繁茂膜海绵生物修复养殖水体中病原体的初步研究

研究繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)滤食近海养殖水体中病原体细菌.海绵处理海水24 h后,海水中总大肠菌群、弧菌和总细菌分别比初始数量降低55.%～91.%、55.%～96.%和25.%～95.%.海绵滤食总大肠菌群、弧菌和总细菌速率分别在4.～105./(h·g)、1.×104～3.×104/(h·g)和2.×106～48.×106/(h·g),且滤食速率随细菌初始数量的加大而增加.当初始细菌总数在55×104～250×104/mL范围内,海绵滤食细菌的速率与细菌初始数量成线性正相关,其斜率为0.2.     

繁茂膜海绵间接清除养殖海水中营养盐的研究

以研究清除养殖海水中营养盐的技术方法为目的,借助微藻吸收海水中无机盐的属性和海绵泵入海水从中阻留消化微藻的能力,设计了潮间带海绵间接清除海水中营养盐的方法,即先用小球藻吸收海水中无机N、P营养盐,然后放入海绵用于阻留消化海水中的微藻,接着取出海绵以保持小球藻继续吸收无机N、P营养盐。在灭菌海水和养殖海水的体系(5 L)中,微藻初始密度分别为81×104/mL和77×104/mL、放入海绵的生物量约40 g(鲜重),在保持水体中小球藻密度与接种密度相同水平条件下,海水中无机N、P营养盐浓度分别减少约60%和90%,海绵生物量增加约5%~7%。繁茂膜海绵间接清除海水中无机N、P营养盐的技术方法在封闭海水养殖体系和工厂化海水养殖体系中具有很好的应用前景。     

溶藻细菌L7(Algicidal Bacteria Strain L7)与中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的相互作用

将6组不同初始种群密度的溶藻细菌L7(Bacillus cereus)菌悬液和添加了溶藻细菌L7胞内、外代谢产物的2216E培养液加入到中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)悬浮液中,将5组不同初始种群密度的中肋骨条藻悬浮液和添加了中肋骨条藻胞内外代谢产物的f/2-Si培养液加入到溶藻细菌L7悬浮液中,探讨溶藻细菌L7和中肋骨条藻的相互作用。在第7天时,L7胞外代谢产物使中肋骨条藻细胞数量下降95.42%,表现为间接溶藻,胞内代谢产物使藻细胞数量增长361.47%,表现为加快藻增长。L7初始种群密度为3.89×106 cfu/mL和3.89×107 cfu/mL时,在第7天藻细胞数量均下降80%以上;初始种群密度为3.89×102~3.89×104 cfu/mL时,在第7天L7促进藻生长。中肋骨条藻种群密度为3.89×103 cells/L、3.89×104 cells/L及3.89×106 cells/L时,最迟于第7天,L7种群密度开始低于对照组,即中肋骨条藻能够在一段时间后抑制L7生长。从第4天开始,中肋骨条藻胞外代谢产物使L7种群密度低于对照组,即中肋骨条藻对L7产生抑制作用;胞内代谢产物对L7生长的影响不明显。     

光照强度和磷浓度对寡枝刚毛藻生长的影响

在利用沉水植被对湖泊进行生态修复过程中,当营养盐有所降低,水体透明度增加有利于沉水植物生长时,丝状绿藻——刚毛藻会大量生长,从而影响生态修复效果.为了研究光照强度和磷浓度对寡枝刚毛藻(Cladophora oligoclona)生长的影响,本实验用含有不同磷浓度(0.005,0.02,0.1,0.6mg/L)的BBM培养基,在不同光照强度[10,30,50μmol/(m2·s)]下培养寡枝刚毛藻16d.结果发现,在光照强度为10μmol/(m2·s),初始P浓度0.1mg/L以上时,刚毛藻鲜重增加(约0.05g),其余处理条件下,刚毛藻鲜重均减少,其中光强为50μmol/(m2·s),初始磷浓度为0.005mg/L时,刚毛藻鲜重减少量最大(约0.49g).叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值的变化表现为光强越大,Fv/Fm的值越低.在光强为10μmol/(m2·s)时,Fv/Fm值在0.75左右.光强为50μmol/(m2·s)时,Fv/Fm值仅为0.3.在相同光强下,不同磷浓度对Fv/Fm值变化无显著影响.相对于磷浓度对刚毛藻生长的影响,光强对刚毛藻的生长影响更大,且高光强不利于刚毛藻的生长.     

桑沟湾养殖区铝的分布及季节变化

根据2006年4月、7月、11月和2007年1月对桑沟湾进行的调查,分析了溶解态Al和颗粒态Al的分布及季节变化。结果表明,桑沟湾溶解态Al的分布呈现出明显的季节变化,夏季最高,浓度为(64.1±45.1)nmol/L,春秋季次之,浓度分别为(60.8±29.1)nmol/L和(60.3±15.5)nmol/L,冬季最低,浓度为(31.2±9.6)nmol/L。因悬浮颗粒物的类型不同,春季和冬季颗粒物中Al的含量较高,夏季和秋季含量较低;颗粒物中可交换态Al所占的比例为春季和夏季比较高,夏季醋酸提态所占的比例可高达(2.19±0.88)%,颗粒物中Al主要以残渣态存在。讨论了颗粒物对溶解态Al分布的影响并计算了Al在颗粒物表面的分配系数及其在海水中的存留时间,Al的界面分配系数Kd的范围为0.24×105～1.3×106mL/g,平均值为(3.6×105±2.6×105)mL/g,其中SPM的范围为8.0～60.6 mg/L。根据箱式模型初步估算了桑沟湾溶解态Al的存留时间约为(36±17)d,进一步认识了Al的生物地球化学行为。     

微孔过滤与紫外辐射结合去除模拟压载水中扁藻的研究

针对压载水中外来藻类对海洋环境造成的危害,本文以含有青岛大扁藻的海水为模拟压载水,在处理流量为1～9m3/h和藻初始数量为3×103～3×104/mL条件下,研究微孔过滤与紫外辐射结合的处理方法对海水中扁藻的去除效率.结果表明:在此实验条件下,该方法对于扁藻的去除效率可达100%;电镜分析显示扁藻在处理过程中会先后受到微孔过滤的挤压和紫外辐射的伤害,基本上已经不具备继续存活的可能性.研究结果证实了微孔过滤和紫外辐射结合方法对于去除体长≥20μm的水生生物的有效性.     

抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝生长及摄食的影响研究

在室内以翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）为对象,研究单种抑食金球藻（Aureocuccos anophagefferens）及其与亚心形四爿藻（Tetraselmis subcordiformis）混合藻液条件下抑食金球藻对贻贝的生长和摄食的影响。结果表明,抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝的生长和摄食均有显著的负面影响。单种高、中浓度抑食金球藻组贻贝的鲜重、干重及无灰分干重均显著低于混合藻组,贻贝的个体生长条件指数（CI）下降明显,其下降率甚至高于饥饿组。混合藻组中贻贝的CI、软组织的鲜重、干重、无灰分干重等均显著低于对照组,其抑制程度与混合藻组中抑食金球藻浓度有关,当混合藻组中抑食金球藻浓度较大时（≥ 4×105 cells/mL）,贻贝的上述指标更低。四组混合藻中贻贝的摄食率也均显著低于对照组,抑食金球藻对贻贝的抑食作用也与其藻细胞密度有关,混有较高密度抑食金球藻组中贻贝的摄食率更低,说明抑食金球藻并非因其个体太小而不能被贝类正常摄食,可能产生了某种生物活性物质抑制了贻贝的摄食和生长,亚心形四爿藻能在一定程度上可以缓解抑食金球藻对贝类摄食和生长的抑制作用。     

Zn2+和Cd2+对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应

为探究Zn2+和Cd2+对轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应,在不同温度(15、20和25 ℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)不同密度(0.5×106、1.0×106和2.0×106 mL-1)下,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,采用3 d种群累积培养方法,研究了不同 Zn2+污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)分别为0.315、0.630和1.260 mg/L〕、Cd2+污染处理组〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.073、0.145和0.289 mg/L〕、Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.315、0.073 mg/L,0.630、0.145 mg/L和1.260、0.289 mg/L〕 对轮虫种群增长率和混交雌体百分率的影响. 结果表明:当藻密度为0.5×106和2.0×106 mL-1时,与对照组相比,随着温度上升,对轮虫种群增长率产生抑制作用的处理组数明显增加,高温(25 ℃)下,所有处理组均显著降低轮虫种群增长率. 15和20 ℃下,与较低、中等藻密度(0.5×106、1.0×106 mL-1)相比,较高藻密度(2.0×106 mL-1)下轮虫种群受到毒性影响的处理组数明显减少;25 ℃下,各处理组轮虫种群增长率均随藻密度的升高而增加. 在温度为15和20 ℃、藻密度为0.5×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为1.260、0.289 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为1.260 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.289 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率;温度为25 ℃、藻密度为2.0×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.630、0.145 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为0.630 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.145 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率. 研究显示,温度、藻密度和重金属质量浓度之间的交互作用对轮虫种群增长率的影响大于其对混交雌体百分率的影响,随着温度的升高和藻密度的降低,Zn2+、Cd2+对轮虫的单一和联合毒性效应增加.      

不同营养水平下沉水植物的抑藻效应

控制水体的营养盐浓度,尤其是磷浓度,可以控制藻类水华的发生.然而,经济成本很高.相对藻类而言,沉水植物对水体营养盐升高敏感性更低,且沉水植物的存在可以改变藻类的群落结构和生长速率.为探讨沉水植物在营养盐与蓝藻水华控制关系中的作用,本研究探讨了有无水生植物存在下,不同营养盐浓度(磷浓度分别为0.025、0.05、0.1 mg·L~(-1),对应地表水Ⅲ～Ⅴ类)下蓝藻水华暴发(chlorophyll-a10μg·L~(-1))的频率、强度和持续时间.结果表明,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)和10μg·L~(-1)情况下,3种磷浓度下都会发生水华,磷浓度的升高会导致蓝藻水华暴发的强度和持续时间增加.然而,在加入水生植物金鱼藻后,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)的条件下,没有形成水华.初始藻浓度为10μg·L~(-1)的条件下,各处理组在实验初始时会形成短暂水华,之后,各处理组的叶绿素a浓度均低于10μg·L~(-1),显示蓝藻生长受到抑制.因此,沉水植物存在情况下,在营养盐较高的水体,蓝藻水华也不会发生.     

塔玛亚历山大藻对文蛤呼吸和排泄的影响

水温20℃下,设置(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0) ×103/mL六个藻类浓度组,以静水方法研究了塔玛亚历山大藻对文蛤呼吸和排泄的影响.结果表明:当塔玛亚历山大藻浓度为1.0 ×103/mL时,文蛤的耗氧率和排磷率最大,其最大值分别为2.76 ×10-3 /h和0.339 μmol/(g·h);其排氨率在藻浓度为0.5 ×103 /mL时达到最大值5.71 μmol/(g·h).耗氧率与排氨率的比值(O/N)显示在较低塔玛亚历山大藻浓度(≤0.5 ×103 /mL)时,文蛤由蛋白质和脂肪提供机体能量,较高藻浓度(≥1.0 ×103 /mL)时则由脂肪和碳水化合物提供机体代谢所需能量.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.