河谷地形气象要素对污染物浓度的影响

气象条件对环境空气质量影响的研究是科学制订大气环境污染防控方案、及时发布重污染天气应急预警的基础.利用兰州市西固区环境空气质量监测点2015年主要污染物小时浓度监测值,分析了污染物浓度的季节性变化和日变化特征,结合同期观测的气温、风速、相对湿度和降水量等气象资料,探讨了气象要素对污染物浓度变化的影响.结果表明:①除O₃外,其他污染物质量浓度呈"冬高夏低""早晚高下午低"的变化特点,这与表征污染物扩散能力的边界层参数变化特征一致. ②ρ（O₃）春季为71.42 μg/m3,夏季为62.74 μg/m3,春季高于夏季的主要原因是春季O₃的前体物NO_x质量浓度高于夏季且春季扩散条件弱于夏季. ③除O₃外,其他污染物质量浓度与气温、风速呈负相关. ④当相对湿度 < 40%时,污染物质量浓度与相对湿度呈正相关;当相对湿度>80%时,污染物质量浓度与相对湿度呈负相关;降雨对不同污染物的清除效果不同.研究显示,河谷地形气温和风速是影响污染物扩散的重要气象因子.      

四川盆地夏季区域性持续性臭氧过程垂直变化差异及气象成因

基于2019年8月四川盆地内国控站臭氧(O₃)浓度观测数据，选取了3次不同程度的区域性持续性O₃过程，利用再分析资料对3次过程的O₃浓度垂直变化时空差异及其气象成因进行分析研究.结果表明：(1)3次过程O₃浓度在垂直方向上的分布呈先增后减的相似特征，在900～850 hPa达到极值；对流层O₃集中在500 hPa甚至700 hPa以下，且随着O₃浓度等级的增加，垂直向上的扩散更加明显.(2)3次过程温度和相对湿度有明显的差异，温度与O₃浓度呈正相关，与相对湿度呈负相关，高温低湿更有利于O₃生成.(3)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级过程盆地内地面以东北风或偏北风为主，出现气旋性环流及风向辐合，容易造成风向下游地区O₃污染积聚；Ⅲ级过程地面多偏南风或东南风，使污染物易向盆地内西北侧传输.(4)垂直运动的强弱是造成3次过程O₃浓度差异的重要原因，Ⅰ级过程存在较强的上升运动，有利于O₃     

城市臭氧污染特征与高影响气象因子：以苏州为例

近年来城市臭氧(O₃)污染问题日益突出,影响O₃污染的关键气象因子尚不明确,因此分析典型城市——苏州的O₃污染特征,探究O₃污染的高影响气象因子,对该区域大气污染防治具有重要意义.基于苏州环境监测中心2015～2020年4～9月逐小时O₃浓度数据及同期气象观测资料,应用相关分析和机器学习方法对其开展相关分析研究.结果表明：(1) 6年间O₃污染高发季,O₃污染超标率均达20%以上,O₃污染日数和以O₃为首要污染物的污染日数占比均逐年上升,O₃污染问题日益凸显;(2) O₃浓度存在单峰日变化特点,谷值出现在07:00前后,峰值出现在15:00～16:00;其与气温和太阳辐射能的日内变化趋势较一致,但其浓度峰值出现时刻又滞后于二者. 2017年和2019年O₃有典型的“周末效应”,周末较高的太阳辐照度对O₃浓...     

合肥市O3浓度时空分布及典型污染过程潜在源分析

近年来,合肥市O₃污染成为限制空气质量达标率的主要因素,为探究合肥地区O₃时空分布及潜在源区,在分析2015—2022年O₃时空分布及与气象要素关系的基础上,基于HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式及潜在源贡献分析方法(PSCF),对典型O₃污染过程的传输路径和潜在源区进行解析.结果表明：(1)合肥市MDA8-90th呈波动上升-下降-上升趋势,2022年相对于2015年增幅为47.6%,2019年臭氧质量浓度和超标率最高.O₃浓度日变化呈“单峰型”,07:00浓度最低,15:00—16:00左右达峰值;月变化为“M”型,6月浓度最高,12月最低;季节变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;空间分布呈西北高、东北低;郊区高、城区低的特点.(2) O₃与平均气温、最高气温、日照时数呈显著正相关,与气压呈显著负相关,与相对湿度和风速的相关性较复杂;平均气温为20～30℃,日照时数大于等于10 h,相对湿度为60%～70%,风速小于2 m·s^-1     

邯郸市PM2.5和O3污染特征及潜在源分析

通过对2013—2020年邯郸市的大气污染物浓度及气象参数进行统计分析,探究了大气污染物的浓度变化特征,运用轨迹聚类分析和潜在源贡献因子法(PSCF)研究了邯郸市复合污染日PM_2.5和O₃的传输路径及潜在源区.结果表明：邯郸市PM_2.5-O₃复合污染出现在3—10月,与单O₃污染相比,PM_2.5-O₃复合污染时的O₃峰值浓度和平均浓度较高,当温度为19.1～25.7℃,湿度为32%～63%,风速较低时,最有利于PM_2.5-O₃复合污染发生;单O₃污染和复合污染期间的O₃主要来自邯郸周围的短距离传输,单PM_2.5污染主要来自西北气流的长距离运输和邯郸周围的短距离传输,而复合污染日期间的PM_2.5主要来自西北气流的长距离运输;相较于单O₃污染,2013、2014、2...     

2017年10月海南省一次臭氧污染特征及输送路径与潜在源区分析

为了探讨2017年10月海南省一次O₃污染过程的气流轨迹、输送路径和潜在源区,采用海南省18个市县的AQI值、6类大气污染物质量浓度资料以及相关气象观测资料,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型进行分析.结果表明:①2017年10月海南省有13个市县首要污染物为O₃的天数比例超过80%,其中9个市县达100%.2017年10月26日澄迈县和儋州市AQI值分别为171和151,均达中度污染等级,7个市县达轻度污染等级.②气象要素与AQI和污染物质量浓度之间均存在较好的相关关系,ρ(O₃)、AQI与相对湿度的相关系数分别为-0.701和-0.685,均通过了99.9%的信度检验.③卫星反演结果表明,此次污染过程与外源输送关系密切.影响气流主要来自内陆地区的长距离气流、中短距离气流和来自东南沿海的中短距离气流,三支气流影响时段对应的海口市AQI值分别为83、69和61,对应的ρ(O₃)分别为和135.0、119.6和102.3 μg/m3.④通过计算PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)和CWT(浓度权重轨迹)发现,广东省为海南省的主要潜在贡献源区,湖南省、江西省、江苏省、浙江省和福建省等地区也有一定的潜在贡献.研究显示,2017年10月海南省出现的O₃污染过程中,污染物来源以外源输送为主.      

石家庄市主城区臭氧污染特征及气象成因分析

为了解石家庄市主城区O₃(臭氧)污染特征及其影响因子,基于2015-2018年石家庄市空气质量连续监测资料和同期气象数据分析了主城区O₃污染总体特征及气象成因.结果表明:①石家庄市主城区大气光化学污染日益严峻,ρ(O₃)日均值由2015年的47 μg/m3增至2018年的66 μg/m3,ρ(O₃)超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值的天数由2015年的20 d增至2018年的70 d.②ρ(O₃)存在明显的季节性差异,呈夏季[(89±33)μg/m3] >春季[(69±25)μg/m3] >秋季[(40±26)μg/m3] >冬季[(28±16)μg/m3]的特征;ρ(O₃)日变化呈单峰型分布,谷值出现在06:00-07:00,峰值出现在15:00-16:00,且15:00-17:00是ρ(O₃)超标的高发时段.③ρ(O₃)与气温呈指数关系,当气温为20~25、25~30、≥ 30℃时,ρ(O₃)日均值分别为75、90及119 μg/m3.ρ(O₃)在相对湿度为60%时存在拐点,当相对湿度≤ 60%时,ρ(O₃)随相对湿度的增大而上升;当相对湿度>60%时,ρ(O₃)随相对湿度的增大而下降.风速与ρ(O₃)呈分段线性关系,当风速 < 2 m/s时,ρ(O₃)随风速的增加而上升;当风速≥ 2 m/s时,ρ(O₃)随风速的增加而下降.④影响石家庄市主城区ρ(O₃)升高的污染源主要位于其东-东南-南方位,其次为东北-东方位,而西部和北部地区则较少.⑤石家庄市主城区ρ(O₃)超标多发生在气温>20℃,相对湿度介于40%~70%之间,风速在1.5~3.0 m/s之间的气象背景下,经统计,当气象条件同时符合上述三项气象要素时,ρ(O₃)超标天数占3-10月总超标天数的66.5%.研究显示,气温>20℃、相对湿度为40%~70%、风速为1.5~3.0 m/s的气象条件可初步作为石家庄市主城区O₃污染的预警指标.      

哈尔滨市臭氧时空分布特征及气象要素的关系

利用2015~2018年哈尔滨市臭氧（O₃）监测数据，与其他典型城市进行对比，详细分析了哈尔滨市O₃的时间和空间分布特征，及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明：哈尔滨市2015~2018年O₃污染程度比北上广及长春，沈阳，大连等城市轻；哈尔滨市O₃污染具有明显的季节特征，春夏季O₃超标率大于秋冬季；月变化趋势呈现倒“U”型，O₃高值集中在5~7月；日变化为单峰分布，在13：00~15：00时浓度维持在全天高值； O₃浓度表现为“周末效应”，工作日O₃浓度略高于周末；空间分布特征表明：哈尔滨市外围郊区O₃浓度普遍高于内围市区；在O₃污染高发的5~7月，太阳辐射强度在800~1200W/m²、气温越高、风速越大和相对湿度越小，O₃超标率越高。     

淄博市城郊臭氧污染特征及影响因素分析

本文基于淄博市2019年18个自动监测站连续1 a的O₃与前体物（NO_x、 VOCs和CO）,及常规气象监测数据（气温、相对湿度、风速和能见度）,选取城区和郊区代表性站点,研究了O₃与前体物的污染特征以及O₃生成的影响因素.结果表明,淄博市2019年O₃-8h浓度超标率为25.8%,超标天多出现在5～9月;城区NO_x浓度高于郊区,而O₃和VOCs浓度较低;各污染物的小时变化率具有明显的季节特征,秋冬季节O₃上升和前体物下降时间均较春夏季节晚1 h左右,且O₃生成累积的高峰时段缩短,城区O₃浓度的整体上升速率高于郊区;对O₃及各影响因素的相关性分析、偏相关分析及线性回归分析得到,O₃与前体物和相对湿度呈负相关,与能见度、气温和风速呈正相关,各因素间存在相互影响;城区站点O₃生成的主控因子有相对湿度、 NO<...     

江苏PM2.5-O3复合污染特征及气象条件分析

基于2013～2020年江苏13个城市的大气污染和气象观测数据,分析了江苏PM_2.5-O₃复合污染物的分布特征及其与气象条件的关系.结果表明:江苏复合污染物以轻度污染组合为主,南部多于北部,东南部最多,主要在4～10月,下午至傍晚最高,且该时段O₃平均浓度高于单一O₃污染;复合污染在O₃超标中平均占比15.7%,2014年高达65.8%,且在2015年后明显下降;PM_2.5和O₃二者在暖季O₃污染期正相关,PM_2.5污染期为弱相关或负相关;复合污染气象条件更为严格,气温、相对湿度、风速和逆温条件均介于单一O₃和单一PM_2.5污染之间,且多在4m/s以下和ENE—S区间,与单一O₃污染相比,气温和风速略低,相对湿度和逆温强度略高;出现复合污染的主要地面形势为均压场和低压(底)前部,其次是入海高压后部和高压底部;通过后向轨迹聚类分...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.