中国城市O_3浓度时空变化特征及驱动因素

基于2015~2017年O3浓度监测数据,采用克里金插值、空间自相关分析、热点分析和地理探测器等方法,研究了中国城市O3浓度的时空变化特征及驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2015~2017年中国城市O3污染逐年加重,年评价指标超标城市由74个增加到121个,平均超标天数比例由5.2%上升到8.1%。(2)O3污染主要发生在4~9月,超标天数占全年总超标天数的87.5%~95.3%。5~7月O3浓度上升最快、污染最严重,超标天数比例由2015年的10.6%上升到2017年的20.5%,2017年83.0%的中度污染和91.0%的重度污染发生在5~7月。(3)华北平原O3浓度的持续上升,已将京津冀和长三角地区O3高污染区连成一片,形成了包括环渤海地区、中原城市群、长三角城市群、山西、关中地区和内蒙古中部集中连片的O3高污染区,是我国O3污染最严重的区域。珠三角、成渝城市群和华东地区南部O3浓度上升也较快,成渝城市群的核心城市已初步形成我国新的O3污染中心。(4)O3浓度空间集聚性逐年增强,年度热点主要分布在华北平原和长江中下游地区,冷点主要分布于东北、西南及华南地区。(5)地理探测器分析表明,气象、工业化、城市化因素和O3前体物排放量因子对O3浓度分布均有显著驱动作用,但不同地区O3浓度的驱动因素存在差别,同一因子在不同季节的驱动作用也不尽相同。     

成渝城市群臭氧污染特征及影响因素分析

为研究成渝城市群O_3污染特征及其影响因素,对成渝城市群15个城市2015—2016年国控环境监测站点和国家气象台站数据进行了研究.结果表明,研究区域15个城市均存在不同程度的O_3超标现象.2015—2016年成渝城市群O_3污染形势愈发严峻,春末及夏季污染最为严重,且在7月达到O_3浓度峰值(118μg·m~(-3)),O_3污染空间分布呈片状,以资阳为中心的遂宁、眉山、成都等城市为O_3污染较为严重的区域.颗粒物、NO_2及CO均与O_3有显著相关性,其中,颗粒物与O_3浓度在冬季呈负相关,在夏季则表现为正相关.太阳辐射、气温、相对湿度及流场均是影响O_3浓度的重要因子,强辐射、高温及低湿易形成较高浓度的O_3,相对湿度对O_3浓度的影响呈先升后降的关系.     

中国臭氧时空分布特征及与社会经济因素影响分析

本文根据2015～2017年中国大陆338个城市空气质量监测站臭氧(O_3)浓度数据,综合利用空间插值法、全局自相关法和地理加权回归模型(GWR),探讨了O_3浓度的时空变化特征及其与社会经济因素的关系。结果表明,2015～2017年中国大陆338个城市的O_3日最大8小时浓度为2～300μg/m~3,其中超标天数比例为5. 9%,323个城市达标率在85%以上; O_3月均值变化曲线基本呈"单峰状",5月达到峰值,12月最低; O_3浓度季节变化为夏季春季秋季冬季; O_3日变化特征为夜间到清晨O_3浓度很低,上午8∶00左右开始升高,下午16∶00达到峰值;中国华北地区、华东地区和华中地区O_3污染严重,华南地区、西南地区、西北地区和东北地区整体污染较低。O_3浓度在全国尺度上的集聚性呈上升趋势,GWR表明,人口密度、人均私家车保有量与O_3浓度显著正相关,第一产业占比与O_3浓度显著负相关。     

安阳市近地面臭氧污染特征及气象影响因素分析

基于国控环境空气质量监测站数据分析了安阳市2014～2017年不同功能分区(城市、郊区和工业)点位的臭氧(O_3)污染特征和变化规律,并研究了O_3污染的气象影响因素和潜在源分布.结果表明,2014～2017年安阳市各站点O_3年均浓度上升明显,O_3超标日的出现从2015年开始不断提前,最早在2017年4月出现;工业区点位O_3第90百分位数和平均值增长最快,年均分别增长16. 0μg·m~(-3)和13. 0μg·m~(-3),郊区点位O_3第5百分位数增长最快,年均增长13. 2μg·m~(-3);安阳市O_3月变化呈"M"型,且具有明显的空间差异;温度对O_3浓度起主导作用;气温大于23℃、相对湿度小于58%和西南偏南方向5m·s-1风速与高浓度O_3污染密切相关;不同季节O_3潜在来源差异明显,夏季主要分布在河北南部、湖北北部和沈阳北部.2017年5月首次出现O_3重污染日,工业点位O_3小时平均浓度高达405μg·m~(-3),重污染事件与西部干热气团转移导致持续高温有关.     

2016年长三角城市群O3浓度的时空变化规律

基于2016年长三角城市群40个城市的监测数据,利用空间内插、空间自相关分析、热点分析等地统计分析方法,研究了2016年长三角城市群O₃浓度的时空变化规律.结果表明：2016年长三角城市群O₃平均超标天数比例为8.8%,O₃已成为造成长三角城市群空气污染的仅次于PM_2.5的重要污染物;夏、春、秋、冬季O₃浓度依次递减,由于梅雨的影响,O₃月均浓度变化曲线呈M型分布,2个峰值出现在5月和8月,谷值出现在6月;O₃超标主要发生在4~9月,超标天数占全年的98.1%,月均超标天数比例为17.3%;O₃浓度具有明显的空间分异规律,大体呈东北高西南低的态势,过杭州和马鞍山的直线可将长三角城市群O₃浓度划分为高值区和低值区,杭州-马鞍山线以东是O₃高污染城市聚集区,尤以环太湖经济圈最为严重.O₃浓度的空间分布格局与长三角城市群经济发展格局大体一致;O₃浓度具有空间集聚规律,4~7月O₃热点集中分布在环太湖经济圈至上海区域,受东南季风加强的影响,8~9月热点西移至以南京为中心的区域.     

长江三角洲地区城市臭氧污染特征与影响因素分析

为研究长三角地区城市O3污染特征及其影响因素,对长三角地区25个城市2013年国家环境监测点位和国家气象台数据进行了统计分析.结果表明:除淮安外,其余24个城市均存在不同程度的O3日超标现象,超标率在1.6%~15.1%之间,平均为5.8%,低于珠三角地区(8.9%)和京津冀地区(9.7%).5—8月是长三角地区O3污染最为严重的月份,而这一时期颗粒物污染相对较轻,因此,O3与颗粒物污染在时间上呈相反的态势.从空间分布看,长三角地区O3污染呈现较为明显的连片分布特征,上海及周边城市O3污染较重.机动车数量影响城市O3污染:各城市民用汽车保有量与各城市NO2年均浓度、O3超标天数有显著的相关性,相关系数分别为0.672和0.564;每日O3小时浓度高峰值与车流量高峰基本吻合.高温、长时间日照容易出现O3浓度的高值;随着相对湿度、风速的增加,O3超标频率和浓度均值都表现为先升后降的规律.     

蚌埠市臭氧污染评价及一次持续性污染过程分析

利用2015年1月—2018年12月近4年的国控点大气污染物监测数据和同期气象观测数据,分析评价了蚌埠市近地面O_3污染的变化趋势及特征,并结合HYSPLIT后向气流轨迹模式及中尺度天气和预报模式(WRF-Chem)模拟预报结果,探讨了一次持续性O_3污染过程中,其他污染物、气象因素及外来传输对近地面O_3浓度的影响.同时,结合蚌埠市2015—2017年环境统计数据,分析了本地污染物排放对本地生成O_3的影响.结果表明:2015—2018年,蚌埠市近地面O_3-8 h第90百分位数由128μg·m~(-3)增长至177μg·m~(-3),呈逐年上升趋势;O_3-8 h超标率由2.28%增长至18.88%,以O_3为首要污染物的污染天数占全年污染天数的百分比由4.08%增长至50.83%,O_3成为影响蚌埠市环境空气质量的主要污染物之一.O_3污染过程期间,蚌埠市近地面以1～3 m·s~(-1)小风为主,O_3在NNW、E、SE、SSE、S方向超标较为明显.在京津冀及周边区域、长三角的中北部区域出现O_3连片污染的情况下,蚌埠市地面受偏东风、东南风和西北风影响,存在较为明显的外来污染传输过程.2015—2017年,蚌埠市工业企业数量由420家减少至257家,区域废气污染物中氮氧化物、烟(粉)尘和挥发性有机物排放量均大幅减少;机动车净增10.78万辆,机动车源排放在区域污染物排放总量中占比较大,且有逐年增加的趋势.由此可见,区域性的O_3污染及前体物输送是蚌埠市近年来O_3污染持续恶化的最主要原因,而在本地污染物(含前体物)排放量明显减少的情况下,本地机动车源排放量所占比例快速攀升,为本地O_3生成提供了大量前体物.今后,蚌埠市在O_3污染管控工作中应格外关注外源性、事件性的O_3污染及前体物输入,同时还应考虑控制本地机动车规模的快速增长.     

臭氧253.65nm吸收截面系数变化对中国环境空气质量达标的影响

臭氧253.65 nm波长处的吸收截面系数通过朗伯-比尔定律被普遍用于紫外吸收原理臭氧测量,是直接影响臭氧监测数据的基础参数.国际计量局重新测定并于2019年修订了臭氧253.65 nm处的吸收截面系数,拟从1.147×10-17 cm2/mol降至1.132 9×10-17 cm2/mol,将导致臭氧监测浓度系统性升高1.24%.为研究臭氧吸收截面系数变化对中国环境空气质量达标的影响,使用2018年中国国家环境空气监测网臭氧监测数据模拟了特征吸收截面变化后中国337个地级及以上城市的臭氧监测数据,并统计了特征吸收截面变化对全国以及重点城市群臭氧超标城市数量、臭氧污染天数和优良天数比例的影响.结果表明:臭氧吸收截面系数的变化将导致全国臭氧超标城市增加7个;全国以及"2+26"城市群、长三角城市群、珠三角城市群、汾渭平原城市群中各城市臭氧超标天数分别增加1.4、3.5、2.4、1.7和2.1 d,优良天数比例分别降低0.3%、0.9%、0.6%、0.4%和0.6%.研究显示,臭氧吸收截面系数变化将系统性影响全国以及重点地区环境空气质量达标工作,应予以重点关注.      

重庆市2015—2020年秋冬季PM2.5污染传输路径与潜在源贡献分析

2015—2020年成渝地区各城市PM_2.5浓度（国控点监测数据）下降显著,但重庆市、川东北城市群及川南城市群PM_2.5污染问题依然存在,且存在一定的传输影响关系.以重庆市为例,使用HYSPLIT模型计算了2015—2020年秋冬季PM_2.5污染期间气流后向轨迹,利用轨迹聚类和潜在源贡献算法,分析了不同年份的PM_2.5输送特征.结果表明：重庆市PM_2.5污染主要受西偏南方向（约占58%,长距离为主）、北偏西方向（约占26%,中距离为主）和南略偏西方向（约占16%,短距离为主）传输影响;川东北城市群和川南城市群对重庆市PM_2.5污染传输贡献较为显著,6年平均贡献率分别为23%和15%;不同年份的污染传输贡献差异明显,2015—2017年以川南城市群污染传输为主（平均贡献24%）,2018—2020年以川东北城市群污染传输为主（平均贡献37%）,川渝以外污染传输影响逐年减弱（平均贡献由33%降至5%）.在“成渝双城经济圈”背景下,重庆市与周边川东北城市群及川南...     

基于GAM模型的四川盆地臭氧时空分布特征及影响因素研究

为研究四川盆地臭氧(O_3)时空分布特征及其气象成因,对四川盆地18个城市2015—2016年国控环境监测站点和气象台站数据进行了研究分析.结果表明:2015—2016年四川盆地O_3污染愈发严重,高值污染区呈扩张态势,污染区主要位于盆地西部成都、德阳、资阳、眉山、内江一带和以广安为中心的周边区域.O_3浓度有明显的季节变化特征:夏季(110.70±41.52)μg·m~(-3)春季(95.24±41.23)μg·m~(-3)秋季(67.58±39.55)μg·m~(-3)冬季(47.17±41.15)μg·m~(-3).基于广义相加模型(GAM)分析发现O_3浓度与气压、气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数、降水量间均呈非线性关系,其中日照时数、相对湿度以及气温对四川盆地O_3浓度影响较大,而风速、气压以及降水量对O_3浓度影响相对较小.通过构建GAM模型对四川盆地18个城市O_3污染的主导气象因子进行识别,并对2017年O_3浓度进行预测和检验,结果显示GAM模型能较为准确地预测四川盆地各城市O_3浓度的变化趋势.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.