SO2在碳钢初期大气腐蚀中的作用

通过自建的模拟大气腐蚀系统,借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM/EDX)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和x-射线光电子能谱(XPS),研究了SO2对碳钢初期大气腐蚀行为的影响,并进一步用原子力显微镜从更微观的角度观察了在SO2环境中初期阶段腐蚀形貌变化.研究结果表明:在SO2污染大气环境中,随SO2浓度的升高碳钢腐蚀加快.在体积分数为5×10(-6)SO2的大气环境中,碳钢和耐候钢表面腐蚀主要以条状物生长,随着SO2浓度的升高,腐蚀产物的形貌发生改变,在体积分数为5×10(-5)SO2的大气环境中,条状锈和胞状锈同时生长.在锈层中S元素以FeSO4·4H2O的形式存在,腐蚀产物中还有γ-FeOOH.SO2在初期阶段加速了碳钢的腐蚀,降低了碳钢的耐蚀性.     

安徽省内电网设备常用钢材大气腐蚀试验研究

目的针对在安徽省内H1、R1及T28三个站点自然环境下暴露1年后的Q235、40Cr及镀锌钢,开展腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及腐蚀层形貌的研究,探讨其大气腐蚀机理。方法采用称量法计算腐蚀质量损失,通过光学及电子显微镜法观察腐蚀层表面及截面形貌,用电子能谱仪测试微区成分,用X-射线衍射法测试腐蚀层的物相构成。结果 Q235、40Cr的大气腐蚀产物为Fe OOH、Fe3O4、Fe(OH)3及FeSO4,镀锌钢则为Zn O及Zn SO4。Q235、40Cr腐蚀层表面分布着绒球状的α-FeOOH及片状的γ-FeOOH,镀锌钢大气腐蚀层致密,但T28站点镀锌钢表面形成点状的腐蚀坑,腐蚀防护能力降低。结论同一站点三种钢腐蚀速率大小次序为40CrQ235镀锌钢,站点R1钢的腐蚀速率最大,站点T28的腐蚀速率最小。     

热带海洋大气环境中钢腐蚀异常原因分析

采用Q235钢和Cor-TenA钢在中国海南万宁市离海边不同距离进行不同暴露时间、朝向和不同样品表面状态的大气暴露试验，用SEM和X射线衍射对锈层和腐蚀产物进行分析，结果表明：万宁站长期暴露钢的大气腐蚀出现的所谓“异常”现象正是高湿热海洋性大气腐蚀性特征的反映。其产生原因是：在高湿热、高日照、强辐射强度和高C1^-浓度的综合作用下，使建立起来的锈层。随时间的推移起加速腐蚀作用造成的。决定钢大气腐蚀的主要环境因素是湿热气候和C1^-浓度。     

30CrMnSiA高强钢在北京地区的大气腐蚀研究

利用失重分析、形貌观察、断面分析和电化学交流阻抗谱等研究了30CrMnSiA高强钢在北京地区大气腐蚀的动力学规律和腐蚀特征。结果表明,30CrMnSiA高强钢在北京的大气腐蚀速率经历了腐蚀初期由快到慢和腐蚀3 a后由慢到快的过程。在大气暴露1,2,3,5 a的30CrMnSiA样品中,暴露3 a的样品锈层最致密,对侵蚀性离子的阻挡作用最强,相应腐蚀速率最低;30CrMnSiA高强钢在大气腐蚀的锈层既可以生长得非常致密,也可因为过厚产生内应力,从而导致锈层破裂;3 a后,30CrMnSiA样品锈层的开裂加速了腐蚀。     

典型耐候钢在江津大气环境中暴晒1 a的腐蚀行为

目的 研究3种典型耐候钢在江津大气环境中暴晒1 a的初期腐蚀行为。方法 采用户外大气挂片、腐蚀质量损失、SEM、XRD、电化学等方法,研究Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690的腐蚀速率、锈层形貌、锈层物相和锈层电阻,并与Q345碳钢进行对比。结果 耐候钢和碳钢在大气暴晒初期的腐蚀规律是一致的,Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690和Q345碳钢的腐蚀速率分别为0.050 9、0.053 6、0.047 8、0.055 mm/a,Q690的腐蚀速率最小,约为碳钢的87%。耐候钢和碳钢的锈层都主要由α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH和Fe2O3组成,耐候钢的锈层更致密,裂纹更少。Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690的锈层电阻值分别为821.3、1 005、1 080 Ω.cm²,碳钢为101.68 Ω.cm²,耐候钢的锈层电阻值约为碳钢的10倍。Cr和Cu元素在耐候钢的锈层中富集明显。结论 耐候钢的腐蚀速率低于碳钢,3种耐候钢的耐蚀性顺序为Q690>Q355NH>Q460FRW。Cr和Cu元素在锈层中富集,使耐候钢的锈层更致密,锈层电阻值更大,对钢基体的保护性更好。     

钢在自然环境中的大气腐蚀研究进展

回顾了近年来钢在自然环境中的大气暴露腐蚀试验和腐蚀行为预测的研究。重点介绍了钢的腐蚀失重规律、环境因素和钢的化学成分对钢的大气腐蚀影响以及锈层分析的研究;此外,还介绍了幂函数预测模型、灰色模型和神经网络预测模型的研究进展。     

Cl-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的 微区电化学行为

目的对Cl~-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的腐蚀和微区电化学行为进行研究。方法通过开展盐雾腐蚀试验,对AerMet100钢的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行研究分析。盐雾试验不同时间后,通过SKP测试,得到试样的表面电位分布,通过Gauss拟合,对试样表面扫描开尔文电位的分布和变化情况进行分析。结果 AerMet100钢在盐雾腐蚀试验过程中的腐蚀行为从点蚀开始,逐渐发展为均匀腐蚀。腐蚀产物分为内外两层,外层疏松,内层致密。由于腐蚀反应过程中生成大量铁的氧化物及羟基氧化物,因此,内外层腐蚀产物中含有大量的Fe、O元素;内外锈层中均含有少量的Cl元素,表明Cl~-参与了腐蚀反应过程;内外锈层中Cr、Co、Ni等合金元素的存在,使得锈层具有离子选择性、致密性,加速了锈层的产生。未腐蚀的试样表面电位分布比较均匀,集中程度较高,即电位差较小,总体电位差为152 mV,有少量表面活性点随机分布,此时试样表面阴极和阳极分布不规则。盐雾试验3天后,试样表面电位正移,分布趋于分散,电位差增大,总体电位差为270m V,产生较为明显的阴极区和阳极区,由于吸附在试样表面活性点附近的Cl~-破坏了表面的氧化膜,腐蚀情况逐渐发生。盐雾试验6天后,试样表面电位进一步升高,分布更为分散,电位差略有减小,总体电位差为180 mV,由于腐蚀产物层的不断扩展,试样表面已经分为明显的较大面积的阴极区和阳极区。结论 Cl~-的侵蚀作用破坏了基体表面的氧化膜,使得AerMet100钢的腐蚀在夹杂物处发生。腐蚀产物能够阻碍Cl~-的渗透,对基体具有保护作用。     

碳钢和耐候钢加速腐蚀实验研究

通过对Q235碳钢和09CuPCrNi耐候钢的周期浸润加速腐蚀实验所得到的锈层结构的XRD和拉曼光谱分析表明:γ-Fe2O3、γ-FeOOH和α-FeOOH是构成锈层的主要腐蚀产物.锈层中最终形成的稳定的α-FeOOH腐蚀产物所占比例和分布都将影响耐候钢的耐蚀性能.耐候钢中的Cr可在表面形成致密的氧化膜,同时Cr在缺陷处沉淀析出,可以加速锈层中缺陷的愈合,从而可抵御大气中水气及其有害离子的侵入,防止基体金属进一步腐蚀.因此,增加耐候钢中的Cr的含量将有助于提高耐候钢的耐蚀性能.     

涂膜耐候钢大气暴露及锈层结构的研究

涂膜JT345耐候钢在青岛、沈阳、北京等地大气环境下曝晒2年,表现出良好的耐腐蚀性能,采用电子探针、X射线衍射等对大气挂片锈层形貌、结构、组成进行了分析,发现JT345耐候钢表面锈层主要由γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH和Fe3O4组成.改性涂层处理可加速耐候钢表面生成致密保护性锈层,该锈层中富集大量的Cr、Cu、P等.     

锌在模拟工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究不同时间下锌在SO2环境中的腐蚀特性。方法采用室内加速试验法,向大气加速腐蚀箱中通入25 mg/L SO2气体,进行模拟工业大气环境下的加速腐蚀试验。对腐蚀后金属材料进行质量增量测量和电化学测试,通过XRD,SEM等表征锌腐蚀产物及腐蚀形貌,研究腐蚀特性。结果初期阶段锌在SO2环境中的腐蚀速率逐渐增加,到腐蚀后期逐渐降低,1/Rct值先增大后减小,锌的腐蚀产物中的元素包括Zn,O和少量的S,主要产物为Zn4SO4(OH)6。结论初期在锌表面生成的腐蚀产物疏松,SO2能够通过产物层到达基体,促进腐蚀,不具有保护性。到后期,产物增多并且致密使SO2与基体接触的概率降低,从而使腐蚀速率减缓。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.