食用油聚酯包装的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价法研究了食用油聚酯(PET)包装的生命周期环境影响,并对不同处置方式的环境影响进行比较评价. 通过现场和资料调研的方式获得所有生命周期阶段的能量物质的输入、输出和环境外排数据. 结果表明:PET包装原料获取阶段的环境影响潜值在全生命周期环境影响潜值中所占比例极高,占处置前环境影响潜值的81.8%. PET包装的全生命周期环境影响类别主要集中在化石燃料、无机物对人体损害和气候变化3个方面;在致癌、生态毒性和酸化/富营养化等方面的影响较小. 3种主要处置方式的环境影响潜值为焚烧＞填埋＞再生,其中焚烧和填埋分别增加PET包装处置阶段前环境影响潜值的5.1%和3.6%,而再生可降低63.9%.      

水泥窑共处置低品质包装废物的生命周期评价

以低品质包装废物为典型固体废物开展水泥窑共处置试烧试验. 以生命周期评价(LCA)方法为研究手段,对水泥窑共处置技术的环境影响进行评价,并且与常规水泥熟料生产过程进行比较. 通过试验和资料调研,获得所有生命周期阶段的能量和物质输入、输出以及环境外排数据,利用SimaPro7.1软件进行处理,得出相应的环境影响潜值. 结果表明:①在水泥熟料生产的全生命周期过程中,对环境影响所占比重最大的是生产阶段,共处置低品质包装废物可以使环境影响潜值降低10.65%（从263 Pt降至235 Pt）,主要表现在无机物对人体的损害和酸化/富营养化方面. ②从全生命周期来看,共处置低品质包装废物使环境影响潜值降低了8.68%（从334 Pt降至305 Pt）,主要表现在无机物对人体的损害和酸化/富营养化方面的降低,二者的环境影响潜值分别降低了11.00%和15.70%.      

瓦楞纸箱全生命周期环境影响评价研究

分析了瓦楞纸箱从原材料生产、产品加工到使用后的废物处置整个全生命周期的物耗、能耗及向环境中的排放;根据ISO14040系列标准制定的技术框架,建立了全生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)模型,采用Eco-indicator 99方法,对瓦楞纸箱进行了整体和基于流程的全生命周期环境影响分析,得出其全生命周期和原料生产、产品加工、废物管理3个流程的主要环境影响类型和对应指标值,以及造成各流程主要环境影响类型的原因.为改善瓦楞纸箱的环境性能,针对其设计、生产加工、使用、废物处理等方面提出了改进建议;并对全生命周期环境影响评价研究中存在的不足进行了总结.      

基于LCA方法的水泥企业清洁生产审核

水泥行业是典型的高能耗、高污染的工业,其快速发展带来了严重的资源、能源、环境等问题.因此,本文选择生命周期评价方法(LCA)作为清洁生产审核工具,对大连某水泥企业进行了清洁生产审核.本文在调研水泥工艺及现状的基础上,运用生命周期评价方法对水泥生产过程中原料开采、运输、生料制备、煤粉制备、熟料煅烧及水泥粉磨阶段进行清单分析与建模.采用了生命周期评价软件Gabi4进行清单计算与分析,评价模型为CML2001Dec07特征化模型.在整个水泥生产过程中考虑了全球变暖,人体毒性,环境酸化等环境影响类型,得出整个生命周期中石灰石和煤炭的资源能源耗竭潜值和资源消耗量最大,而环境排放影响中熟料煅烧阶段对各个类型的环境影响远远高于其他几个阶段,同时熟料煅烧过程中排放的二氧化碳等温室气体的影响最严重.最终根据评价分析结果确定清洁生产审核重点并提出了清洁生产方案,并且在清洁生产方案中选择其中最重要的余热发电方案,进行余热发电清洁生产方案前后环境影响比较和清洁生产方案量化分析.     

光伏发电和燃煤发电的生命周期评价比较研究

文章运用生命周期评价（life cycle assessment,LCA）的分类、特征化、量化处理的方法,对多晶硅太阳能光伏发电和燃煤发电的全过程进行环境影响评价.通过收集两者的资源消耗量和污染物排放量,建立两者全生命周期资源消耗及污染物排放清单,得到相应的资源消耗系数和环境影响潜值.综合多晶硅太阳能光伏发电和燃煤发电全生命周期评价结果,从资源消耗和环境影响的角度来看,与传统燃煤发电相比,多晶硅太阳能光伏发电具有明显的优势.     

水泥窑协同处置工业废弃物的生命周期评价

以废白土、废催化剂和污染土壤等工业废弃物为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对水泥窑协同处置废弃物的环境影响进行评价.通过建立生产过程输入、输出清单,从全球变暖潜值、资源消耗潜值、人体毒性潜值等方面,基于Gabi5.0软件进行建模与计算,对水泥窑常规生产工艺与协同处置工业废弃物工艺产生的环境影响进行比较.结果表明:功能单位(1 t)水泥的生产过程中,常规生产工艺和协同处置工艺的环境影响潜值分别为5.78×10~(-11)和5.61×10~(-11),协同处置工艺使得全生命周期环境影响潜值降低了2.94%;水泥生产过程最主要的环境影响是全球变暖和人体毒性,其中,协同处置工艺下这两种环境影响分别降低了0.80%和1.80%,资源消耗相比常规生产降低了11.1%;从全生命周期看,水泥生产中熟料煅烧阶段对环境的影响最大,协同处置工艺下熟料煅烧阶段的环境影响相比常规生产降低了8.0%.协同处置工艺相比常规生产工艺有更好的环境效益.     

典型复合包装的全生命周期环境影响评价研究

采用生命周期评价法研究了牛奶纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响,并与塑料包装的环境影响进行比较评价.通过现场和资料调研的方式获得整个生命周期的能量物质的输入输出和环境外排的数据.结果表明,纸塑铝复合包装和塑料包装的环境影响值分别为5.225, 4.670Pt,在整个生命周期中,环境影响比重最大的是原材料获取阶段,两者均在80%左右.塑料包装在化石资源消耗方面是纸塑铝复合包装的2倍多,由于化石资源消耗是不可再生的,因此其对环境的影响无法通过相关途径降低.纸塑铝复合包装的环境影响较大的原因是其尚未得到很好的回收再生利用,通过发展铝塑分离再生技术和提高纸塑铝复合包装回收率可以降低其环境影响.     

电动与内燃机汽车的动力系统生命周期环境影响对比分析

以国内某两款同一车型的电动与内燃机汽车的动力系统为研究对象,通过生命周期分析软件GaBi建立生命周期评价(LCA)模型,在清单数据分析的基础上,采用CML2001模型对两种动力系统分别进行了定量的生命周期环境影响评价.评价结果表明,电动汽车动力系统的全生命周期综合环境影响比内燃机汽车动力系统高60.15％,并分别通过回收阶段分析、电能结构分析和敏感性分析对这一结果进行了解释:回收阶段中酸化、富营养化和光化学臭氧合成3种环境影响类型的直接排放大于回收得到的环境效益;电动汽车动力系统的环境影响随着火力发电比例的下降而减小,增大水能、风力和核能发电在电力系统中所占比例能有效降低电动汽车对环境的影响;动力系统重量对电动汽车动力系统的环境排放影响最为敏感,电池充电效率次之,制造阶段能耗的敏感度最小.将动力系统使用阶段的环境影响分配到整车,则电动汽车的生命周期环境影响比内燃机汽车低0.14％,且主要环境影响类型是全球变暖、酸化和富营养化.     

纸塑铝复合包装处置方式的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价(LCA)法研究了纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响,并在处置阶段对不同处置方式的环境影响进行评价. 通过现场和资料调研的方式,获得所有生命周期阶段能量物质的输入/输出和环境外排数据. 结果表明:纸塑铝复合包装生命周期阶段中环境影响比重最大的是原料获取阶段,占75%以上. 纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响主要集中在化石燃料、土地占用和无机物对人体损害3个方面,在矿产资源、气候变化、酸化富营养化和生态毒性方面影响稍小. 3种处置方式对环境影响由大到小依次为填埋＞焚烧＞再生,其中填埋和焚烧处置分别比纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段前的环境影响增加11%和7%,再生可降低23%,而进一步降低环境影响的方式为发展铝塑分离技术.      

北京市衍生燃料法处置低品质塑料包装的环境影响

采用生命周期评价法对北京市2种衍生燃料(RDF)法处置低品质塑料包装废物的环境影响进行评价,并与填埋和焚烧处置进行比较. 通过现场及资料调研获得所有生命周期阶段的能量物质输入、输出和环境外排数据. 发电量计算是通过实地调查生活垃圾中低品质塑料包装废物组成特性,用氧弹式量热计测定各组分热值后折算成单位热值,再与北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂G单位热值生活垃圾发电量的调研结果类比,得出其对应的发电量. 结果表明:低品质塑料包装废物的4种处置方式环境影响潜值为直接作为RDF焚烧发电<干燥热压RDF焚烧发电<焚烧<填埋,这4种处置方式的环境影响潜值分别为－0.064 9,0.009 0,0.024 1和0.152 8 Pt. 直接作为RDF处置方式的环境影响主要集中在无机物对健康损害方面;干燥热压RDF处置的环境影响主要集中在无机物对健康损害和化石燃料方面;焚烧和填埋的环境影响主要集中在气候变化和致癌方面.      

铝合金杯形件反挤压力计算方法的评比

通过对铝合金杯形件反挤压力计算方法的评比 ,得到了其在不同变形程度下较接近于实测值的计算方法用以估算挤压力。经验证 ,所得结论是较可靠的 ,可用于指导生产实践。对于其它挤压条件 (不同挤压方式 ,挤压材料等 )下的同种问题 ,可以参照这种研究方法得出相应结论     

Environmental impacts of disposable cups with special focus on the effect of material choices and end of life

Life cycle thinking is emphasised in EU policies and legislation. All products have environmental impacts during their production, use and disposal. It is important to ensure that environmental impacts are considered throughout the life-cycle and it will be more and more important for the industry to understand the meaning of the life cycle thinking and to adopt it.The environmental impacts of an industrial disposable cup concept were studied with help of life-cycle assessment method. The objective of the study was to create new knowledge about the life cycle effects of the carton based cup concept. The scope of the study was to compare the effects of material choices and different end-of-life scenarios. The paper focuses on the global warming potential of the cup concept. The carton based products were covered either with polyethene or polylactide. In addition, the environmental impacts of the carton-based cups were compared to the estimated environmental impacts of polymer-based cups. The polymer based cups were made of polyethylene terephthalate. The paper shows that significant improvements can be achieved with help of the choice of materials and optimal end of life.     

A comparative study on milk packaging using life cycle assessment: from PA-PE-Al laminate and polyethylene in China

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was used to compare the environmental impacts in the life cycle of two milk packaging systems, PA-PE-Al laminate—a laminated foil made from paper, polyethylene and aluminum foil—and polyethylene. The data for the mass, energy fluxes and environmental emissions were obtained from published literature and from site investigations, for the two systems being analyzed for environmental impacts. The application of LCA using Eco-Indicator 99 has made the comparison of the environmental impacts of the two milk packages possible. The results of this LCA study are discussed and the results reveal that the composite packaging has a slightly higher environmental impact than the plastic one. In addition, the environmental impact of raw material extraction is the highest in all of the life cycle stages except for disposal. The environmental impact of composite packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels, land use and respiratory inorganics categories, while the plastic packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels category. However, the composite packaging has a greater environmental impact because it has not been well recycled and reused. This environmental impact could be decreased by developing the technology to separate out polyethylene and aluminum from the packaging.     

基于特征编码的拉深件CAPP信息模型

此文在分析拉深件零件特点的基础上,对其特征的信息构成进行了研究。采用成组技术,提出了一种特征编码的信息表达方式。该方式不仅可以方便地实现零件的自动工艺设计,而且还可实现零件的成组工艺、模具的成组设计,从而缩短产品的生产周期,降低成本。     

塑料牛奶包装及处置方式生命周期环境影响研究

采用生命周期评价(LCA)法研究了塑料牛奶包装的全生命周期环境影响,并在处置阶段对不同处置方式的环境影响进行比较.通过现场和资料调研的方式,获得所有生命周期阶段能量物质的输入/输出和环境外排数据.结果表明:塑料牛奶包装生命周期阶段中环境影响比重最大的是原料获取阶段,占90%以上.其全生命周期环境影响主要集中在化石燃料、无机物对人体损害和气候变化3个方面,在致癌、酸化富营养化和生态毒性方面影响稍小.3种处置方式对环境影响由大到小依次为填埋>焚烧>再生,其中填埋和焚烧处置分别比塑料包装处置阶段前的环境影响增加16.1%和5.3%,再生可降低75.9%.     

我国区域性污水海洋处置度分区规划研究

本文对我国沿海地区不同海域的不同环境容量和不同的污水海洋处置条件，进行了详细的对比分析，建立了“可处置度”概念，并运用经典地学区划理论，尝试性地提出沿海可处置度分区设想，对我国今后污水海洋处置工程建设发展的地域、规模、控制办法提出了客观的合理建议，这对我国沿海城市正在进行的污水海洋处置工程建设的宏观规划与管理有着重要的参考价值。     

旋轮形状对杯形件单道次拉深旋压成形的影响

对杯形件单道次拉深旋压成形过程进行了分析,重点讨论了具有两个圆弧工作面的旋轮形状对成形过程的影响.研究结果表明,不同的旋轮形状不仅改变了旋压力p的大小,并且由于其对厚度应变ε的分布影响较大而造成整个旋压过程变形特征的改变,从而导致在工件的不同部位产生破裂.     

产品生命周期评价体系探讨

生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是一个相对罗新的概念，理论上生命周期评价具有将环境质量融入决策过程的特点，生命周期评价是对产品和过程相关的环境干扰进行定量分析和评估的方法，本文介绍了ＬＣＡ的要领和内容，探讨了ＬＣＡ的技术框架和实施方案，并着重介绍ＬＣＡ的核心－－影响分析的主人指标，提出了ＬＣＡ有待发展完善的方面。     

Development and environmental improvements of plastics for hydrophilic catheters in medical care: an environmental evaluation

Single-use medical devices have been under close scrutiny for several years, especially the choice of plastic materials. Many different requirements such as medical safety, treatment functionality and efficiency, environmental performance, etc. have to be fulfilled. Today, the most commonly used materials for hydrophilic urinary catheters are polyvinylchloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In this research study, these two materials' environmental performance was evaluated. In light of the knowledge gained in that study a new plastic material for use in urinary catheters was developed. The aim of the development of this new material was to design a high performance material with superior environmental performance. The newly developed plastic material is a polyolefin-based elastomer. The ecological environmental performance of the new material was evaluated and compared to the existing plastic materials. The study focused exclusively on the choice of plastic materials and their ecological environmental performance.The analysis has been performed using a system perspective and a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The functional unit has been set to the treatment of one patient during one year. The results from the LCA models have been presented both in terms of direct inventory data, such as energy use and formed emissions, and in terms of the results from four different impact assessment methods. Analysis of the results based on direct inventory data, i.e. common inventory results such as energy resource uses and emissions of CO₂, NO_x and SO₂ show an overall better environmental performance for the new polyolefin-based elastomer compared to the existing PVC and TPU plastic materials. The normalization and weighting steps in the analyzes have indicated the importance of energy resource uses and global warming as indicator for the environmental performance even if other impact categories also can play a role. In the environmental impact assessment, the polyolefin-based elastomer showed a clearly better environmental performance than the TPU material. Compared to PVC plastic material the new polyolefin-based elastomer showed an almost equivalent environmental performance. This can be mainly explained by the different materials' energy use. The new material has thus also shown to be an environmentally good alternative to PVC if a PVC-free material is requested. Basing the plastic formula, on simple bulk plastics with low energy use in the production of single-use medical devices, has been shown to be a successful method of producing high quality products with superior environmental performance.