拉林河流域底栖硅藻群落结构特征及水生态健康评价

随着农业活动的发展,对水域生态系统评估成为受农业活动影响区域水环境管理的有效手段.以我国东北典型水稻种植区拉林河流域为研究区域,调查分析了全流域范围河流内23个样点的底栖硅藻群落结构和水环境理化特征,基于优势种和理化指标的冗余分析（RDA）揭示了底栖硅藻群落生态分布特征并对关键影响因子进行识别.在此基础上应用底栖硅藻生物完整性指数（D-IBI）对拉林河流域水生态系统健康状况进行评价,并分析了底栖硅藻在农业活动区和非农业活动区下的群落结构及不同土地利用类型下的D-IBI.研究结果表明,拉林河流域底栖硅藻群落结构具有明显的空间差异性;D-IBI评价结果显示,拉林河流域水体整体健康状况为一般,农业活动会影响河流生态健康状况.其中,拉林河上游为健康,中游区域为较好至一般,下游区域轻度污染至重度污染.D-IBI和多数环境因子及IBI核心指标有显著或极显著的相关关系,能较好地反映研究区域环境信息,并适用于受农业活动干扰的拉林河流域生态健康评价.     

雅砻江下游大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及与环境因子的关系

为了解雅砻江下游梯级水电开发对底栖动物的群落结构的影响,22个样点的调查分别于2020年春季(5月)和秋季(10月)开展.对不同类型河段(自然河段、坝上库区段和坝下河段)样点的底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系进行分析.结果表明:2020年雅砻江下游共鉴定底栖动物82种(属),优势种为摇蚊属Chironomus sp.和四节蜉属Baetis sp.,与历史研究相比,雅砻江下游在梯级水电开发后,底栖动物优势类群不再包含适应急流生境的类群,仅有适应静缓流的类群.春、秋季的底栖动物现存量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在不同河段间(自然河段、坝上库区段和坝下河段)均无显著性差异,春季底栖动物密度显著小于秋季(n=42,P<0.05).PCoA和Adonis配对检验分析表明,空间上,春、秋季的底栖动物群落在自然河段、坝上库区段和坝下河段间均无显著差异;时间上,春、秋季底栖动物群落整体上具有显著性差异(n=42,P<0.01),主要贡献者为摇蚊幼虫.CCA和Envfit拟合分析表明,底栖动物群落在春季的主要影响因子为Chl-a、COD_Mn;在秋季的...     

乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落与阴阳离子、重金属间的关系

首次对乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落组成特点进行定量系统研究,得知其组成基本上呈种类多、丰度小,种类少、丰度大的分布状况。对底栖硅藻丰度和八种离子、重金属间关系进行定量分析后知Hg元素是影响底栖硅藻丰度的第一显著因子,建立了底栖硅藻丰度-汞元素曲线回归方程。可为用硅藻监测、评价河流水质提供理论基础,并为水质预警的硅藻生物指标的研究提供科学依据。     

澜沧江硅藻的地理分布模式与关键驱动因素

硅藻作为重要的初级生产者,在水域生态系统中发挥重要作用,然而目前对于大型河流中硅藻的地理分布特征和驱动因素知之甚少.本文以我国西南地区典型大河澜沧江干流1200 km河段为研究区域,基于真核微生物高通量测序数据集,探究浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻在不同河段的分布特征和关键驱动因子.结果表明,澜沧江浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻的物种多样性在上游自然河段较高,两类硅藻的群落结构在不同河段间存在显著差异,建坝对两类硅藻的优势属相对丰度均产生显著影响.方差分解分析结果表明,扩散限制是浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻地理分布的主导驱动因子,解释率分别为16.7%和29.8%.共现网络分析结果表明,相比底栖硅藻,浮游硅藻的种间竞争关系和网络连通性较强;梯级库区段两类硅藻的网络连通性均高于上游自然河段.本研究补充了大型河流硅藻地理生态分布的认知不足,同时揭示了河流硅藻群落对水电开发的响应.     

浑太河不同水生态区营养盐对底栖硅藻的影响及阈值

为全面了解浑太河不同水生态区营养盐对底栖硅藻的影响状况及进行底栖硅藻群落的保护,本研究对3个水生态区共287个采样点的营养盐因子(NH_4~+-N、TP)及底栖硅藻群落进行调查分析,并通过局部加权回归散点修匀法(locally weighted scatterplot smoothing,LOWESS)探究了底栖硅藻群落的NH_4~+-N、TP保护阈值.结果表明:(1)浑太河3个水生态区NH_4~+-N、TP浓度差异性显著并呈现出水生态Ⅰ区水生态Ⅱ区水生态Ⅲ区的趋势.(2)底栖硅藻特征指标[运动性硅藻百分比、敏感性硅藻百分比、具柄硅藻百分比、Pielou均匀度指数、特定污染敏感指数(specific polluosensitivity index,IPS)、硅藻生物指数(biological diatom index,IBD)、硅藻属指数(generic diatom index,IDG)]均在3个水生态区间存在差异,运动性硅藻百分比呈现出水生态Ⅰ区水生态Ⅱ区水生态Ⅲ区的变化,而其余6个生物参数的变化与之相反,表明水生态Ⅲ区底栖硅藻受到的干扰最大,水生态Ⅰ区最小.(3)经LOWESS拟合和独立样本T检验,发现3个水生态区底栖硅藻的NH_4~+-N、TP保护阈值不同,水生态Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区的NH_4~+-N阈值分别为0.13、0.30、1.98 mg·L~(-1),TP阈值分别为0.04、0.06、0.20 mg·L~(-1).本研究可为浑太河3个水生态区底栖硅藻群落的保护和水生态区管理提供理论依据.     

龙江底栖硅藻群落特征及与环境因子的关系

2013年9月份龙江流域设20个采样点,共鉴定出硅藻30属163种。硅藻群落特征分析表明,上游河段的硅藻相对密度比下游河段的大,水质相对较好,硅藻种类数的变化与河流水质的变化没表现出明显的规律性。RDA分析表明8个环境因子共解释了硅藻群落变异的51.3%,并筛选出溶解氧、温度、电导率和海拔为影响硅藻群落变异和空间分布的显著因子,能解释硅藻群落结构变异的30.9%,占总环境因子解释量的60.23%。硅藻相对密度、硅藻种类数与环境因子的相关分析、聚类分析和回归分析表明,硅藻种类数与环境因子间不存在明显的相关关系,而硅藻相对密度则与海拔存在显著的相关关系。     

西藏柴曲藏布流域大型底栖动物群落结构与浮游生物、环境因子的相关性分析

于2021年调查了西藏柴曲藏布流域大型底栖动物的丰度和摄食功能类群的组成,运用群落状态指数（IICS）定量评估大型底栖动物群落状态,并采用PLS模型、Spearman秩相关和典范对应分析方法（CCA）探讨了大型底栖动物与浮游生物各类群、环境因子之间的关系.结果表明：柴曲藏布流域大型底栖动物主要为收集者、撕食者和捕食者,其中大多为EPT种类（蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera、襀翅目Plecoptera、毛翅目Trichoptera）,群落状态指数的站点间差异不显著.该流域大型底栖动物与后生浮游动物的生物密度间有中等程度的相关性,与浮游植物之间无相关性,并且受水温、总氮、电导率、海拔、溶解氧浓度、总磷等环境因子的影响较大.     

玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构特征分析及水生态评价

为探究玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构及其影响因素,于2021年1月(枯水期)和2021年7月(丰水期)分别对其进行水质监测和大型底栖动物样品采集,调查并记录生境状况和环境特征,采用FBI (family biotic index, 科级生物指数)评价法和冗余分析法(RDA)探究不同水情期水环境状况及大型底栖动物群落结构的主要影响因子. 结果表明:①玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构时空差异显著,丰、枯水期共采集到大型底栖动物691个,隶属于2门4纲10目26科28种,优势物种共18种,个体数量、丰富度及优势物种数均呈现丰水期>枯水期,其中枯水期以双壳纲种类最多,丰水期以昆虫纲种类最多;②玛瑙河干流枯水期FBI评价结果以一般和轻度污染为主,丰水期以很清洁和极清洁为主,上游和中游河段水体污染较为严重,水质状况总体较2020年有所提升;③影响枯水期大型底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子为水温、流速和PO₄3?浓度,丰水期为COD_Mn. 研究显示,玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构及其主要环境影响因子在不同水情期存在显著差异,丰水期水质状况良好,枯水期部分河段水体存在污染,需引起重视.      

黑河流域底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

为了解黑河流域上中游底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2018年8月对研究区域17个采样点的底栖动物和水体理化指标进行调查研究.共鉴定出底栖动物43种,其中节肢动物34种（79.1%）,软体动物7种（16.3%）,环节动物2种（4.6%）;就整个研究区域而言,优势种为大蚊（Tipulidae）、豆娘幼虫（Damselfly）、水蜘蛛（Argyroneta）、耳萝卜螺（Radix auricularia）、琥珀螺（Suecinea sp.）、白旋螺（Gyraulusalbus）,干、支流优势种分布趋势为干流（6种）优于支流（5种）;底栖动物平均密度和平均生物量分别为77ind/m²和3.7423g/m²现存量存在显著空间差异,整体上干流（1032ind/m²、60.0963g/m²）大于支流（276ind/m²、3.5233g/m²）,物种数干流（36种）大于支流（15种）;单因素方差分析显示,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数分布特征为干流大于支流.黑河流域上游支流和中游干流不同河段底栖动物物种组成呈空间异质性,而多样性指数对物种组成依赖性强,但因黑河流域底栖动物物种组成受自然因素和人类活动双重影响程度差异较大,使得Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数不适合黑河水质评价.依据BI指数和综合污染指数评价表明,黑河上游支流水质优于中游干流.根据底栖动物与环境因子之间的相关矩阵分析并结合RDA分析表明：BOD₅、水温（WT）、电导率（EC）、DO、溶解性总固体（TDS）、COD_Mn及盐度是影响底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

黑河大型底栖动物功能摄食类群时空分布及水环境评价

为研究大型底栖动物FFGs（功能摄食类群）分布及其与水环境变化的响应关系,分别于2020年夏季和秋季对黑河大型底栖动物和水环境因子进行采样调查,采用生物多样性指数、冗余分析（RDA）和功能摄食类群参数分析不同区域FFGs的分布及水环境的健康状况.结果表明:（1）黑河大型底栖动物以捕食者和刮食者占绝对优势,其次为收集者、滤食者、撕食者.大型底栖动物FFGs群落的物种数、密度、生物量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H_FD′)由高到低均表现为中游>上游支流>上游干流,且均为夏季大于秋季,但Pielou均匀度指数(J_FD′)时空差异不显著.（2）冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,夏季影响大型底栖动物FFGs群落的主要环境因子为水温（WT）、电导率（EC）、溶解性总固体（TDS）浓度、盐度（Salinity）、溶解氧（DO）浓度、五日生化需氧量（BOD₅）浓度和高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)浓度;秋季影响大型底栖动物FFGs群落的主要环境因子为WT、TDS浓度、Salinity、COD_M...     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.