秸秆源黑炭还田对水稻土生产力和固碳的影响

为揭示秸秆源黑炭连续还田对太湖平原稻麦轮作农田土壤生产力和固碳作用的影响,设黑炭施加量为0(CK)、4.5和9.0t/hm23个处理,通过2a 4个完整稻麦轮作季的盆栽试验,研究了稻秆来源黑炭每季还田下的稻麦作物产量.养分吸收状况及土壤理化性质的变化. 结果显示,土壤w(TOC)(TOC为总有机碳)和w(全N)随黑炭施加量的增加而增加. 每季黑炭施加量为9.0t/hm2时,土壤w(TOC)和w(全N)可分别提高46.7%~113.0%和9.3%~28.3%. 黑炭施入土壤后能够提高稻麦作物地上部分生物量,籽粒产量增加11.4%~60.5%,秸秆产量增加15.0%~56.8%. 黑炭处理下稻麦作物体内N、P、K、Mg和Ca的累积量显著提高,这一现象与每季结束后土壤w(全N)以及土壤有效元素含量〔w(有效P)、w(有效K)、w(有效Mg)和w(有效Ca)〕的增加相吻合. 黑炭施入可显著提高土壤pH和CEC(阳离子交换量),尤其是黑炭施加量为9.0t/hm2时,pH最高可达6.79,CEC最高达到12.7cmol/kg. 连续三季施入黑炭后,土壤容重比不施黑炭处理降低8.0%~12.2%. 试验结果表明,秸秆来源黑炭施入太湖平原稻麦农田可起到固碳增汇、增加土壤碳库容量的作用,也能改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤生产力.      

不同生物炭对酸性农田土壤性质和作物产量的动态影响

为研究不同原料生物炭对农田土壤酸度、交换性能、磷素养分以及作物产量的综合动态影响,试验设置空白（CK）、水稻秸秆生物炭（RSB）、玉米秸秆生物炭（MSB）、小麦秸秆生物炭（WSB）、稻壳生物炭（RHB）和竹炭（BCB）这6种处理,生物炭按质量分数0.1%施入农田进行长期定点试验,测定水稻、油菜和玉米这3季作物产量和作物收割后的土壤理化性质.结果表明,添加不同原料生物炭可有效提高土壤pH和交换性能,降低交换性酸含量,作用效果随时间下降.生物炭对盐基离子组成的影响为提高交换性K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量,降低Na⁺含量.生物炭能不同程度地增加土壤有机质（SOM）、速效磷、总磷和无机磷（Al-P和Fe-P）含量,作物产量较当季对照显著提高（P<0.05）,稻壳生物炭在改良酸性土壤理化性质和提高作物产量方面效果较好.     

生物炭在农业增产和污染治理中的应用

生物炭(biochar)作为重要的碳汇、土壤重要的改良剂以及污染物有效地吸附剂受到了国内外研究人员的普遍关注。在阅读近几年国内外关于生物炭在农业增产和污染方面文献的基础上,作者总结了生物炭应用规律并提出一些未来研究的展望。表述如下:生物炭具有多孔性和巨大的表面积,它能够增加土壤的持水量、增加对营养元素的吸附以减少其流失并改善土壤的结构,此外生物炭本身含有丰富的营养元素并能够缓慢释放以供作物吸收,因此生物炭能改善土壤肥力并增加农作物产量。同时,生物炭巨大的吸附功能可以降低重金属和有机污染物在土壤及污水中的活性,起到降低污染物浓度的作用。因此生物炭在农业增产和减少污染方面有巨大的潜力。但是,到目前为止,对于生物炭很多的作用机制还未搞清楚,对不同种类生物炭性状、生物质在高温热解过程中内部化学成分和结构的变化、长期定位实验以及危害方面还应加强研究。对此,研究人员应该结合当地情况,尽多的用当地主要的动植物废料来生产生物炭以达到当地农业增产和治理污染的目的;其次,增加长期定位试验,找到适合当地的生物炭种类及其生产条件;另外还应增加对我国新疆、西藏等土壤贫瘠的偏远地区的研究,使当地的土壤更大程度的被利用以改善当地人民的生活;最后,当地政府及相关部门应该加大对生物炭研究的支持,使生物炭早日被普遍运用,造福百姓。     

生物炭输入对城郊农业区农田地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响

为了探究生物炭输入对地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响,通过田间小区试验的方法,在不同生物炭用量[0（CK）、0.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC0.5）、4.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC4.5）]不同地表条件下[种植作物（以+表示）、裸地（以-表示）],对农田地表反照率、土壤温湿度、土壤CO₂排放通量、土壤有机碳组分等指标进行了测定分析.结果表明,在作物生长前期（玉米的苗期至拔节期、小麦苗期至越冬期）,BC4.5+、BC0.5+的地表反照率相较CK+处理均有显著下降（P<0.05）,小麦季最大降幅分别为23.7%、17.9%,玉米季最大降幅分别为44.5%、44.9%.随叶面积指数增加,地表反照率在3个处理间的差异随之逐渐消失,作物覆盖可有效缓解生物炭输入导致的地表反照率的降低效应;裸地条件下,生物炭处理的地表反照率较对照处理在全部的观测中均有显著下降（P<0.05）;生物炭在输入初期可显著增加土壤CO₂释放量（P<0.05）,但其增幅随时间逐渐减小,其中BC4.5+较CK+的增幅从276.7%逐步降低至36.1%,BC4.5-较CK-的增幅从163.5%明显减弱至39.8%.生物炭处理较对照处理增加的CO₂释放量主要来自生物炭-土壤共存体系中的易分解碳组分,其土壤CO₂释放通量与土壤水溶性有机碳含量呈显著相关（P<0.05）;生物炭输入导致的地表反照率变化未对土壤呼吸产生直接的影响,而且生物炭输入可降低土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值,表明生物炭具有一定的化学和生物学稳定性.     

生物质炭施用对土壤中氯虫苯甲酰胺吸附及消解行为的影响

分别在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中添加0.5%(质量分数)生物质炭,采用批处理等温吸附实验及室内消解实验测定了CAP的吸附等温线及消解动态,目的是揭示不同类型土壤中施用生物质炭对残留CAP的环境行为影响规律,为评估生物质炭田间施用综合生态效应,评价土壤残留CAP的环境污染风险提供理论依据.结果表明,生物质炭施用可提高土壤对CAP的吸附活性,但提高程度因土壤性质不同而异.有机质含量较高的黑土中添加生物质炭,吸附农药Kd值提高了2.17%,而有机质含量较低的潮土添加等量生物质炭后则提高了139.13%.生物质炭施入土壤后其对农药吸附活性受到不同程度抑制.与施入土壤前比较,生物质炭施入黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中后吸附常数KF,biochar分别降低了96.94%、90.6%、91.31%、68.26%和34.59%.CAP在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中的消解半衰期为115.52、133.30、154.03、144.41和169.06 d,而在添加生物质炭的土壤中消解半衰期分别延长了20.39、35.76、38.51、79.19和119.75 d.与吸附实验结果一致,生物质炭施入黑土对延缓农药土壤消解作用最小,而潮土中施入生物质炭效果最明显.本研究表明生物质炭施入土壤后可增强对农药的吸附作用,延缓农药的土壤消解,但影响程度与土壤性质有关.     

Potential and sustainability for carbon sequestration with improved soil management in agricultural soils of China

Arable land soils generally have lower organic carbon (C) levels than soils under native vegetation; increasing the C stocks through improved management is suggested as an effective means to sequester CO₂ from the atmosphere. China's arable lands, accounting for 13% of the world's total, play an important role in soil C sequestration, but their potential to enhance C sequestration has not yet been quantitatively assessed. The C sequestration by agricultural soils is affected by many environmental factors (such as climate and soil conditions), biological processes (crop C fixation, decomposition and transformation), and crop and soil management (e.g. tillage and manure application). Estimation of the C sequestration potential requires the quantification of the combined effects of these factors and processes. In this study, we used a coupled remote sensing- and process-based ecosystem model to estimate the potential for C sequestration in agricultural soils of China and evaluated the sustainability of soil C uptake under different soil management options. The results show that practicing no-tillage on 50% of the arable lands and returning 50% of the crop residue to soils would lead to an annual soil C sequestration of 32.5 Tg C, which accounts for about 4% of China's current annual C emission. Soil C sequestration with improved soil management is highly time-dependent; the effect lasted for only 20–80 years. Generally, practicing no-tillage causes higher rate and longer sustainability of soil C sequestration than only increasing crop residue into soils. The potential for soil C sequestration varied greatly among different regions due to the differences in climate, soil conditions and crop productivity.     

不同地表条件下生物炭对土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探究生物炭对不同地表条件下土壤氨挥发的作用及其效应,通过田间小区试验的方法,探讨生物炭与作物种植覆盖双重影响下,土壤氨的产生、土壤铵态氮含量、土壤脲酶活性的响应性变化.试验设置了6个处理,分别为CK+(未施生物炭+种植作物)、BC0.5+[施用生物炭0.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+种植作物]、BC4.5+[施用生物炭4.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+种植作物]、CK-(未施生物炭+裸地)、BC0.5-[施用生物炭0.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+裸地]、BC4.5-[施用生物炭4.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+裸地].结果表明在作物种植条件下,相对于CK+处理,BC4.5+、BC0.5+处理的土壤氨挥发随时间呈现先增加(前4 d内)后显著下降的态势,降幅分别为9.95%~61.80%、7.97%~50.52%(P0.05);但同期裸地条件下的BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理的土壤氨挥发较CK-处理则增加了40.02%~93.15%、28.09%~57.45%(P0.05).在等量生物炭施用条件下,作物种植土壤的氨挥发量明显低于裸地土壤,BC4.5+、BC0.5+较BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理分别降低了27.10%~92.10%、13.17%~83.45%(P0.05),但是CK+与CK-处理间的土壤氨挥发量差异不显著.上述结果说明作物种植覆盖地表对生物炭介导的土壤氨挥发具有一定的抑制效应.作物种植条件下,BC4.5+、BC0.5+处理较CK+处理的土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量的最大增幅依次为69.25%、72.73%和93.61%、90.56%(P0.05),但同期土壤氨挥发降低;而裸地条件下,BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理的土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量较CK-呈下降趋势明显,最大降幅依次为63.78%、95.70%和78.38%、92.64%(P0.05),同时土壤氨的挥发量上升.可见生物炭影响下的土壤氨挥发不仅与土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量的变化密切相关,且作物种植覆盖地表的影响更为深刻.     

生物炭对塿土土壤温室气体及土壤理化性质的影响

通过田间小区试验,分别向塿土土壤中添加0、20、40、60、80 t·hm~(-2)的苹果果树枝条生物炭后,分析了生物炭对土壤温度、土壤团聚体、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、微生物量碳以及土壤温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,生物炭可以缓解土壤温度的变化,增加土壤大团聚体的数量,尤其是5 mm、5~2 mm和1~0.5 mm的团聚体数量.与对照相比,随着生物炭施用量的增加,土壤NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、微生物量碳分别增加了4.9%~33.9%、9.1%~41.1%和11.8%~38.5%.本研究中生物炭对土壤温室气排放的影响主要表现为:添加生物炭后,土壤CO_2的排放量以及CH_4的吸收汇分别增加了6.73%~23.35%和3.62%~14.17%;施用20 t·hm~(-2)和40 t·hm~(-2)的生物炭降低了土壤N_2O的排放和综合增温潜势(GWP),而当生物炭施用量大于等于60 t·hm~(-2)时反而增加了土壤N_2O的排放和综合增温潜势(GWP).说明生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂和碳减排剂,能够改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,提高农田土壤增汇减排的作用,此外,选择合适的生物炭施用量至关重要.     

Estimating net primary production and annual plant carbon inputs, and modelling future changes in soil carbon stocks in arable farmlands of northern Japan

Soil C sequestration in croplands is deemed to be one of the most promising greenhouse gas mitigation options for Japan's agriculture. In this context, changes in soil C stocks in northern Japan's arable farming area over the period of 1971-2010, specifically in the region's typical Andosol (volcanic ash-derived) and non-Andosol soils, were simulated using soil-type-specific versions of the Rothamsted carbon model (RothC). The models were then used to predict the effects, over the period of 2011-2050, of three potential management scenarios: (i) baseline: maintenance of present crop residue returns and green manure crops, as well as composted cattle manure C inputs (24-34 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ applied on 3-55% of arable land according to crop), (ii) cattle manure: all arable fields receive 20 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of composted cattle manure, increased C inputs from crop residues and present C inputs from green manure are assumed, and (iii) minimum input: all above-ground crop residues removed, no green manure crop, no cattle manure applied. Above- and below-ground residue biomass C inputs contributed by 8 major crops, and oats employed as a green manure crop, were drawn from yield statistics recorded at the township level and crop-specific allometric relationships (e.g. ratio of above-ground residue biomass to harvested biomass on a dry weight basis). Estimated crop net primary production (NPP) ranged from 1.60 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for adzuki bean to 8.75 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for silage corn. For the whole region (143 × 10³ ha), overall NPP was estimated at 952 ± 60 Gg C yr⁻¹ (6.66 ± 0.42 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Plant C inputs to the soil also varied widely amongst the crops, ranging from 0.50 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for potato to 3.26 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for winter wheat. Annual plant C inputs to the soil were estimated at 360 ± 45 Gg C yr⁻¹ (2.52 ± 0.32 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), representing 38% of the cropland NPP. The RothC simulations suggest that the region's soil C stock (0-30 cm horizon), across all soils, has decreased from 13.96 Tg C (107.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 1970 to 12.46 Tg C (96.0 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 2010. For the baseline, cattle manure and minimum input scenarios, soil C stocks of 12.13, 13.27 and 9.82 Tg C, respectively, were projected for 2050. Over the period of 2011-2050, compared to the baseline scenario, soil C was sequestered (+0.219 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) by enhanced cattle manure application, but was lost (−0.445 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) under the minimum input scenario. The effect of variations of input data (monthly mean temperature, monthly precipitation, plant C inputs and cattle manure C inputs) on the uncertainty of model outputs for each scenario was assessed using a Monte Carlo approach. Taking into account the uncertainty (standard deviation as % of the mean) for the model's outputs for 2050 (5.1-6.1%), it is clear that the minimum input scenario would lead to a rapid decrease in soil C stocks for arable farmlands in northern Japan.     

生物质炭对双季稻水稻土微生物生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳氮的影响

生物质炭可影响土壤微生物量,但生物质炭对双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)的影响还不清楚.基于此,本研究选取亚热带2种典型双季稻田土壤(花岗岩母质发育的水稻土S1和第四纪红壤发育的水稻土S2)作为研究对象,开展室内培养试验来研究不施氮肥条件下生物质炭添加对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响.每种土壤设置3个小麦秸秆生物质炭添加量,即土重的0%、1%和2%,分别用CK、LB和HB表示.培养70 d后,2种水稻土的MBC均值:S1为877. 03、832. 11和849. 30 mg·kg~(-1),S2为902. 94、874. 19和883. 22mg·kg~(-1). S1+LB、S1+HB和S2+LB均显著降低了土壤MBC均值(P 0. 05),这可能是由生物质炭吸附土壤有机碳及其他有机物,阻碍了微生物的生长而造成的. S1土壤中低生物质炭添加量较对照显著降低了土壤MBN均值(P 0. 05),降幅达9. 45%.生物质炭对S1土壤MBC/MBN均值影响不明显,但LB降低了S2土壤MBC/MBN均值(P 0. 05).由于生物质炭本身含有部分可溶性有机碳及其高p H值,添加到2种水稻土中均增加了土壤DOC均值,增幅分别达4. 42%～22. 20%和10. 57%～35. 47%.但生物质炭(除S2+HB处理)显著降低了土壤DON均值,这可能归因于生物质炭对土壤有机氮的吸附作用及生物质炭本身有机碳分解过程中对N的消耗作用.生物质炭显著增加了2种水稻土的DOC/DON均值,且随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增加.综上所述,在双季稻田土壤中单施生物质炭虽然可增加土壤可溶性有机碳,但对土壤微生物量有一定的降低作用,且会加重土壤氮亏缺状况.因此,在亚热带双季稻田中生物质炭应与化肥等配合施用.