中国生态补偿政策评估与框架初探

按照法律法规、政府手段、市场机制的体系对中国现行的生态补偿机制与政策进行了系统的评估,总结了中国生态补偿机制和政策在法律法规体系、财政制度、重大生态建设工程、生态税费制度和市场交易模式等方面存在的问题和改进方向.在此基础上,基于不同尺度上的生态建设外部性问题,提出中国生态补偿机制和政策的初步框架,包括西部生态补偿、生态功能区补偿、流域生态补偿和生态要素补偿等.并针对当前生态补偿面临的紧迫问题和可能的应对措施,提出近阶段中国生态补偿应该重点突破的若干政策领域.      

中国流域环境与生态补偿机制的经济学研究

由于现有的流域环境与生态补偿机制研究缺乏明确的概念界定及理论体系,使得中国流域环境与生态机制的研究范围、内容、方法等都显得含混不清。本文从经济学的角度出发,研究中国流域存在的环境与生态问题,说明流域环境与生态补偿机制研究的必要和重要性,分析流域环境与生态补偿机制的内容,探索如何从根本上解决流域环境与生态补偿具体措施的动力与机制问题,以推进流域环境与生态建设工作。     

饮用水源地不同生态补偿方式探讨与比较

多年来,开展饮用水源地生态建设与保护更多注重工程性措施维护和改善,却忽略了开展水源保护给当地政府和居民带来的经济损失和利益影响,造成保护区发展受到限制。饮用水源地生态补偿旨在对利益受损者的利益补偿与恢复,调动保护区政府和居民开展生态保护的积极性,避免水源保护活动中人为因素的影响。进一步明确了饮用水源地生态补偿主体、客体及补偿对象,对不同补偿方式开展比较,对中国饮用水源地生态补偿方式提出建议。     

关于完善中国生态补偿机制若干问题的研究

随着中国经济的迅速发展,生态和环境问题已经成为阻碍经济社会发展的瓶颈.近年提出的科学发展观,对生态建设给予高度重视.建立完善的生态补偿机制,已经成为解决生态环境问题的核心问题,文章对生态补偿的定义、理论基础进行了阐述,根据国内外生态补偿发展的最新状况,结合中国目前生态补偿机制出现的问题如生态补偿标准不合理,补偿机制缺乏有效的法律基础,现行的资源税费未能反映生态补偿的内容,没有建立完善的良性融资机制,各行业与管理部门的条块分割等,提出了完善中国生态补偿机制的对策.     

饮用水源保护区生态补偿机制研究

饮用水源保护区对于居民的健康安全,以及区域经济与社会的稳定发展具有十分重要的作用。以饮用水源保护区为研究对象,对于开展生态补偿的相关理论基础进行了系统的梳理,系统分析了补偿机制的构建内容,重点对财政转移支付、征收水资源费、开展优惠信贷、鼓励公益性资金投入等四种生态补偿途径进行了探讨,并从生态效益、生态建设成本、补偿主客体的参与意愿及支付能力等角度对生态补偿额度的测算进行了评述。最后提出实施饮用水源保护区生态补偿工作的具体策略与建议。     

国外生态补偿制度的实践

在国外,“生态补偿”这一概念通常指为“生物多样性补偿”而进行的“生态服务付费”的过程。其生态补偿实践主要可以分为三种类型：政府购买模式、市场模式和生态产品认证计划（间接交易模式）。本文分别介绍和分析了这三种不同模式的典型案例,以期为发展和完善我国生态补偿法律机制提供借鉴和参考。     

南水北调中线水源区财政转移支付生态补偿探讨

南水北调中线水源区财政转移支付生态补偿是为引导和调动水源区各级政府保护环境、加强生态建设的积极性,促进库区经济社会可持续发展,保证南水北调中线水质安全的重要手段。根据生态补偿的基本理论和近年来国家有关生态补偿机制的相关精神,本文从理论和实际两个层面,对中央财政通过一般性转移支付方式实施的生态补偿的制度办法进行了评析,并提出进一步完善财政生态补偿机制的一些建议和措施。     

深化生态保护补偿制度 有序推进生态产品价值实现

生态保护补偿和生态产品价值实现作为践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的关键路径,在研究和实践层面都取得了重要进展。本研究从我国生态保护补偿演变特点入手,梳理了生态保护补偿与生态产品价值实现的关系,提出新时期我国生态保护补偿改革路径。研究认为,生态保护补偿是生态产品价值实现的重要组成部分,生态产品价值实现是生态保护补偿发展到一定阶段的必然产物,从生态保护补偿到生态产品价值实现反映了政府主导、市场运作推动生态产品供需不断趋于均衡的过程。本文建议进一步加强“有为政府”与“有效市场”的综合运用,不断延展生态保护补偿的目标和范围,建立健全经济社会生态目标集成的综合生态保护补偿机制,推动政府与市场各有侧重地支持生态保护补偿各领域和全过程,推进生态产品价值的普遍实现和充分转化。     

精准扶贫与生态补偿的对接机制及典型途径——基于林业的案例分析

生态补偿是我国生态建设、环境保护领域的一项重要政策,精准扶贫是我国促进区域协调发展、确保贫困人口如期脱贫的重要举措,两者在客体、主体、载体、标准、方式及途径等方面存在对接点。国家提出“通过生态补偿脱贫一批”,各区域也结合实际情况,将生态补偿与精准扶贫相结合开展了相关工作。当前,中国精准扶贫与生态补偿的对接途径主要有贫困人口与生态补偿对象、扶贫地域与生态补偿地区、产业扶贫与生态补偿措施、贫困程度与生态补偿标准、扶贫政策与生态补偿需求等方面的对接,各有其内涵及特征。为进一步促进精准扶贫与生态补偿的对接发展,可从加强理论研究、明晰对接方向及重点、夯实公众基础、创新发展途径等方面采取措施。     

加快推进生态补偿机制建设 共享发展成果和优质生态产品

生态补偿机制建设是党中央、国务院关于生态文明建设和环境保护决策部署的内在要求,是生态文明建设的重要举措。建立生态补偿机制,就是要共担责任,共享发展成果和优质生态产品,走出一条经济发展与生态文明建设相互促进、人与自然和谐的绿色发展新路。文章分析总结我国生态补偿机制建立的背景、条件,流域生态补偿试点中存在的经验、做法以及问题,为我国生态补偿机制的落实、完善提出了建议。     

Biosemiotics: a new understanding of life

Biosemiotics is the idea that life is based on semiosis, i.e., on signs and codes. This idea has been strongly suggested by the discovery of the genetic code, but so far it has made little impact in the scientific world and is largely regarded as a philosophy rather than a science. The main reason for this is that modern biology assumes that signs and meanings do not exist at the molecular level, and that the genetic code was not followed by any other organic code for almost four billion years, which implies that it was an utterly isolated exception in the history of life. These ideas have effectively ruled out the existence of semiosis in the organic world, and yet there are experimental facts against all of them. If we look at the evidence of life without the preconditions of the present paradigm, we discover that semiosis is there, in every single cell, and that it has been there since the very beginning. This is what biosemiotics is really about. It is not a philosophy. It is a new scientific paradigm that is rigorously based on experimental facts. Biosemiotics claims that the genetic code (1) is a real code and (2) has been the first of a long series of organic codes that have shaped the history of life on our planet. The reality of the genetic code and the existence of other organic codes imply that life is based on two fundamental processes--copying and coding--and this in turn implies that evolution took place by two distinct mechanisms, i.e., by natural selection (based on copying) and by natural conventions (based on coding). It also implies that the copying of genes works on individual molecules, whereas the coding of proteins operates on collections of molecules, which means that different mechanisms of evolution exist at different levels of organization. This review intends to underline the scientific nature of biosemiotics, and to this purpose, it aims to prove (1) that the cell is a real semiotic system, (2) that the genetic code is a real code, (3) that evolution took place by natural selection and by natural conventions, and (4) that it was natural conventions, i.e., organic codes, that gave origin to the great novelties of macroevolution. Biological semiosis, in other words, is a scientific reality because the codes of life are experimental realities. The time has come, therefore, to acknowledge this fact of life, even if that means abandoning the present theoretical framework in favor of a more general one where biology and semiotics finally come together and become biosemiotics.     

黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究

分析了黄土高原沟壑区森林小流域和自然草地小流域的水文效应,并利用实测资料和模型计算结果比较了两流域的水循环特点,结果发现在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然草地小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的３ｍ土层平均含水量,也就是说森林的覆盖增强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,并导致土壤含水量降低。同时也发现森林的上述水文效应仅当其郁闭度达到一定程度时才能表现出来。通过比较两类生态系统植物生长的土壤水分环境条件和水分利用率,认为黄土高原沟壑区在大力发展林业时应以沟谷为主     

潜流型人工湿地硝化和反硝化作用强度研究

对芦苇、美人蕉、空白潜流型人工湿地中硝化、反硝化作用强度进行了对比研究. 结果表明, 潜流型湿地硝化作用强度受温度影响显著, 且与总氮、氨氮去除率显著相关. 各湿地硝化、反硝化作用强度的空间分布具有明显分层现象, 湿地表层高于深层. 芦苇湿地表层硝化作用强度呈中间高、两端低的变化趋势; 深层则沿程递减; 反硝化作用强度沿程变化不明显. 垂直流湿地平均硝化作用强度高于水平流湿地; 有植物湿地高于空白湿地; 芦苇湿地高于美人蕉湿地. 植物根系分泌物直接影响硝化作用强度, 根际硝化作用强度由根面至非根区递减. 潜流湿地具有较强的反硝化潜力, 反硝化作用强度明显高于硝化作用强度.     

磷化氢在胶州湾沉积物中的分布特征

于2003-09-06现场采集样品,调查分析了胶州湾沉积物中基质结合态磷化氢的含量和分布.检测结果显示:磷化氢最高浓度达143.75ng/kg(干重).磷化氢在湾内沉积物中含量普遍高于湾外,受人类活动影响污染较为严重的养殖区、河口区等海域沉积物中磷化氢的含量明显高于湾中心和湾外等海域.分析磷化氢与其沉积环境的关系发现,沉积物中磷化氢的含量和分布受到沉积物中有机磷和氧化还原电位、沉积物组成等因素的影响.     

铅胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过营养液培养实验,研究小麦幼苗在遭受铅胁迫后,地上部及根系抗氧化酶活性的变化.试验表明:小麦幼苗受到铅胁迫后,地上部及根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著增加,根系中过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性也比对照有所增加,但不如SOD酶变化剧烈,表明SOD酶活性是比较敏感的生物指标(biomarker).但是,小麦幼苗地上部及根系的丙二醛(MDA)含量仍均比对照显著升高,表明小麦幼苗的膜系统受到了一定程度的破坏.试验同时还反映出,铅胁迫对小麦幼苗根系的影响远远强于地上部.     

Adaptation to climate change: the attitudes of stakeholders in the livestock industry

It is now widely accepted that climate change is happening and that future changes will impact on many aspects of society, including agriculture. To maintain food supplies, the agricultural industry must address climate change adaptation. Key to this is the attitudes of those within the industry likely to have responsibility for adapting. This study investigated stakeholder attitudes towards adaptation to climate change in the livestock industry. Findings reveal four attitudinal groups. First, there is a ‘farmer-focused group’ that has a positive attitude about the ability of livestock farmers to adapt to climate change, but that also has the opinion that they will need additional support to adapt. Second, there is an ‘incentive for enterprise, anti-GM (genetic modification) group’ with an attitudinal position stressing that the government should have a role in implementing regulations and providing finance. This group has a negative attitude towards GM technology and does not think it will be the answer to climate change. Third, there is an ‘information and education group’ whose attitude is that the provision of information is crucial for ensuring that the livestock industry adapts. Fourth, there is a ‘pro-technology group’ who have a positive attitude towards GM technology and who are therefore willing to embrace it as the route to adaptation. Three of these four groups favour soft adaptations that maintain flexibility within the system, and only the fourth is of the opinion that adaptive capacity is not an issue and that the industry is ready to implement hard adaptations.     

Male tawny dragons use throat patterns to recognize rivals

The ability to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics is important for many animals, especially territorial species since it allows them to avoid unnecessary interactions with individuals that pose little threat. There are very few studies, however, that identify the proximate cues that facilitate such recognition in visual systems. Here, we show that in tawny dragons (Ctenophorus decresii), males can recognize familiar and unfamiliar conspecific males based on morphological features alone, without the aid of chemical or behavioural cues. We further show that it is the colour pattern of the throat patches (gular) that facilitates this recognition.     

太湖流域典型水体中总氮、总磷及COD含量变化研究

在太湖流域西部的太湖与漏湖间的区域内，选择了25个监测点，对6种典型水体中TN，TP及COD含量进行了为期1年的动态监测。结果表明，6种水体枯水期TN，TP平均含量都远高于丰水期和平水期含量．枯水期TN含量较高的水体为湖水、入湖河流及畜禽养殖厂周围水体，TP含量较高的水体为居民生活区及畜禽养殖厂周围水体。各水文期不同水体COD平均舍量排序为；枯水期COD含量较高的水体为水产养殖场及居民生活区周围水体；丰水期COD含量较高的水体为湖水和农田及居民生活区周围水体；平水期COD含量较高的水体为水产养殖场周围水体。     

Service transformation—managing a shift from business travel to virtual meetings

It has been shown that the potential for environmental, and financial improvements through the increased substitution of in-person meetings by virtual communication is considerable. However, it has also been shown that this potential is not automatically realized by investing in the technology that can enable virtual meetings. This paper describes two case studies that explored the factors that influenced communication and meeting behavior. A number of drivers and barriers for virtual meetings are identified, and, in addition, measures are proposed to improve the utilization of virtual tools for business communication.     

根分泌物对根际重金属动态的影响

介绍了采用上，下分根试验，使水稻根系下部生长在不同浓度铁营养液中，研究不同供铁处理对不同品种水稻吸收生金属和微量元素及其在体内转移和运输的影响。结果表明缺铁处理时常优８７－８８品种的植株地下部铁含量仅为正常供铁处理的５８％，而Ｃｄ，Ｚｎ的含量却比正常供的植株高１．４倍；缺铁时远诱一号和科长８９－１１３两个品种植株地上部含铁量也比正常供铁时低，但差异不如常优８７－８８明显，Ｃｄ，Ｚｎ含量比正常供铁时