密云水库细菌群落组成结构及影响因素

密云水库作为华北地区最大水库,是北京和附近地区最重要的地表饮用水水源地.细菌是水库生态系统结构和功能的关键调控者,探明细菌的群落分布特征对维护水库水质安全具有重要意义.基于高通量测序的方法,探究了密云水库水体和沉积物中细菌群落的组成结构、时空分布特征和环境影响因素.结果表明,水库沉积物细菌群落具有更高的α多样性且季节差异不显著,群落中的主要物种来自变形菌门;水体细菌群落中的优势菌为放线菌门,水体细菌群落的季节差异明显,丰水期的优势物种为CL500-29＿marine＿group属和hgcI＿clade属,Cyanobium＿PCC-6307属则在枯水期含量大幅上升;水体和沉积物中的关键物种存在明显差异,沉积物细菌群落具有更多的指示物种;水体细菌的共存网络关系更为复杂,具有更强的抵抗外界环境变化的能力;环境因素对于水体细菌群落的影响明显高于沉积物,SO■和TN分别为水体和沉积物细菌群落的主要影响因子.通过揭示密云水库细菌群落的分布规律和驱动因素,为水库管理和水质保障提供了重要指导建议.     

分层型水库藻类垂向演替的水质与细菌种群调控

浮游藻类和细菌是水生食物网的重要组成部分,在水源水库生态系统物质循环和能量流动方面发挥关键作用,藻类的空间演替与水体细菌种群代谢和结构演变关系密切.因此,本文以李家河水库为研究对象,在分析水库水质指标基础上,采用高通量DNA测序技术和Biolog技术,研究水库藻类暴发期,浮游藻类和细菌群落结构垂向演替特征及其与水质的偶联关系.结果表明,李家河水库在8月处于热分层期,水体pH、DO和NH~+_4-N随深度变化均逐渐降低(P0.001).藻密度和Chla呈现同步变化趋势(P0.001),表层最大分别为3 364.33×10~4 cells·L~(-1)和7.03μg·L~(-1).藻类群落结构在水深0 m和3 m处以微囊藻为主,而在水深6 m处,小环藻取代微囊藻成为最优藻属,相对丰度达57.28%.Biolog结果表明,微囊藻的暴发对细菌代谢活性及其相对丰度产生较大影响,但细菌种群代谢活性多样性变化不显著.高通量测序共发现1 420个OTUs,隶属于10个细菌门类,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在不同水层均为最优门类,其相对丰度之和达50%以上;绿菌门(Chlorobi)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度随着水深增加发生显著变化,均在6 m深度达到最大值,分别为10.29%和6.78%,且与水层藻密度呈显著负相关(P0.05);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)与藻密度呈显著正相关(P0.05).热图(Heat map)指纹图谱表明,李家河水库的细菌群落结构垂向分布差异显著,且随着水深的增加,细菌群落分布更均匀并趋于多样性.冗余分析(RDA)表明,细菌和藻类的群落结构的垂向分布受不同水质指标调控且差异显著.对水源水库藻类暴发期藻类与细菌群落的偶联机制进行探究,为水源藻华消涨的分子微生态驱动机制研究提供科学依据.     

官厅水库水质特征及水体微生物多样性的响应

针对北京市原水源地官厅水库,选择了上下游共6个采样点进行了不同季节的水质及环境因子特征分析.总体看来,4个季节水体氮磷碳营养物质浓度依次为:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,夏秋季出现明显水华.上游妫水河水质要好于下游水库库区水质,尤其以夏秋季节最为明显.夏季上游妫水河的总碳、总氮、氨氮、总磷平均浓度为26.5, 0.95, 0.55, 0.077mg/L,而水库库区响应平均浓度分别为111.47, 4.27, 3.16, 0.25mg/L.结合PCR-DGGE对不同时期各点水体微生物进行了群落分析,发现上下游水体中细菌群落结构差异很大,水华严重区的细菌群落多样性和丰度要低于比水质较好区域.CANOCA软件分析了夏秋季水华时水体微生物群落变化与环境因子的响应关系,发现细菌群落结构与环境因子(T、pH值、DO、NFR、TP、Fe)之间存在较强的关联.水质较好的上游水体夏秋细菌群落结构主要受温度、DO影响较大;而水质较差的库区水体夏秋季细菌群落结构变化与固氮速率、pH值、总磷的相关性较好.     

五大连池水体中氮素分布及规律的初步研究

分析了2009年9月至2010年10月五大连池水体的总氮、氨氮、硝氮3项指标.得出水体氮素的年度变化规律及相关性,即总氮和氨氮、氨态氮与硝态氮两组指标的相关性很高,总氮与硝态氮之间相关性较弱.3种指标都是冬季明显高于其他季节,总氮在春季最低随后升高,氨态氮和硝态氮在春夏秋季均维持较低水平,且结合3者变化规律,夏季和秋季...     

白洋淀夏秋季沉积物氮赋存形态及分布特征

为研究白洋淀夏秋季各典型淀区沉积物中氮赋存形态及分布特征,采用逐级提取方法将沉积物中氮分为离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、弱酸可浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、强碱可浸取态氮(SAEF-N)和强氧化剂可浸取态氮(SOEF-N),并对沉积物各形态可转化态氮与间隙水氨氮、硝氮的相关性进行分析。结果表明:夏季沉积物TN含量为3195.95~6335.34 mg/kg,秋季沉积物TN含量为3553.89~5786.3 mg/kg,原始区和养殖区的TN含量夏秋两季差异最大;夏秋两季15个采样点及5个功能区各形态氮含量均表现为WAEF-N>SOEF-N>SAEF-N>IEF-N,各形态可转化态氮含量无明显的季节变化特征;相关分析表明,沉积物中的弱酸可浸取态氨氮、硝氮与间隙水中的氨氮、硝氮在夏秋两季均相关性显著(P<0.05)。     

丹江口水库淅川库区大气无机氮干沉降特征

大气氮沉降是氮素生物地球化学循环中的重要环节,也是水库水体外源氮输入的重要来源之一。以丹江口水库淅川库区为研究区,在库区周围设置6个采样点,于2019年10月至2020年9月期间采集并分析大气氮干沉降样品,探讨无机氮干沉降的时空分布特征及其对水库水体外源氮输入的贡献。研究结果表明:库区无机氮干沉降量为16.30kg/(hm²·a),其中氨氮占比77%,硝氮占比23%,两者比值的变化范围为2.09(1月)～7.65(7月);氨氮沉降量在季节上表现出极显著差异性,硝氮、氨氮沉降量在空间上表现出显著差异性;气象要素(温度、气压、风向、相对湿度和水汽压)是影响氨氮沉降量的重要因素;无机氮沉降量占河流总氮入库量的7.28%,氨氮沉降量占河流氨氮入库量的38.10%;水库水体氮浓度对无机氮沉降响应的净增量为0.06mg/(L·a);库区氮沉降的削减策略须以农业减排为主,未来水库的水质保护需要重点考虑农业活动的影响。     

小流域大气氮干湿沉降特征

大气氮沉降是陆源污染物和营养物质向水生生态系统传输的重要途径之一.在人类活动影响较大的流域,大量氮素通过大气沉降的形式输入到水体中,能够对地表水体的营养结构、水生生物的生存环境等造成严重的负面生态效应.本文以密云水库石匣小流域为例,采集并分析了研究区大气氮沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降)样品,探讨了该流域大气氮沉降通量的变化特征及其主要影响因子,进而明确了大气氮沉降对流域氮输入的贡献程度.结果表明:(1)石匣流域大气氮总沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降之和)呈现出明显的季节变化特征;对湿沉降而言,总氮、氨氮在夏季沉降通量最大,溶解性有机氮沉降通量在春季最大,而硝态氮季节变化并不明显;对颗粒态干沉降而言,总氮和氨氮的沉降通量在冬季最高;硝态氮在不同季节变化不明显,但其沉降趋势与总氮基本一致;溶解性有机氮在秋季出现最高值.(2)该流域氮沉降通量为43. 14 kg·hm-2,其中湿沉降通量占39. 85%,颗粒态干沉降通量占60. 15%.(3)降雨和风速条件是影响大气氮沉降的重要影响因子,其中雨量和雨强与氮湿沉降浓度均呈明显的负相关关系;对颗粒态干沉降而言,监测期内平均风速是影响颗粒态氨氮干沉降通量的重要因子.(4)大气氮沉降占该流域总的氮素输入量的15. 09%,是仅次于畜禽养殖和农村生活的重要污染源.本研究结果可为密云水库上游流域氮素综合管理提供科学参考.     

北京密云水库流域水体夏季POM浓度及来源分析

为有效控制流域水质污染,保障饮用水水源的水质安全,通过测定北京境内密云水库流域水体夏季悬浮颗粒有机质(POM)的浓度水平及其碳、氮同位素特征,同时以京密引水渠水体为参比,对密云水库汇水流域水体POM的来源进行研究。结果表明,密云水库流域水体夏季颗粒态有机碳(POC)浓度的变化范围为0.04～0.71 mg/L,平均值为0.26 mg/L;颗粒态有机氮(PN)浓度的变化范围为0.01～0.24 mg/L,平均值为0.07 mg/L,库区水体POM浓度显著高于入库河流(P0.01),但均普遍低于国内外其他河流、湖库。夏季研究区域内水体POM主要来自内源物质,与库区相比,土壤侵蚀对入库河流POM贡献较高;与白河相比,潮河干支流陆源输入(包括生活源、土壤侵蚀等)对POM的贡献量更高。密云水库流域水体夏季POC浓度显著低于京密引水渠水体(P0.01),两种水体碳素浓度、组分可能存在差异。总体上,密云水库流域水体夏季POM浓度低且主要来源于内源。     

山东某水库水体富营养化状况分析

以2005～2008年山东某作为饮用水水源地的水库三个监测站位水质的调查数据为依据,对该水库水体富营养化现状进行了评价。研究了水库水体中主要氮营养盐的季节性分布规律及其形态组成。结果表明,该水库水体处于中富营养状态。水库水体中总氮含量年均值都在10.75～17.37mg/L之间,平均值为12.70mg/L。总氮为主要污染物质,并随季节变化明显,枯水期浓度高于丰水期。该水库水体溶解态无机氮(DIN)是总氮的主要存在形式,而其中又以硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)为主,平均占到DIN的80%以上。氮素污染多以还原态氨氮(NH4+-N)的形式排入水体,经过硝化作用,NH4+-N氧化成亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N),然后再氧化成稳定的NO3-N,并且消耗掉水体中大量的氧。入库河流水体中的NO3--N主要来自农田径流、上游城市污水、城市径流以及库区村,NH4+-N的来源主要是城市污水、工业废水以及少量的生活垃圾。     

吉林省兴隆水库氮磷营养盐特征分布及生态治理对策

为了解兴隆水库水体营养盐时空分布和水质现状,分别于2016年5月和7月在湖区内设置5个采样断面,分析了水体的理化指标和氮磷营养盐的特征指标。结果表明,兴隆水库水质具有明显的季节性,水质pH值偏碱性,溶解氧丰富,平均值高于8mg/L,总磷均超过0.2mg/L,总氮均超过1.2mg/L,三态氮中氨氮和硝态氮占主要比重,高锰酸盐指数超过地表水环境标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准。兴隆水库营养盐浓度超负荷,需从连续实时监测水质、准确定位水库功能以及采取生物净水技术方面进行生态治理。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.