黄渤海区域水产品中全氟烷基物质的分布特征

选取黄渤海区域水产品生产、消费水平较高的23个城市,采集鱼类、海洋贝类、甲壳类、头足类及海珍品（海参、鲍鱼）等5类水产品共1225个样本,采用超快速液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了23种全氟烷基物质（PFASs）的含量,并分析了黄渤海区域水产品中PFASs的残留水平及分布特征.结果表明,黄渤海区域水产品中PFASs的残留水平具有明显的组分差异、城市分布及品种分布差异等特征.在23种PFASs组分中,共检出20种PFASs,其中全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）的检出率最高,分别为79.1%和71.7%,且PFOA的质量浓度占比最高（64.5%）,为首要污染组分;在不同采样点样本中,莱州湾近岸的潍坊、滨州和东营,渤海湾近岸的沧州以及辽东湾近岸的营口为PFASs总质量浓度（∑PFASs）较高的城市,残留水平范围为10.2~16.8μg/kg;在不同品种样本中,检出PFASs组分的数量由高到低为：鱼类（20种） > 海洋贝类、甲壳类（18种） > 海珍品（16种） > 头足类（10种）,其中海洋贝类、海珍品样本中检出率最高的是PFOA,鱼类、甲壳类样本中检出率最高的是PFOS,而头足类则是全氟辛烷磺酰胺（PFOSA）;通过计算不同水产品中PFASs各组分的平均含量发现,PFOA、PFOS、全氟十一烷酸（PFUdA）和PFOSA在不同品种中平均含量相对较高,且表现出较为明显的组分差异性;通过计算危害指数（HR）评价人体暴露于PFASs的健康风险,得到PFASs各组分的危害指数均 < 1,说明黄渤海区域水产品中残留的PFASs对消费者的潜在健康风险较低.     

乌梁素海流域地表水中全氟化合物分布、来源及其生态风险

全氟化合物（polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）在长期生产和使用过程中会通过多介质扩散和远距离迁移等方式进入环境中.本研究分析了乌梁素海流域丰水期及枯水期采集的地表水样品中17种PFASs,探讨了该地区PFASs的时空分布特征、潜在来源及生态风险.结果表明,PFASs在所有地表水样品中均有检出,浓度范围为4.00~263.45 ng·L^-1;研究区地表水中PFASs空间分布格局受当地人类活动影响明显,在空间上表现为两个主要特征：一是PFASs浓度较低的黄河水和干渠水,以全氟丁酸（PFBA）为主要组分;二为接纳了河套灌区的工业、农业和生活等废水的总排干水和湖区水,PFASs浓度较高并以全氟辛酸（PFOA）为主要组分.受到短链PFASs产量增加与引黄河水量变化影响,枯水期水样中PFASs含量较高于丰水期的样品.PFOS/PFOA、PFOA/PFNA和PFHpA/PFOA结果表明,研究区PFASs为大气沉降与点源污染混合来源.风险评价结果显示,研究区目前PFOA与全氟辛基磺酸（PFOS）的风险值均较低,但由于全氟化合物的累积特性和长距离传输能力,其长期的累积效应依然不容忽视.     

山东省滨海旅游度假区水体环境典型全氟化合物污染特征及潜在生态风险

近年来,滨海旅游度假区蓬勃发展,其水体环境质量对人体健康有直接影响;全氟化合物（perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）在各环境介质中普遍被检出,因其潜在的毒性而引起广泛关注.以山东省20个滨海旅游度假区水和沉积物为对象,对其中12种典型PFASs的污染特征及其潜在生态风险进行了系统研究.结果表明,在20个度假区所有水体和绝大多数沉积物样品中12种PFASs都被检出;水和沉积物中PFASs的平均含量分别为67.91 ng·L^-1和5.89 ng·g^-1,全氟辛酸（perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctanesulfonic acid,PFOS）都是含量占绝对优势的物质;不同度假区水和沉积物中PFASs总含量∑PFASs及各同系物的含量具有明显差异;在不同度假区水/沉积物体系12种PFASs的分配系数差异明显,长链PFASs（碳原子数≥7）具有更大的分配系数;城市工业废水和生活污水的排放是度假区水和沉积物PFASs的主要来源,水体盐度和沉积物有机质含量不是PFASs在水/沉积物之间分配的决定性影响因素;所有滨海旅游度假区水体环境中,PFOS和PFOA可能存在较大潜在生态风险.     

沱江流域典型及新兴全氟/多氟化合物的污染特征及来源解析

为研究沱江流域表层水中全氟/多氟化合物（PFASs）的污染特征和来源,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）分析了沱江48个表层水样中的PFASs.结果表明,沱江流域水体中ρ（ΣPFASs）为12.5~3789 ng·L^-1,其中全氟辛烷羧酸（PFOA）为最主要污染组分,ρ（PFOA）为9.97~3764 ng·L^-1,占比高达73.6%~99.8%,说明传统PFASs仍是沱江流域主要的PFASs.所涉新兴PFASs检出率最高的为F-53B,检出率达100%,F-53B已在沱江流域被广泛使用.沱江流域浓度最高的新兴PFASs为6：2氟调聚磺酸（6：2 FTS）［nd~27.3 ng·L^-1,平均值为（9.12±7.70） ng·L^-1］,与国内外其它河流相比,处于较高污染水平.工业园区附近采样点的PFASs污染水平较高,其次为沱江下游的泸州河段,说明氟工业园区排放和人类日常生产活动是造成沱江流域PFASs污染的主要影响因素.最后,通过估算得出,沱江流域水相向长江排放的PFASs通量为353 kg·a^-1,其中排放通量最高组分为PFOA （348 kg·a^-1）,可为沱江流域PFASs管控提供基础数据.     

不同年份太湖水域全氟化合物健康风险源解析对比

基于2010年和2019年太湖水样中全氟化合物（PFASs）的数据,对比了不同年份水体中PFASs的组分特征、来源和健康风险,并使用PMF源解析模型分别对2010年和2019年太湖水样中的PFASs进行了源解析,均识别出3种主要污染源,分别为涂料制造业（2010年29.59%,贡献率,下同,2019年67.69%）、纺织与电镀业（2010年25.68%,2019年10.26%）和氟化物加工制造业（2010年44.72%,2019年22.05%）.利用环境健康风险评估模型对水体中的PFASs （PFOA和PFOS）进行评价,发现2019年水体中PFASs的致癌风险（2.69E-07）明显小于2010年的风险值（4.56E-07）,且鱼类摄入是重要暴露途径.采用PMF-健康风险混合模型解析了3种排放源的健康风险贡献率,结果表明纺织与电镀业源对健康风险的贡献率最高（2010年64.86%,2019年92.48%）,其次是涂料制造业源（2010年为31.30%,2019年为5.04%）和氟化物加工制造业源（2010年3.84%,2019年2.48%）.相比于2010年,2019年水体中PFOA和PFOS等组分浓度大大降低,而PFBS和PFHxS浓度则大幅度升高,这与我国出台的PFOA和PFOS污染物的管控措施直接相关.建议加强对PFHxS等短链PFASs开展健康风险评估研究,适时采取合理的污染防控措施.     

四川省不同地区自来水中全氟化合物的污染特征及健康风险评估

采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了四川省10个地区自来水中12种全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)的含量,其中全氟化合物浓度水平最高的是宜宾地区,∑PFASs为41.2 ng·L~(-1),浓度水平最低的是绵阳地区,为4.17 ng·L~(-1).全氟辛烷羧酸(perfluroroocantanoic acid,PFOA)是四川地区自来水中主要的PFASs,占总全氟化合物的28%～89%(宜宾地区8.6%),其次为全氟己酸(perfluorohexanoate,PFHxA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoate,PFNA),这表明自来水中的主要污染物为中短碳链(C≤10)的全氟化合物.另外,通过计算PFASs的危险商值(risk quotients, RQ),发现四川地区自来水中PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS、PFBS和PFHxA的风险商值均小于1,不会对当地居民带来直接的健康风险.     

典型岩溶区水环境中全氟化合物分布特征及风险评价

为探究典型岩溶区PFASs（per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,全氟化合物）分布特征及生态环境与健康风险,采用超高相液相色谱串联质谱对都安县地下水、地表水及污染源中PFASs进行分析测试.结果表明:①PFPeA（Perfluoropentanoic acid,全氟戊酸）是该地区检出率最高的PFASs污染物,检出率为100%,ρ（PFPeA）检出范围为0.067~1.021 ng/L.ρ（PFASs）平均检出情况满足污染源（2.592 ng/L）>地表水（0.737 ng/L）>地下水（0.340 ng/L）,污染物检出种类的平均值满足污染源（7.1个）>地表水（4.4个）>地下水（2.9个）.②研究区内仅有G2、S9、S13、P3采样点ρ（PFASs）可能受点源类污染源的影响较大,整个研究区PFASs分布特征及质量浓度受大气沉降影响较小.地表水及地下水ρ（PFASs）较高的采样点基本集中在人类活动聚集区;由于岩溶作用影响,东南部地下水中ρ（PFASs）相对较低.③地下水、地表水及污染源中PFASs的来源均可以分为两类,一类是以PFOS（perfluorooctane sulfonate,全氟辛烷磺酸）为主产物的五金电镀、消防、采矿、电子等行业,另一类可能主要与农业活动相关,来源于农用塑料品及其降解产物.④在利用当前已有参数进行评价时,都安县水环境中ρ（PFOA）（perfluorooctane acid,全氟辛酸）和ρ（PFOS）尚未达到对生态环境和人体健康具有风险的水平.研究显示,西南岩溶区水环境中ρ（PFOA）和ρ（PFOS）尚未达到对环境及人体健康具有风险的水平,但鉴于岩溶区特殊的水文地质条件,仍需加强产氟工矿企业的控制.      

成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物的污染特征及暴露风险评估

为了解成都市道路积尘中全氟化合物(PFASs)的污染特征及人群暴露风险,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了成都市道路积尘中12种PFASs的含量水平.成都市道路积尘中PFASs的含量为0. 95～111 ng·g~(-1),平均含量为(25. 6±37. 2)ng·g~(-1),说明存在较大的空间差异性.主干道路上PFASs的总含量显著高于支干道路,支干道路市区含量高于郊区含量.解放路一段、金牛坝路及水碾河路段主要的全氟化合物为全氟丁烷羧酸(PFBA),比例高达95%.而其它道路中主要的PFASs为全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA,24. 8%)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS,24. 1%),说明不同区域PFASs的污染源存在较大差异.成都市儿童和成人通过道路积尘摄入的PFASs分别为0. 168 ng·(kg·d)-1和0. 028 ng·(kg·d)-1,说明儿童暴露风险高于成人,应加强对儿童健康风险的关注.另外,根据欧盟推荐的每日最大耐受量,道路积尘中PFOS和PFOA的暴露量不会对成都市居民造成即时伤害.     

成都饮食中全氟化合物的污染特征及健康风险评估

为了解成都市居民通过饮食暴露于全氟化合物(Perfluoroalkyl Substances, PFASs)的情况,本研究通过调查统计成都市居民的主要饮食情况,选取米、蔬菜、牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼和猪肉6类饮食为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对样品中17种PFASs进行检测.结果显示,所有饮食中均检出PFASs,说明PFASs在饮食中普遍存在.鸡蛋中的∑PFASs含量最高,达(155±25.4) ng·g~(-1)(湿重,下同);白菜的∑PFASs含量最低,仅为(0.101±0.026) ng·g~(-1).大部分样品中以全氟辛烷羧酸(Perfluroroocantanoic Acid,PFOA)为主,其次为短碳链的全氟羧酸(Perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFCAs).其中,鸡蛋蛋黄中∑PFASs的含量为(600.0±98.6) ng·g~(-1),远高于蛋清中的含量(0.606±0.101) ng·g~(-1),且蛋黄中主要为全氟辛烷磺酸(Perfluorooctane Sulfonate,PFOS)(98.1%).通过风险评估可以得出,成都市居民对PFOS和PFOA的日摄入量分为85.6 ng·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和4.38 ng·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),低于欧盟食品安全局推荐的每日最大摄入量,不会对成都市居民造成即时伤害.     

人血清中全氟和多氟烷基化合物及典型异构体的暴露特征与健康风险评估

为探究全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)及典型异构体在人血清中的暴露特征,利用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)分析检测了60个人类血清样本中包括全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)与全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)异构体在内的16种PFASs.结果表明,除PFOA的异构体4m-PFOA与5m-PFOA外,所有目标PFASs均被检出.ΣPFASs的血清浓度为2.15～77.22 ng·mL^-1,n-PFOS是血清中贡献率最高的PFASs,其次为3+5mPFOS、4m-PFOS、n-PFOA及全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS),PFOS所有的异构体与PFHxS、PFNA之间均存在显著的正相关关系.探究不同性别和年龄段的人类血清的PFASs发现,男性血清中的PFASs浓度显著高于女性,高年龄段人群血清中的PFASs浓度高于低年龄段人群.健康风险表征显示,血清中所有的PFASs单体的风险熵值HQ均小于1,PFASs的总和危险指数HI也小于1,血清中的现有浓度的PFASs对造成人类肝毒性和生殖毒性的风险程度较低,肝毒性与生殖毒性HI的主要贡献者均为n-PFOS,其次为3+5m-PFOS与...     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.