典型耐候钢在江津大气环境中暴晒1 a的腐蚀行为

目的 研究3种典型耐候钢在江津大气环境中暴晒1 a的初期腐蚀行为。方法 采用户外大气挂片、腐蚀质量损失、SEM、XRD、电化学等方法,研究Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690的腐蚀速率、锈层形貌、锈层物相和锈层电阻,并与Q345碳钢进行对比。结果 耐候钢和碳钢在大气暴晒初期的腐蚀规律是一致的,Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690和Q345碳钢的腐蚀速率分别为0.050 9、0.053 6、0.047 8、0.055 mm/a,Q690的腐蚀速率最小,约为碳钢的87%。耐候钢和碳钢的锈层都主要由α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH和Fe₂O₃组成,耐候钢的锈层更致密,裂纹更少。Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690的锈层电阻值分别为821.3、1 005、1 080?·cm²,碳钢为101.68?·cm²,耐候钢的锈层电阻值约为碳钢的10倍。Cr和Cu元素在耐候钢的锈层中富集明显。结论 耐候钢的腐蚀速率低于碳钢,3种耐候钢的耐蚀性顺序为Q690>Q355NH>Q460FRW。Cr和Cu元素在...     

碳钢和耐候钢加速腐蚀实验研究

通过对Q235碳钢和09CuPCrNi耐候钢的周期浸润加速腐蚀实验所得到的锈层结构的XRD和拉曼光谱分析表明:γ-Fe2O3、γ-FeOOH和α-FeOOH是构成锈层的主要腐蚀产物.锈层中最终形成的稳定的α-FeOOH腐蚀产物所占比例和分布都将影响耐候钢的耐蚀性能.耐候钢中的Cr可在表面形成致密的氧化膜,同时Cr在缺陷处沉淀析出,可以加速锈层中缺陷的愈合,从而可抵御大气中水气及其有害离子的侵入,防止基体金属进一步腐蚀.因此,增加耐候钢中的Cr的含量将有助于提高耐候钢的耐蚀性能.     

不同腐蚀体系中低合金钢锈层的拉曼光谱研究

利用激光拉曼光谱法研究了舰船用镍铬系低合金钢在天然海水以及分别添加双氧水、高氯酸钾和过硫酸钠的NaCl（3.5％）溶液等4种体系中浸泡后腐蚀锈层的物相组成。结果表明：在含双氧水体系和天然海水体系中,钢样的内外锈层物相主要是α-Fe2O3、γ-FeOOH和Fe3O4。高氯酸钾和过硫酸钠腐蚀体系,其腐蚀锈层的外锈层除了含有α-Fe2O3和γ-FeOOH外还出现了γ-Fe2O3,内锈层只含有α-Fe2O3和γ-FeOOH,未发现Fe3O4。说明镍铬系低合金钢在含双氧水体系和天然海水体系中的腐蚀锈层物相组成差异最小。     

Q235钢在模拟自然环境下失效行为的电化学研究

采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和阴极极化曲线研究了Q235钢在薄液膜条件下的大气腐蚀过程,探讨了液膜厚度、Cl-和腐蚀产物对Q235钢失效过程的影响.结果表明液膜厚度会影响O2的扩散过程,并进一步影响腐蚀速率;C1～环境下,Q235钢腐蚀产物分成2层,外层为多孔疏松层,内层主要为α-FeOOH和γ -FeOOH组成的锈层,...     

碳钢和耐候钢在盐雾环境下的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究Q235钢和耐候钢在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl盐雾/干燥循环加速腐蚀试验中的腐蚀过程,比较它们的耐腐蚀性。方法采用腐蚀失重分析、X-射线衍射分析、扫描电镜观测和电化学测试等进行研究。结果 Q235钢和耐候钢的锈层没有明显的保护作用,但耐候钢的耐蚀性略优于Q235钢。结论在模拟海洋大气环境中,该耐候钢没有优越性,说明该耐候钢不适用于海洋大气环境中。     

SO2在碳钢初期大气腐蚀中的作用

通过自建的模拟大气腐蚀系统,借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM/EDX)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和x-射线光电子能谱(XPS),研究了SO2对碳钢初期大气腐蚀行为的影响,并进一步用原子力显微镜从更微观的角度观察了在SO2环境中初期阶段腐蚀形貌变化.研究结果表明:在SO2污染大气环境中,随SO2浓度的升高碳钢腐蚀加快.在体积分数为5×10(-6)SO2的大气环境中,碳钢和耐候钢表面腐蚀主要以条状物生长,随着SO2浓度的升高,腐蚀产物的形貌发生改变,在体积分数为5×10(-5)SO2的大气环境中,条状锈和胞状锈同时生长.在锈层中S元素以FeSO4·4H2O的形式存在,腐蚀产物中还有γ-FeOOH.SO2在初期阶段加速了碳钢的腐蚀,降低了碳钢的耐蚀性.     

海洋大气环境中含稀土耐候钢暴露1年的耐蚀性能研究

目的研究普通耐候钢和含稀土耐候钢(Cu-P-RE钢)的耐蚀性能。方法通过腐蚀速率测试、电子探针、金相制作等技术手段探讨稀土对耐候钢耐蚀性能的影响。结果在耐候钢中加入稀土后,含稀土耐候钢比普通耐候钢的锈层更加连续致密、裂纹孔洞数量减少。结论含稀土锈层对腐蚀介质的物理阻挡作用相应改善,可有效抑制腐蚀介质对钢基体的进一步腐蚀,对基体的保护能力增强。稀土元素的存在有利于降低耐候钢在青岛海洋大气环境下的腐蚀速率,改善耐候钢的耐大气腐蚀性能。     

景观锚链的近海大气腐蚀调查研究

在2007年3月对暴露于湛江观海长廊近8年的景观锚链进行了大气腐蚀调查和研究.现场调查结果显示,各站点锚链均受到不同程度的腐蚀,锈层呈黄褐色,站点2和站点3的锈层易剥落.锚链的扫描电镜结果表明,外表面锈层疏松多孔,并伴有大量的裂纹,内表面局部存在大量诱导腐蚀发生的微孔,表面锈层中均含有S元素和Cl元素.红外光谱分析结果显示,锚链表面锈层均有α-FeOOH.大气湿热气候、高含量的Cl-和H2S是锚链钢严重腐蚀及发生块状开裂的主要因素.     

热带海洋大气环境中钢腐蚀异常原因分析

采用Q235钢和Cor-TenA钢在中国海南万宁市离海边不同距离进行不同暴露时间、朝向和不同样品表面状态的大气暴露试验，用SEM和X射线衍射对锈层和腐蚀产物进行分析，结果表明：万宁站长期暴露钢的大气腐蚀出现的所谓“异常”现象正是高湿热海洋性大气腐蚀性特征的反映。其产生原因是：在高湿热、高日照、强辐射强度和高C1^-浓度的综合作用下，使建立起来的锈层。随时间的推移起加速腐蚀作用造成的。决定钢大气腐蚀的主要环境因素是湿热气候和C1^-浓度。     

锈层对船体钢耐腐蚀性能影响研究

选择5种不同类型的船体钢,在3%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中浸泡1 a,用金相显微镜观察内、外锈层形貌特征和腐蚀形貌,分析锈层下钢的腐蚀特征;记录自腐蚀电位(OCP)的变化,评价锈层对腐蚀倾向性的影响;利用电子探针(EMPA)分析锈层的形貌和内锈层元素分布;通过计算质量损失得到钢的平均腐蚀速率。结果表明,外锈层对钢腐蚀的影响较小;内锈层的缺陷与钢腐蚀形貌中的腐蚀坑对应;当钢中的Ni和Cr元素含量较高时,由于Cr元素在其内锈层和基体交界面富集,其平均腐蚀速率最小。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.