮滩湿地CH4、CO2排放通量对氮硫负荷增强的响应

以闽江河口区高、中潮滩短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,于2014年6—11月植物生长季进行氮硫负荷增强实验,利用静态箱-气象色谱法测定土壤CH_4、CO_2排放通量,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,氮硫负荷增强对潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量的影响不尽一致.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(107.53%,7.19%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量增加了3.39%,中潮滩减少了3.00%;NO_3~--N输入使高潮滩CH4、CO_2排放通量分别增加了(29.99%,16.99%),使中潮滩分别减少了(3.45%,4.77%);SO_4~(2-)-S输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别减少了(8.99%,7.67%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量减少了3.87%,中潮滩增加了5.44%;N-S复合输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(72.48%,25.66%),CO_2排放通量提高了(13.32%,13.48%).氮硫负荷增强改变了短叶茳芏沼泽生长季CH_4、CO_2排放通量变化规律,但除了NH+4-N处理对高潮滩CH4通量的影响显著外,其他处理影响均未达到显著性水平.相关分析显示,高、中潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量与土壤温度,含水率具有显著的正线性相关关系,与土壤电导率相关性不显著.在全球环境问题日益严重背景下,系统研究湿地生态系统温室气体排放的机制与规律,对于准确估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要而直接的意义.     

Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes

Three full-scale wastewater treatment processes, Orbal oxidation ditch, anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic （reversed A^2O） and anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic （A^2O）, were selected to investigate the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases （GHG）, including carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Results showed that although the processes were different, the units presenting high GHG emission fluxes were remarkably similar, namely the highest CO2 and N2O emission fluxes occurred in the aerobic areas, and the highest CH4 emission fluxes occurred in the grit tanks. The GHG emission amount of each unit can be calculated from its area and GHG emission flux. The calculation results revealed that the maximum emission amounts of CO2, CH4 and N2O in the three wastewater treatment processes appeared in the aerobic areas in all cases. Theoretically, CH4 should be produced in anaerobic conditions, rather than aerobic conditions. However, results in this study showed that the CH4 emission fluxes in the forepart of the aerobic area were distinctly higher than in the anaerobic area. The situation for N2O was similar to that of CH4： the N2O emission flux in the aerobic area was also higher than that in the anoxic area. Through analysis of the GHG mass balance, it was found that the flow of dissolved GHG in the wastewater treatment processes and aerators may be the main reason for this phenomenon. Based on the monitoring and calculation results, GHG emission factors for the three wastewater treatment processes were determined. The A^2O process had the highest CO2 emission factor of 319.3 g CO2/kg CODremoved, and the highest CH4 and N2O emission factors of 3.3 g CH4/kg CODremoved and 3.6 g N2O/kg TNremoved were observed in the Orbal oxidation ditch process.     

快速城市化区河流温室气体排放的时空特征及驱动因素

河流是大气温室气体重要的排放源,近十多年来全球城市化导致河流生态系统各要素发生改变,对河流水体温室气体排放产生影响.为研究快速城市化区不同土地利用方式下河流温室气体排放的时空特征及其影响因素,采用薄边界层模型法,于2014年9月(秋季)和12月(冬季)及2015年3月(春季)和6月(夏季)的晴天对重庆市区内梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2、CH_4、N_2O溶存浓度进行监测.结果表明,梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2范围为(23. 38±34. 89)～(1395. 33±55. 45) Pa、CH_4溶存浓度范围(65. 09±28. 09)～(6 021. 36±94. 36) nmol·L~(-1)、N_2O溶存浓度范围为(29. 47±5. 16)～(510. 28±18. 34)nmol·L~(-1); CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量分别为-6. 1～786. 9、0. 31～27. 62和0. 06～1. 08 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1);流域水体温室气体浓度空间格局与快速城市化带来的污染负荷空间梯度吻合,干流温室气体浓度与通量从上游向下游均呈先增加后降低,在城市化速度最快的中游出现峰值,其中城市河段CO_2和CH_4浓度约为非城市河段的2倍,同时支流水体自上游农业区向下游城市区呈显著增加;由于受到降雨、温度、外源输入的综合影响,河流CO_2排放通量呈秋季冬季夏季春季的季节模式,CH_4排放通量春季最高夏季最低,N_2O排放通量季节差异不显著.流域水体碳、氮含量均较高,水体CO_2的产生和排放不受生源要素限制,但受水温、pH、DO、叶绿素a等生物代谢因子影响; CH_4的产生和排放受水体碳、氮、磷含量和外源污水输入的共同驱动; N_2O的产生和排放主要受高N_2O浓度的城市污水排放影响.本研究认为流域快速城市化加快了河流水体温室气体排放,形成排放热源,因此城市河流温室气体排放对全球河流排放通量的贡献可能被忽视,在未来研究中应受到更多关注.     

不同干扰强度下三江平原湿地土壤温室气体排放对冻融作用的响应

为评估季节性冻融作用对不同干扰强度湿地温室气体产生机制的影响,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,原位观测三江平原洪河国家自然保护区内未受干扰的常年积水的小叶章湿地(undisturbed Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland,UDAW)、保护区外受人类活动干扰导致湿地含水量减少的季节性积水的小叶章湿地(disturbed Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland,DDAW)以及由小叶章湿地开垦10年以上的水稻田(rice paddy,RP)的温室气体排放通量,分析季节性冻融作用对3种湿地温室气体排放的影响特征.结果表明:3种湿地在冻融期均有CO₂和CH₄排放,且在春季冻融初期CO₂和CH₄均出现短期的高排放现象,随着冻融温度升高,温室气体排放通量均逐渐增加.其中,CO₂排放通量表现为UDAW > DDAW > RP,CH₄排放通量却表现为DDAW > RP > UDAW;DDAW的CH₄排放速率与冻融温度的相关性最高(P < 0.01,R2=0.647 5),UDAW中二者的相关性最低(P < 0.01,R2=0.424 7).相关性分析显示,DDAW和RP土壤中CO₂与CH₄的排放通量均呈正相关(P均小于0.01,R2分别为0.749 1、0.574 4),而UDAW土壤中CO₂与CH₄的排放通量表现为弱相关(P < 0.05,R2=0.303 8),可见冻融温度会影响CO₂和CH₄的排放通量.季节性冻融作用影响了3种湿地土壤N₂O的排放通量,秋季冻融期UDAW和DDAW表现为N₂O的汇,而在春季冻融期3种湿地均表现为N₂O的源,表明不同干扰湿地N₂O的排放通量对冻融作用的响应不同,但均随土壤温度的升高其排放通量不断增加.研究显示,三江平原的冻融作用降低了湿地温室气体排放,干扰强度越大,冻融作用影响越小,且秋季冻融作用大于春季.      

施用畜禽粪便堆肥品的蔬菜地CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征

农田是重要的温室气体排放来源之一,其中蔬菜地的温室气体排放日益受到人们关注.以北京市郊某温室种植的油麦菜地为研究对象,通过大棚试验,考察和比较了油麦菜地施用不同类型畜禽粪便堆肥产品的CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,油麦菜地NRM、RM、CF处理的CH4排放系数分别为0.2%、0.027%、0.004%;N2O排放系数分别为0.18%、0.63%、0.74%;NH3排放系数分别为2.00%、3.98%、2.53%.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和地表湿度相关,N2O排放通量与土壤温度、地表温度和湿度相关,CH4、N2O和NH3排放通量均受土壤含水率影响,而温室中的气温不是影响CH4、N2O和NH3排放的主要因素.     

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.     

亚热带河口潮滩湿地N2O排放对氮硫增强输入的响应

以亚热带区域闽江河口短叶茳芏中、高潮滩湿地为研究对象,于2014年7月至11月进行氮硫增强输入的实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定潮滩湿地中N_2O排放通量,并同步测量相关的环境因子.结果显示,不同潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量对氮硫增强输入的响应存在差异,但总体上看均促进了N_2O的排放.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使中、高潮滩排放通量分别提高了157.97%和236.36%;NO_3~--N输入使中潮滩提高了60.95%,而使高潮滩N_2O排放通量提高了246.77%;SO_4~(2-)-S输入分别使中、高潮滩N_2O通量提高50.68%和87.17%;而N-S复合输入则使中、高潮滩N_2O通量分别增加了84.20%和117.79%.不同的处理组对中、高潮滩的N_2O排放通量的促进作用分别表现为:NH_4~+-NN-SNO_3~--NSO_4~(2-)-S及NO_3~--NNH_4~+-NN-SSO_4~(2-)-S.氮硫增强输入改变了短叶茳芏潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量的变化规律,但除了NH_4~+-N处理对高潮滩N_2O排放通量的影响显著外,其他处理组的影响均未达到显著性水平.中、高潮滩湿地N_2O的排放通量与沉积物温度、含水率具有显著的相关关系,而与电导率相关性不显著.随着全球环境问题的日益严重,系统研究湿地生态系统N_2O排放的机制与规律,对于科学准确的估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要的意义.