3类抗性种子萌发过程中糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应

为揭示酸雨影响种子萌发机理,以pH 2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0的模拟酸雨处理水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)、油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)3种不同抗性种子,研究种子萌发糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应.结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随胁迫强度增加(pH 5.0～2.0)而降低,均低于对照.3个指标响应酸雨胁迫强度的规律(伤害阈值/变幅)是:水稻(pH 3.5～4.0/53.88%～77.7%)＜小麦(pH 3.5～4.5/58.60%～89.41%)＜油菜(pH 4.0～5.0/60.14%～100%).胁迫强度一定时,水稻α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随时间延长而上升,小麦和油菜3个指标先升后降.胁迫时间一定时(3～7 d),3种种子处理组的旺α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量均低于对照,且随胁迫强度增加而降低.3个指标达到最大伤害的胁迫时间为水稻(7 d;7 d,7 d)＞小麦(7 d,6 d,5 d)＞油菜(3 d,7 d,5 d).3个指标对酸雨胁迫强度与胁迫时间的响应规律显示,水稻糖代谢抗酸雨能力＞小麦＞油菜,这是酸雨胁迫下3类种子萌发指标趋异的又一内在原因.     

偏二甲基肼急性中毒对大鼠血中丙酮酸和α—酮戌二酸的影响

从机体糖代谢角度初步探索偏二甲基肼急性中毒的生化机理，采用紫外分光光度法实验检测了大鼠血中丙酮酸、α－酮戌二酸的含量。实验结果显示：偏二甲基肼染毒后，大鼠血中丙酮酸含量降低，特别是染毒６０ｍｉｎ和９０ｍｉｎ时，各剂量组丙酮酸含量显著地降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），各剂量组α－酮戌二酸含量亦明显降低，且存在一定的量效和时效关系。这些结果提示，偏二甲基肼可影响机体糖代谢，干扰糖的有氧氧化过程，继而引起能量代谢     

偏二甲基肼急性中毒对大鼠血中丙酮酸和α-酮戍二酸的影响

从机体糖代谢角度初步探索偏二甲基肼急性中毒的生化机理，采用紫外分光光度法实验检测了大鼠血中丙酮酸、α－酮戍二酸的含量。实验结果显示：偏二甲基肼染毒后，大鼠血中丙酮酸含量降低，特别是染毒６０ｍｉｎ和９０ｍｉｎ时，各剂量组丙酮酸含量显著地降低（ｐ＜０．０１）；各剂量组α－酮戍二酸含量亦明显降低，且存在一定的量效和时效关系。这些结果提示，偏二甲基肼可影响机体糖代谢，干扰糖的有氧氧化过程，继而引起能量代谢障碍，导致中枢神经系统中毒。     

利用小麦三叶期毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害的探讨

为探明小麦三叶期幼苗和成熟期籽实产量的Ni毒害效应及其相互关系,实现小麦作物Ni毒害的早期诊断,以春小麦"冀张春3号"为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源Ni对小麦三叶期幼苗生长发育和成熟期籽实产量的影响,并对小麦三叶期和成熟期的生理指标进行相关分析.结果表明,外源Ni投加量100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量和籽实产量无明显下降(p0.05),茎叶中可溶性糖含量(p0.05)和硝酸盐含量(p0.01)增加,茎叶干鲜比值增加;Ni投加量≥100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量、可溶性糖、硝酸盐含量和成熟期籽实产量均明显下降(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶中淀粉和抗坏血酸含量明显增加(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶干鲜比值下降.土壤中各形态Ni与小麦三叶期幼苗中Ni呈显著正相关(p0.01),土壤和幼苗中Ni与茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和籽实产量均呈显著负相关(p0.05或p0.01),表明小麦三叶期幼苗毒害和成熟期籽实产量下降是由作物体内Ni毒害造成的且无观察效应浓度(NOEC)一致;同时试验观察到小麦三叶期幼苗茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量变化与成熟期籽实产量呈显著正相关关系(p0.05或p0.01),表明利用小麦三叶期幼苗Ni毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害是可行的.试验确定外源Ni对小麦成熟期籽实产量的无观察效应浓度为:土壤全Ni含量为139.08 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有效态Ni(DTPA提取)含量为21.59 mg·kg~(-1),小麦茎叶Ni含量为15.37 mg·kg~(-1),小麦根系Ni含量为361.78 mg·kg~(-1).     

富里酸结合叶面硒肥用于油菜修复低汞污染农田土壤

为了提高农作物对低汞污染农田土壤的修复效率,同时保障可食部分的安全,在低汞污染农田土壤中投加富里酸(0,0. 075,0. 15,0. 225 kg/m~2),结合叶面硒肥,研究了油菜植株对土壤汞的富集情况及油菜籽中汞的含量,并分析试验结束后植物生物量和组织内汞含量及土壤总汞、有效汞含量。结果表明:叶面硒肥、富里酸对油菜植株的生物量及油菜籽的产量影响不大;富里酸能提高植株中总汞的含量,促进植物根部汞向地上部分转运,同时促进土壤总汞及有效汞的降低,低投加量下促进效果最好;当富里酸投加量为0. 075 kg/m~2时,修复后土壤总汞含量由0. 45 mg/kg降低为0. 35 mg/kg,土壤有效汞含量由1. 45μg/kg降低为1. 02μg/kg;投加富里酸也可增加油菜籽中汞的含量。喷施叶面硒肥,并未影响油菜植株对汞的富集,但可以降低油菜籽中汞的含量,喷施叶面硒肥的小区,油菜籽中汞均未检出。"油菜+富里酸+叶面硒肥"可作为低汞污染农田土壤边生产边修复的一种潜在模式,既能提高植株对汞的吸收,也能抑制油菜籽中汞的富集。     

不同外源硒在土壤中的有效性变化及其对小麦硒累积的影响

为明确作物对几种常见外源硒肥的吸收利用差异,通过盆栽试验研究了不同硒肥(硒酸钾、亚硒酸钾、 EDTA螯合硒、硒矿粉、粉煤灰和富硒秸秆)在土壤中的有效性变化及其对小麦生长和硒吸收分配的影响.结果表明,不同外源硒进入土壤后有效性的变化规律不同,硒酸盐、亚硒酸盐和EDTA螯合硒处理土壤有效硒比例显著高于对照(CK)处理,其它处理和CK处理无显著差异.小麦生育前期,硒酸盐、亚硒酸盐和硒矿粉处理土壤有效硒比例逐渐降低,至生育后期则趋于稳定,其他外源硒处理土壤有效硒比例则呈现先下降再升高的动态变化.土壤有效硒含量显著影响小麦硒吸收,两者呈显著正相关关系.施用硒酸盐显著提高了小麦籽粒和叶生物量,但其它硒肥对小麦生长无显著影响.小麦对不同外源硒的累积能力顺序为：硒酸盐>亚硒酸盐和EDTA螯合硒>硒矿粉、粉煤灰和富硒秸秆,施用硒矿粉、粉煤灰和富硒秸秆处理与CK处理无显著差异.施用硒酸盐后硒更易向茎、叶转运富集,而施用亚硒酸盐和EDTA螯合硒后硒更易向籽粒转运累积.     

富里酸对小麦植株积累稀土元素的影响

从我国东北黑土中提取和纯化富里酸。采用水培方法研究了富里酸对小麦植株生物积累稀土元素（La^3 ，Ce^3 ,Sm^3 ,Gd^3 ,Y^3 )的影响。结果表明，在所试验的多种浓度中，当富里酸浓度低于0.26mg(C)/L时，小麦积累稀土元素受到促进；而当富里酸浓度大于0.65mg(C)/L时，稀土元素在小麦植株中的积累受到抑制；富里酸对小麦积累稀土“高抑低促”的分界浓度介于0.26——0.65mg(C)/L之间。生长动态实验表明，小麦在含有2.0mg/L稀土和两种浓度（0.13和1.30mg(C)/L)的富里酸的营养液中生长，根部对稀土的积累呈线性增长规律（相关系数大于0.86)，茎叶部对稀土的积累无线性增长规律，小麦根部对稀土的积累远高于茎叶部，同样观察到富里酸对小麦积累稀土存在“高抑低促”的生物效应。     

小麦发芽期锌的毒害作用和钙的去毒害作用研究

试验表明,较高浓度的Zn~(2+)对小麦种子的发芽和α-淀粉酶的活性有抑制作用.设置了胚芽鞘长/胚芽鞘粗和主胚根长/主胚根粗两项相对生长指标,发现:随Zn~(2+)处理浓度的提高,两项指标均逐渐下降.饱和CaCO_3和0.5％CaCl_2溶液对80ppmZn~(2+)处理过的小麦幼苗的毒害具一定解毒作用.对Ca~(2+)和pH条件与种子发芽时的形态建成和α-淀粉酶活性之间的关系进行了讨论.     

不同物料堆肥富里酸的结构特征的研究

通过三维荧光平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和二维相关光谱（2DCOS）分析了富含木质纤维素类物料（果蔬废物和杂草废物）和富含木质素类物料（秸秆废物和园林修剪废物）堆肥形成的富里酸的结构和组成.结果显示，两类堆肥物料形成的富里酸结构差异显著.虽然两类物料的荧光组分含量及变化基本相似，但是特征官能团与其荧光组分的变化顺序却不同.富含木质纤维素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中类酪氨酸和类色氨酸先于芳环形成，而富含木质素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中芳环先于类酪氨酸和类色氨酸.并且，研究发现在堆肥高温期和腐熟期，富里酸的芳环含量在木质纤维类和木质类物料中分别增加了约10%和5%，脂肪族的含量分别下降了约10%和6%，说明堆肥过程中富里酸结构中脂肪族逐渐降解并伴随其芳香性逐渐增加；结构方程模型结果表明，类富里酸、脂肪族基团和羧基是富里酸中芳环形成的关键组分.本文研究结果可为明确堆肥过程中富里酸的形成提供理论基础.     

吉林省土壤中腐殖酸和水溶性富里酸分布特征与大骨节病关系的研究

本研究测定了吉林省主要土类样品中腐殖酸、富里酸的含量及水溶性富里酸的释放量,并研究其概率分布类型和水溶性富里酸的释放量与富里酸含量、深度、类型的关系。结果表明,土壤富里酸的释放量与大骨节病病情呈明显的正相关(r=0.845,P<0.05)。提出饮用富里酸释放量最高的O_2、Q_3层地下水,是引起平原地区大骨节病的可能因素。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.