Molecular analysis of long-term biofilm formation on PVC and cast iron surfaces in drinking water distribution system

To understand the impacts of different plumbing materials on long-term biofilm formation in water supply system, we analyzed microbial community compositions in the bulk water and biofilms on faucets with two different materials-polyvinyl chloride （PVC） and cast iron, which have been frequently used for more thanlO years. Pyrosequencing was employed to describe both bacterial and eukaryotic microbial compositions. Bacterial communities in the bulk water and biofilm samples were significantly different from each other. Specific bacterial populations colonized on the surface of different materials. Hyphomicrobia and corrosion associated bacteria, such as Acidithiobacillus spp., Aquabacterium spp., Limnobacter thiooxidans, and Thiocapsa spp., were the most dominant bacteria identified in the PVC and cast iron biofilms, respectively, suggesting that bacterial colonization on the material surfaces was selective. Mycobacteria and Legionella spp. were common potential pathogenic bacteria occurred in the biofilm samples, but their abundance was different in the two biofilm bacterial communities. In contrast, the biofilm samples showed more similar eukaryotic communities than the bulk water. Notably, potential pathogenic fungi, i.e., Aspergillus spp. and Candida parapsilosis, occurred in similar abundance in both biofilms. These results indicated that microbial community, especially bacterial composition was remarkably affected by the different pipe materials （PVC and cast iron）.     

吡虫啉杀虫剂对桃树叶际微生物群落结构的影响

植物地上部分(包括叶、茎、花、果等)的表面和内部存在有大最的不同类型的细菌、丝状真菌、酵母、藻类等微生物.这种植物地上部分的生境称为叶际(pyllosphere),这些在叶际生存的微生物称为叶际微生物,它们发挥着重要的生态功能.吡虫啉是一种常用的烟碱类超高效杀虫剂,为了解它对叶际微生物产生的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸分析(P...     

Fossil evidence for the early ant evolution

Ants are one of the most studied insects in the world; and the literature devoted to their origin and evolution, systematics, ecology, or interactions with plants, fungi and other organisms is prolific. However, no consensus yet exists on the age estimate of the first Formicidae or on the origin of their eusociality. We review the fossil and biogeographical record of all known Cretaceous ants. We discuss the possible origin of the Formicidae with emphasis on the most primitive subfamily Sphecomyrminae according to its distribution and the Early Cretaceous palaeogeography. And we review the evidence of true castes and eusociality of the early ants regarding their morphological features and their manner of preservation in amber. The mid-Cretaceous amber forest from south-western France where some of the oldest known ants lived, corresponded to a moist tropical forest close to the shore with a dominance of gymnosperm trees but where angiosperms (flowering plants) were already diversified. This palaeoenvironmental reconstruction supports an initial radiation of ants in forest ground litter coincident with the rise of angiosperms, as recently proposed as an ecological explanation for their origin and successful evolution.     

阿维菌素杀虫剂对甘蓝叶际微生物群落结构的影响

植物的叶际存在各种类型微生物包括不同种类的细菌、丝状真菌、酵母、藻类等,它们发挥着重要的生态功能.本研究首次利用磷脂脂肪酸分析（PLFA）和末端限制性片断长度多态性分析（T-RFLP）2种非培养方法评价2种不同剂量的阿维菌素杀虫剂喷施甘蓝后对叶际微生物群落的影响.结果表明,低剂量阿维菌素农药处理对甘蓝叶际微生物的生物量和群落结构影响不显著,而高剂量阿维菌素杀虫剂处理明显地改变了甘蓝叶际微生物的群落结构和组成,减少了总叶际微生物生物量、细菌生物量和革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌特征磷脂脂肪酸之间的比值,而真菌生物量变化不大.PLFA分析结果表明经高剂量阿维菌素农药处理后增加了不饱和脂肪酸16:1ω9t、 18:1ω7和环丙烷脂肪酸cy17:0、 cy19:0的含量,而减少了饱和脂肪酸i15:0、 a15:0、 i16:0 和 a17:0的含量.T-RFLP分析结果表明经高剂量阿维菌素农药处理后出现一些新的酶切片段（如58、 96、 236和420 bp）,这些片段所属的微生物对甘蓝叶片上阿维菌素的降解可能发挥重要的作用;而一些酶切片段消失（如51、 89、 99、 338、 66、 223和482 bp）,这些片段所属的微生物可能对阿维菌素类农药残留的指示具有重要意义.     

Microbial changes in rhizospheric soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons after bioremediation

Effects of bioremediation on microbial communities jn soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons are a scientific problem to be solved. Changes in dominate microbial species and the total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi in rhizospheric soils after bioremediation were thus evaluated using field bioremediation experiments. The results showed that there were changed dominant microorganisms including ] ] bacterial strains which are mostly Gram positive bacteria and 6 fungal species which were identified. The total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi increased after bioremediation of microbial agents combined with planting maize. On the contrary, fungi in rhizospheric soils were inhibited by adding microbial agents combined with planting soybean.     

土壤多功能性对微生物多样性降低的响应

土壤微生物群落在驱动多种生态系统功能和生态过程中发挥着重要作用,是维持生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.鉴于全球背景下观察到土壤微生物多样性随着土地利用集约化、气候变化而降低的现象,对土壤微生物多样性的减少是否会对土壤多功能性产生影响进行调查显得尤为重要.利用稀释灭绝法构建土壤微生物多样性梯度,结合高通量测序等技术手段,探究细菌、真菌和原生生物多样性降低对土壤多功能性的影响.结果表明,与未灭菌土壤相比,稀释处理土壤微生物α多样性（丰富度指数和香农指数）显著降低.主坐标分析（PCoA）表明,未灭菌土壤微生物群落结构与稀释处理土壤存在显著分异,而且细菌和真菌群落对稀释处理的响应高于原生生物.回归模型显示,土壤多功能性与微生物多样性指标呈显著的负线性关系,表明土壤微生物群落变化是调节土壤多功能性的关键因素.其次,通过集成推进树（ABT）和回归模型预测分析发现,一些特定的微生物类群如真菌短柄菌属（Solicoccozyma）、瓦湖胶珊瑚菌（Holtermanniella）和细菌属Rudaea相对丰度与土壤多功能性显著负相关,说明关键微生物类群在生物过程中发挥了指示性作用.进一步通过结构方程模型揭示,细菌、真菌和原生生物多样性都对土壤多功能性存在直接或间接影响,其中细菌是驱动土壤多功能性变化的关键生物因子.研究为土壤微生物多样性对土壤多功能性的影响提供了试验证据,并认为在单一农业生态系统中维持一定的土壤微生物群落多样性,特别是关键微生物类群的多样性对未来生态系统功能的可持续发展具有重要意义.     

固态发酵过程中微生物总DNA提取方法比较

为了分析固态发酵过程中微生物群落的多样性及演替情况,对比研究了从固态发酵中提取细菌和真菌DNA的3种方法--溶壁酶法、超声波法、液氮研磨 CTAB法.使用紫外分光光度计测定了由不同提取方法得到的DNA的产量与纯度;使用细菌16S rDNA基因通用引物(341F和907R)和真菌18S rDNA基因通用引物(NU-SSU-0817和NU-SSU-119)对DNA进行了PCR扩增;采用DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)法对固态发酵中细菌和真菌的多样性进行了分析.结果显示,3种方法得到的粗提和纯化DNA长度均约为23 kb;细菌和真菌PCR产物长度分别约为586 bp和422 bp.细菌和真菌PCR产物的DGGE分析表明,3种方法提取的DNA所反映的微生物多样性比较一致;但紫外分光光度计测定结果表明溶壁酶法提取固态发酵中微生物总DNA产量最高,超声波法次之,液氮研磨 CTAB法最低.     

Cd对欧美杂交杨生长紫色土和冲积土微生物多样性的影响

研究了现实环境中cd污染水平对长江流域典型土壤微生物多样性的影响,分析了现实Cd浓度胁迫对盆栽欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生长的紫色土和冲积土中可培养的微生物数量、生物量和细菌群落多样性的影响．结果表明,cd处理显著增加了栽植杨树的紫色土中可培养细菌和放线菌数量,降低了可...     

城市污水处理系统真核微生物群落特性与地域性差异

城市污水处理厂是控制水污染、保证城市与人类可持续发展的重要设施.真核微生物作为活性污泥系统中不可或缺的一部分,在指示活性污泥性质、预测出水水质、强化净化效果、保障系统稳定运行过程中发挥着重要作用.本研究以来自北京、深圳和无锡的14个城市污水处理厂的61份样品为研究对象,采用18S r DNA高通量测序技术并结合多种生态学及统计学相关分析方法,探讨了活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落特性与地域性差异.结果表明,不同空间尺度下,活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落优势种群组成相似,在Devision水平上,群落优势种群主要由真菌、原生动物(纤毛亚门)和后生动物组成,三者相对丰度之和高达86. 22%～89. 40%.不同城市污水处理厂活性污泥系统内真核微生物多样性存在差异,无锡群落的多样性(丰富度和香农-威纳多样性指数)最高,北京的最低,且3个城市的活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落结构存在显著的地域性差异. partial mantel test和多元回归矩阵分析结果表明,曝气池混合液温度和出水总氮浓度与活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落结构的相关性较强.研究结果深化了对污水处理系统中真核微生物的认识.     

New fossil ants in French Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Recent studies on the ant phylogeny are mainly based on the molecular analyses of extant subfamilies and do not include the extinct, only Cretaceous subfamily Sphecomyrminae. However, the latter is of major importance for ant relationships, as it is considered the most basal subfamily. Therefore, each new discovery of a Mesozoic ant is of high interest for improving our understanding of their early history and basal relationships. In this paper, a new sphecomyrmine ant, allied to the Burmese amber genus Haidomyrmex, is described from mid-Cretaceous amber of France as Haidomyrmodes mammuthus gen. and sp. n. The diagnosis of the tribe Haidomyrmecini is emended based on the new type material, which includes a gyne (alate female) and two incomplete workers. The genus Sphecomyrmodes, hitherto known by a single species from Burmese amber, is also reported and a new species described as S. occidentalis sp. n. after two workers remarkably preserved in a single piece of Early Cenomanian French amber. The new fossils provide additional information on early ant diversity and relationships and demonstrate that the monophyly of the Sphecomyrminae, as currently defined, is still weakly supported.     

夏秋季节北京市居家室内微生物多样性的变化特征

室内空气中过高浓度的生物粒子有害人体健康.空气中的微生物通常与灰尘结合在一起,然而目前对家庭室内灰尘微生物多样性及其随季节变化特征的报道较少.本研究在北京市选择1户家庭,在夏季和秋季定期采集灰尘样品,通过高通量测序研究细菌和真菌群落组成及多样性,并分析细菌-真菌的网络互作特征.结果显示,室内灰尘细菌和真菌群落Shannon指数及Chao1指数夏季均显著高于秋季（p<0.05）.此外,室内灰尘细菌群落结构夏季与秋季无显著差异（p>0.05）,主要类群为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、考克氏菌属（Kocuria）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;真菌群落结构夏季与秋季则明显不同（p<0.05）,夏季优势类群为曲霉属（Aspergillus）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和裂褶菌属（Schizophyllum）,而秋季曲霉属占绝对主导地位.室内灰尘微生物网络互作具有明显的季节特征,夏季微生物互作主要为细菌-细菌,以及细菌-真菌的正相互作用;而秋季微生物互作比夏季更紧密,以细菌-细菌的正相互作用为主.这些结果可为构建健康的居家环境提供参考依据.     

Amphimixis and the individual in evolving populations: does Weismann’s Doctrine apply to all,most or a few organisms?

The German biologist August Weismann (1834–1914) proposed that amphimixis (sexual reproduction) creates variability for natural selection to act upon, and hence he became one of the founders of the Neo-Darwinian theory of biological evolution. He is perhaps best known for what is called “Weismann’s Doctrine” or “Weismann’s Barrier” (i.e. the irreversible separation of somatic and germ cell functionalities early during ontogeny in multicellular organisms). This concept provided an unassailable argument against “soft inheritance” sensu Lamarck and informed subsequent theorists that the only “individual” in the context of evolution is the mature, reproductive organism. Herein, we review representative model organisms whose embryology conforms to Weismann’s Doctrine (e.g. flies and mammals) and those that do not (e.g. freshwater hydroids and plants) based on this survey and the Five Kingdoms of Life scheme; we point out that most species (notably bacteria, fungi, protists and plants) are “non-Weismannian” in ways that make a canonical definition of the “individual” problematic if not impossible. We also review critical life history functional traits that allow us to create a matrix of all theoretically conceivable life cycles (for eukaryotic algae, embryophytes, fungi and animals), which permits us to establish where this scheme Weismann’s Doctrine holds true and where it does not. In addition, we argue that bacteria, the dominant organisms of the biosphere, exist in super-cellular biofilms but rarely as single (planktonic) microbes. Our analysis attempts to show that competition among genomic variants in cell lineages played a critical part in the evolution of multicellularity and life cycle diversity. This feature was largely ignored during the formulation of the synthetic theory of biological evolution and its subsequent elaborations.     

北仑河口红树林沉积物微生物在潮间带的分布状况

以16S rRNA基因为分子标记,通过高通量测序方法分析了广西北仑河口高、中和低3个潮间带中红树林沉积物微生物群落结构。结果表明:北仑河口潮间带红树林沉积物中微生物多样性丰富,微生物Shannon指数变化范围在10.2~10.4之间。潮间带红树林微生物优势类群为Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi,Bacteroidetes,Planctomycetes和Acidobacteria。OTUs的维恩图表明3个潮间带中红树林微生物组成相似性较高。然而,热图和三相图分析发现潮间带的微生物种属特异性具有差异。高通量测序还发现北仑河口红树林中存在一些微生物参与有机物污染物降解和碳氮等元素循环。     

Reconstructing the anatomy of the 42-million-year-old fossil †Mengea tertiaria (Insecta, Strepsiptera)

Fossilization in amber is unique in preserving specimens with microscopic fidelity; however, arthropod inclusions are rarely examined beyond the exoskeleton as this requires destructive sampling when traditional techniques are used. We report the first complete, digital 3D, non-destructive reconstruction of the anatomy of an insect fossil, a specimen of †Mengea tertiaria embedded in a 42-Ma Baltic amber. This was made possible using Synchrotron μ-CT. The species belongs to the stem group of the phylogenetically enigmatic and extremely specialized Strepsiptera. Most internal structures of the fossil are preserved, but small parts of the lumen had decayed due to incomplete infiltration of the resin. Data on internal organs provided additional information for resolving phylogenetic relationships. A sister group relationship between †Mengea and all extant lineages of the group was confirmed with characters previously not accessible. The newly gained information also yielded some insights in the biology of †Mengea and the early evolutionary history of Strepsiptera. The technique has a tremendous potential for a more accurate interpretation of diverse fossil arthropods preserved in ambers from 130 Ma to the present.     

PCR-DGGE研究处理垃圾渗滤液序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中的细菌多样性

为了研究序批式生物膜反应器中的细菌多样性及其脱氮的微生物学机理,为工艺改进提供依据,从同步高效去除垃圾渗滤液中高氨氮和高COD的SBBR生物膜和渗滤液原水中采集微生物样品并提取微生物总DNA,使用细菌通用引物对（GC341F/907R）从总DNA中成功扩增出目标16S rDNA片段,然后对扩增的16S rDNA进行DGGE,对凝胶染色并进行条带统计分析和切胶测序,使用序列数据进行同源性分析并建立了系统发育树.结果表明,该驯化后的SBBR生物膜和渗滤液原水中都有比较丰富的细菌多样性,驯化的生物膜细菌主要来自渗滤液原水,而且生物膜细菌在反应器正常运行时不会出现明显的群落结构变化;在该SBBR中有多种硝化细菌与反硝化细菌、好氧反硝化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌共存,说明该反应器中可能同时存在全程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化3种脱氮方式.研究结果为SBBR脱氮微生物机理研究提供了一些有价值的参考依据.     

铁矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物群落变化的影响

以密云水库上游某铁矿区为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR研究了矿区内不同采样点土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌基因数量的变化,并结合土壤的理化性质与重金属污染情况进行了相关分析. 结果表明,研究区微生物的基因数量与该地区的w(AP)(AP为有效磷)均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);细菌、放线菌的基因数量与该地区的内梅罗污染指数呈显著负相关〔二者R分别为-0.756(P<0.01)和-0.614(P<0.05)〕,而真菌的基因数量与内梅罗污染指数无显著相关性. 采用PCR-DGGE研究了细菌、真菌、放线菌的群落结构变化,冗余度分析结果表明,内梅罗污染指数对细菌、放线菌的种群分布影响较大(P<0.05),对真菌的影响则较小. 细菌、放线菌的种群多样性水平随着污染程度升高呈先升后降的趋势. 微生物数量和结构的变化都表明,不同类群的微生物对重金属敏感程度为真菌抗性最强,放线菌和细菌次之. Cd和Cu污染抑制了土壤中微生物的数量和群落多样性,而轻度Cr、Pb和Zn污染则促进了群落数量的增加和群落结构多样性的丰富.      

Algae: the world��s most important ��plants����an introduction

Early in the history of life, algae changed the planet??s atmosphere by producing oxygen, thus paving the way for the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. In an era in which the consumption of fossil fuels is a prime topic of concern, few people realize that the oil we currently exploit comes mostly from Cretaceous deposits of marine algae. Moving from ancient times to the present, the algae remain more important than most people realize. Today, the production of oxygen by algae (ca. 50% of all oxygen production) is another reason for saying ??our lives depend on algae.?? Those who love seafood should thank the algae because algae are the primary producers upon which aquatic ecosystems depend. Thanks should come from all who are vegetarians or omnivores, because all land plants derive from a freshwater class of green algae and all land-animals??including the cows that provide the steaks for meat-lovers??depend directly or indirectly on land plants for food and often for shelter as well. As we use up the oil deposits provided by the ancient algae, we are turning to the modern algae for help. Given the photosynthetic abilities of the algae, they are one of the major focuses for sustainable biofuel production and CO₂ consumption. Finally, the algae that give us the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the fuel for our cars (past and, perhaps, future), are also a source of active pharmaceutical compounds that can be used against drug-resistant bacterial strains, viruses (including Herpes Simplex and AIDS), and cancers. Roses are pretty and oak trees are impressive, but no other groups of ??plants?? have done so much, for so long, and, for so many as have the algae!     

黄海西北部沉积物中细菌群落16S rDNA多样性解析

为揭示黄海西北部海域不同站位沉积物中细菌群落的多样性,采用16S rDNA文库技术,对黄海西北部辽东半岛和山东半岛近岸5个站位的沉积物中不同季节的细菌群落特征进行解析和评价.结果表明,沉积物中微生物种类丰富,主要分布于5~10个已知的门,另外还存在大量未被认知的序列;各站位沉积物中优势菌均为变形细菌门,占文库序列的46%~60%,其中γ-和δ-变形细菌纲为门中优势类群,但在各个站位中存在明显系统发育学分歧.微生物种群在不同地理区域和季节都存在明显差异,不同功能类群与其特殊生境密切相关.     

Characteristics of microbial community involved in early biofilms formation under the influence of wastewater treatment plant effluent

Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) containing microorganisms and residual nutrients can influence the biofilm formation. Although the process and mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation have been well characterized, little is known about the characteristics and interaction of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes in the early colonization, especially under the influence of WWTP effluent. The aim of this study was to characterize the important bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic species in the early stage of biofilm formation downstream of the WWTP outlet. Water and biofilm samples were collected 24 and 48 hr after the deposition of bio-cords in the stream. Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S and 18S rDNA showed that, among the three domains, the bacterial biofilm community had the largest alpha and beta diversity. The early bacterial colonizers appeared to be “biofilm-specific”, with only a few dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared between the biofilm and the ambient water environment. Alpha-proteobacteria and Ciliophora tended to dominate the bacterial and eukaryotic communities, respectively, of the early biofilm already at 24 hr, whereas archaea played only a minor role during the early stage of colonization. The network analysis showed that the three domains of microbial community connected highly during the early colonization and it might be a characteristic of the microbial communities in the biofilm formation process where co-occurrence relationships could drive coexistence and diversity maintenance within the microbial communities.     

北京市居家空气微生物污染特征

在北京市选取31户有1岁至10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物污染特征.结果表明,北京市居家环境空气微生物总浓度变化范围为269～13066 CFU·m-3,均值为2658 CFU· m-3,空气细菌浓度变化范围为47 ～ 12341 CFU·m-3,均值为1821 CFU·m-3,空气真菌浓度变化范围为62～3498 CFU·m-3,均值为837 CFU·m-3.空气细菌和真菌浓度百分比分别为61.0％和39.0％,细菌浓度明显高于真菌浓度.居家环境优势细菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和库克菌属(Kocuria),4属细菌百分比约占63.1％ ～70.9％,优势真菌属为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),分别约占总数的36.0％、17.8％、9.3％、5.3％和3.6％.文中最后针对北京市居家环境空气微生物污染的现状及其来源,从宠物饲养、空调清理、室内外优良环境的保持及垃圾处理、室内花卉种植等方面提出了治理建议.