GM（1， 1）正弦模型修补气温监测缺失数据的探讨

目的建立预测精度较好的大气温度监测缺失数据修补的方法和模型。方法采用正弦函数对GM(1,1)标准模型进行修正,建立分段的GM(1,1)正弦修正模型对缺失数据进行修补。以万宁试验站某天监测的温度日记时值数据为试验数据,同时建立GM(1,1)标准模型、GM(1,1)时序修正模型和GM(1,1)正弦修正模型,对比分析各模型的修补误差,确立较好的修补模型。结果从模型的拟合效果分析,GM(1,1)标准模型和GM(1,1)正弦修正模型的拟合性最好,GM(1,1)时序修正模型的拟合性相对较差一些;从预测精度上分析,GM(1,1)标准模型和GM(1,1)时序修正模型预测修补效果差,平均相对误差分别达到22.54%和17.70%,而GM(1,1)正弦修正模型预测修补的平均误差仅为3.14%,得到了较大的改进,预测效果好。结论正弦修正模型能很好地修补缺失数据,其修补效果比时序修正模型和标准模型都要好。     

合肥市区大气能见度与PM10浓度及相对湿度的关系分析

分析了合肥市区能见度与PM₁₀、湿度之间的关系.使用积分浊度仪与PM₁₀传感器比较,验证PM₁₀传感器数据准确性.两台相同型号的PM₁₀传感器同步测量,相对误差小于5%,保证测量数据稳定可靠.依据米散射理论推导出能见度是不同尺度颗粒物质量浓度乘以常数之和的反比函数,但是由于测量难度,实验时无法使用这个函数.因此通过数值模拟和数据拟合,确定了能见度是PM₁₀质量浓度的幂函数.根据湿度修正表达式对高湿度时拟合结果进行修正,并使用实验数据对修正结果进行验证.大气湿度小于60%RH时,使用PM₁₀质量浓度拟合得到能见度值与实测值变化趋势一致,相对误差范围为-5%～8%.当大气湿度值高于60%RH时,拟合能见度值与实测值相对误差超过50%,且高于实测值,湿度越大拟合值偏差越大.使用湿度修正公式对拟合值修正,修正值与实测值的相对误差绝对值小于10%.利用不同时间的测量数据对拟合公式验证,也获得了一致的结果,证明湿度修正公式对PM₁₀质量浓度拟合能...     

基于热减量法2/1樟发射药安全贮存寿命预估

目的 预估2/1樟发射药的安全贮存寿命,建立一种基于加速热减量试验,利用热减量曲线和贝瑟洛特(Berthelot)方程预估其安全贮存寿命的方法。方法 首先对2/1樟发射药分别进行85、95、105、115 ℃下的加速热减量试验,获得样品在各个温度下不同加速时间的热减量数据。然后基于热减量曲线,得到2/1樟发射药在各个温度下的延滞期。最后利用各个温度下的半延滞期,根据Berthelot方程拟合得到2/1樟发射药安全贮存寿命预估模型。结果 根据其安全贮存寿命预估模型计算得到2/1樟发射药在30 ℃下的安全贮存寿命约为50.9 a。结论 预测结果与文献值接近,且试验时间比文献减少了近1/2,验证了该方法的有效性,可为2/1樟发射药或其他发射药的安全贮存寿命预估提供一种可行的技术途径。     

某电子方舱舱内热环境的模拟研究

目的以某电子方舱为研究对象,分析在现有结构条件下,空调所提供的冷量能否满足舱内电子设备正常工作要求和人员舒适要求。方法分析和研究舱内的传热问题,采用FLUENT软件,并结合κ-ε两方程紊流模型与SIMPLE算法对方舱内的热环境进行三维数值模拟。结果在保证空调送风温度和速度不变的前提下,送风角度分别为30°和0°时,都能基本保证电子设备正常工作要求和舒适性要求。当送风角度为30°时,方舱降温效果较好。结论通过分析得到方舱制冷系统设计的不足之处,并提出了改进制冷系统冷气通路的方法,对今后方舱的制冷系统设计改进具有指导意义。     

办公建筑空调室内计算参数分析

为了获得合理的室内计算参数以实现节约空调能耗的目的,本文以Fanger的热舒适理论及PMV-PPD评价指标为依据并综合考虑我国现阶段国情,得出满足热舒适要求的舒适区,同时以天津地区的办公建筑为例,采用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST定量的分析了温、湿度对空调能耗的影响规律。由于不同类型的建筑能耗差别很大,本文以办公建筑为研究对象,分析建筑能耗特点并考虑室内热舒适因素得出节能舒适区,从而为选择室内计算参数提供参考依据。     

ESS试验温度循环次数确定方法研究

介绍了环境应力筛选温度循环试验数学模型,通过雷达单元实际筛选数据统计建模计算,在相同的温度范围、温变速率条件下,进行筛选度和循环次数的理论与实际数据对比分析,得出了确定雷达组成电子单元温度循环试验循环次数的方法和修正系数。     

变色硅胶干燥剂吸湿性能研究

根据实验数据,作出变色硅胶吸湿量和吸湿时间的图形,通过分析二者关系的特点,建立吸湿量Q和吸湿时间f的函数关系;并依据函数关系对实验数据进行拟合,进而得到函数的各个参数,从而求得函数的具体表达式,为得到任意时刻变色硅胶的吸湿量提供了依据。通过函数关系可计算各个时刻变色硅胶的吸湿量,为环境湿度的控制提供参考依据。     

基于热舒适度的大型室内空间综合节能研究

舒适的室内环境有利于人体健康和提高工作效率,但是追求舒适的同时也要多点对节能的认知。然而,单一的节能措施确实降低了空调能耗,但并不完美,并不能达到最大节能的效果。本文以图书馆其中一个大型借阅室作为研究对象,合理布置检测点。就遮阳、室内风速和空调送风温度这三个因素对室内热环境做了前后比照实验,分析实验所得数据。并结合人体的热舒适度要求深入研究了三种因素作用下对于该借阅室的综合节能方法。研究表明:这三种因素对于改善室内热环境和节能都起着重要的作用,综合三种因素在保证热舒适度的同时能达到最优化节能。     

基于CFD的土工离心机风阻及流场特性分析

目的估计土工离心机的风阻功率。方法针对一稳态运行的中低速土工离心机,利用多参考坐标系(MRF)模拟转臂与墙壁之间的相对运动,对离心机稳态运行时机室内的空气流场进行CFD仿真,对计算流体力学仿真、解析公式方法和试验的风阻功率进行对比。结果三种方法得到的风阻功率较为接近,验证了数值仿真方法的正确性。同时,研究了机室内空气流速和压力的空间分布特征,验证了经典解析公式的假设合理性。结论 CFD仿真方法避免了传统解析方法对试验数据的依赖和参数选取主观性,能够得到较高精度的分析结果,该研究为基于计算流体力学的土工离心机的高置信度风阻计算打下了基础。     

基于相关性分析的PCBA热力学模型修正

目的精确且高效地对印制电路板组件热力学模型进行修正。方法采用基于拉丁超立方抽样试验设计和Speraman等级相关系数计算公式的相关性分析方法,找出电子产品热仿真试验中对元器件表面温度值影响较大的输入参数,然后进一步分析得出输入与输出之间的函数关系。在此基础上给出印制电路板组件(PCBA)热力学模型修正的一般方法流程。最后利用该方法对某航空电子产品中一块PCBA的热力学模型进行修正。结果修正结果较精确且只调用2次有限元软件。结论该热模型修正方法具有较高的精确性和高效性,可推广用于工程实践。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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