新疆“十三五”期间温室气体减排领域潜力分析研究

针对新疆“十三五”期间温室气体减排领域潜力分析及预测,依据京都议定书的规定及新疆的具体情况,分析了新疆温室气体排放现状及预测,探讨了新疆温室气体主要减排领域减排潜力,介绍了提高工业能源效率领域、建筑节能领域和煤田灭火等领域,提出了新疆九大行业温室气体减排潜力,利用统计年鉴数据及相关资料,估计在“十三五”期间的新疆总的温室气体减排潜力为35 100.39万吨C02.同时,本文对“十三五”期间新疆碳减排项目开发前景进行了分析和预测,并探讨了减排项目的优先开发领域.     

污水处理过程中的温室气体减排探讨

文章对污水处理过程中温室气体的产生机理排放方式进行了总结,对温室气体减排的计算方法及CDM项目开发过程进行了分析,指出了水处理行业温室气体减排的重要意义及当前研究存在的主要问题。     

基于混合生命周期分析的我国海上风电场能耗及温室气体排放研究

随着我国海上风电的快速发展,对其资源环境成本进行系统核算对于全面评价海上风电的节能减排潜力具有重要意义.本研究采用混合生命周期评价方法,对我国第一个海上风电场—上海东海大桥海上风电场(二期)的能耗和温室气体排放进行核算,并将核算结果与典型陆上风电场和其它类型的可再生能源进行比较.结果表明:该海上风电项目全生命周期发电能耗为0.51 MJ·k Wh~(-1),相应的温室气体排放量为26.47g·k Wh~(-1)(以CO_2当量计);在设备制造与运输、建设施工、运行维护、回收处置4个阶段中,设备生产与运输阶段在能耗和温室气体排放的占比最大,分别贡献了能耗的91.23%和温室气体排放量的60.48%;横向比较发现,海上风电场单位发电量的能耗和温室气体排放均高于陆上风电项目,但与光伏、生物质、地热等可再生能源发电项目相比,海上风电项目全生命周期能耗和温室气体排放依然具有一定优势.     

基于LCA的北京市公交车节能及温室气体减排潜力分析

新能源公交车是未来城市公交行业节能及温室气体减排的重点发展方向.新能源公交车在行驶阶段具有良好的节能及温室气体减排效果,而汽车制造、能源生产等相关生命周期阶段的能耗及温室气体排放常被忽视,且目前新能源公交车的乘客运载功能相对较弱,可能对节能及温室气体减排的潜力造成较为显著的影响.因此,本文基于北京市公交车的运营特征,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,选择客运周转量作为功能单位,核算了天然气公交车、混合动力公交车和纯电动公交车等新能源公交车相对于柴油公交车的节能及温室气体减排效益.结果表明:发展新能源公交车对促进北京市公交行业及城市节能低碳发展具有积极的作用,但相对于基于运营里程的核算结果,本研究新能源公交车节能及温室气体减排潜力均较低,主要原因是新能源公交车的实际载客量相对较低;混合动力公交车和纯电动公交车在空调开启时的节能潜力与温室气体减排潜力均远低于天然气公交车;通过发展情景分析,建议北京市现阶段应优先发展天然气公交车,适当发展纯电动公交车和混合动力公交车,以减少北京市公交车的总体能耗,同时降低温室气体排放强度.     

温室气体排放环境监管制度研究

本文分析了主要经济体温室气体排放监管的法律依据、管理体制以及减排的主要路径。结果表明,主要经济体一般将温室气体排放监管纳入现有环境管理体系中,各相关政府部门分工协作,其中环保行政主管部门在跨领域综合管理、统一管理温室气体监测、统计和清单编制、统筹制定应对气候变化的计划等方面发挥了重要作用。1990—2007年间,非能源活动、非CO2类温室气体减排是主要经济体完成京都目标的关键途径。为此,建议国家尽快明确环保部在应对气候变化管理体制中的具体职责,发挥环保部门在温室气体与污染物减排协同控制中的优势,以最小行政管理成本实施温室气体排放监管。     

美国交通部门控制温室气体排放政策的演变

<正>对于任何国家而言,交通行业都是其主要温室气体排放来源之一,亦是各国控制温室气体排放的关键。本文主要介绍美国交通部门的减排政策法规及配套措施,以供我国借鉴。一、"双赢"的温室气体减排政策美国被誉为"车轮上的民族",其交通运输业的发达可想而知,因而其排放的温室气体亦影响较大。据测算,当前美国交通部门能耗占能源消费总量的28.1%,其温室气体排放量占总温室气体排放量的27%。     

环境统计报表核算企业温室气体排放可行性分析与对策建议

温室气体减排与污染物减排具有协同效应。本文总结了企业温室气体排放核算的基本范围与方法 ;梳理了一般工业企业常见温室气体、重点行业企业主要温室气体的排放源和种类;研究了用环境统计报表核算企业温室气体排放的可行性;分析了环境统计报表核算企业温室气体排放的适用性,认为环境统计报表能够基本满足核算企业温室气体排放的需要;并从温室气体核算的角度,对完善企业环境统计报表温室气体核算提出了对策建议。     

温室气体减排政策浅论

为应对气候变化,许多国家和地区已经制定或正在制定各项温室气体减排的政策措施.本文首先阐述了温室气体减排政策的涵义,然后根据表现形式以及作用层次的不同讨论了世界各国现行的温室气体减排政策,接着介绍了用于筛选或评价减排政策的4个标准,最后指出发展和逐步完善温室气体减排政策体系,应该成为各国积极应对气候变化的决策基础和行动指南.     

环球

八国集团就温室气体长期减排目标达成一致;英国绿色革命再起3条途径完成目标;德国通过温室气体减排新法案。     

我国发布两项节能减排联盟标准

日前在"中国节能减排标准化论坛"上,全国节能减排标准化技术联盟发布了《项目层面的温室气体减排成效评价技术规范》(STCE1—2012)和《钢铁工业余能利用项目的温室气体减排成效评价技术规范》(STCE2—2012)。根据全国节能减排标准化技术联盟制定的《联盟标准管理暂行办法》,联盟标准为推荐性标准,其要求严于     

Land use change and forestry climate project regional baselines: a review

Climate change programs have largely used the project-specific approach for estimating baseline emissions of climate mitigation projects. This approach is subjective, lacks transparency, can generate inconsistent baselines for similar projects, and is likely to have high transaction costs. The use of regional baselines, which partially addresses these issues, has been reported in the literature on forestry and agriculture projects, and in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation program guidance for them (e.g., WRI/WBCSD GHG Project Protocol, USDOE’s 1605(b) registry, UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism). This paper provides an assessment of project-specific and regional baselines approaches for key baseline tasks, using project and program examples. The regional experience to date is then synthesized into generic steps that are referred to as Stratified Regional Baselines (SRB). Regional approaches generally, and SRB in particular explicitly acknowledge the heterogeneity of carbon density, land use change, and other key baseline driver variables across a landscape. SRB focuses on providing guidance on how to stratify lands into parcels with relatively homogeneous characteristics to estimate conservative baselines within a GHG assessment boundary, by applying systematic methods to determine the boundary and time period for input data.

Use of IPCC GHG key sources analysis to Mexico’s environmental policy

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 key sources level 1 assessment was applied to the 1994–1994 National Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emission inventory for Mexico in order to identify and analyze the key sources within it. Top key sources were from land use change and energy combustion contributing to about 60% of total national emissions. In addition, a Tier 1 trend assessment revealed some changes with respect to Tier 1 level assessment: Top key sources according to this analysis are waste disposal and delayed emissions from land clearing. Important insight for cost effective preventive mitigation actions can be extracted from this analysis. A comparison with other countries was carried out to find similarities in the GHG national emissions inventories related to common features on economic development.     

2008~2017年中国地级市化肥施用碳足迹的时空演变格局

本研究收集整理近10年来我国地市年鉴化肥施用数据,基于生命周期分析思想定量研究我国2008~2017年地市尺度的化肥施用碳足迹时空演变特征.结果表明：2008~2017年,我国化肥施用碳足迹以2013年为节点呈现"先增大后减少"的单峰变化,2015年我国氮、磷和钾肥施用总碳足迹负荷为1.97t CO₂eq/hm²,较发达国家平均水平高出50%以上;在化肥生产和施用的全生命周期阶段,生产和运输过程的温室气体排放占比较高（60%以上）;氮肥的施用贡献了约91%的总化肥施用碳足迹;超过3/4的地市化肥施用碳足迹负荷过高,主要位于我国三大粮食主产区（华北平原,东北平原和长江中下游平原）;2013年以后仍有33个地市的化肥施用碳足迹依然保持增长,这些地区主要位于新疆,云南和黑龙江等地.本研究揭示了近10年我国化肥施用碳足迹的变化过程,可为我国绿色农业发展和温室气体相关政策制定提供一定参考依据.     

Forest Management for Greenhouse Gas Benefits: Resolving Monitoring Issues Across Project and National Boundaries

Demand for new environmental services from forests requires improved monitoring of these services at three scales: project-, regional-, and national-level. Most forest management activities are organized at the project scale, while the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) recognizes the nation as the party to the agreement. Hence, measurement and monitoring issues are emerging at the intersections of the project and national scales, referred to here as monitoring-domain edge effects. The following actions are necessary to improve existing monitoring capabilities and to help resolve project/national edge effects: (1) consensus on standard methods and protocols for monitoring mitigation activities, their off-site greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts, the fate of forest products and their relation to national GHG inventories (baselines); (2) a global program for collecting land use, land cover, biomass burning, and other data essential for national baselines; (3) the development of new nested-monitoring-domain methods that allow projects to be identified in national GHG inventories (baselines), and permit tracking of leakage of GHGs and wood product flows outside project boundary and over time; and (4) presentation of a set of credible, carefully designed, and well-documented forest mitigation activities that resolve most of the current issues.     

Forestry projects for climate change mitigation: an overview of guidelines and issues for monitoring,evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification

Monitoring and evaluation of forestry projects is needed to accurately determine their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that the global climate is protected and that country obligations are met. We present an overview of guidelines recently developed for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting, verification, and certification (MERVC) of forestry projects for climate change mitigation.¹ These guidelines are targeted to developers, evaluators, verifiers, and certifiers of forestry projects, and address several key issues, including methods for estimating gross and net carbon savings. The next phase of our work will be to develop a procedural handbook providing information on how one can complete monitoring, evaluation and verification forms.     

湖北省畜禽粪便温室气体减排潜力分析

畜禽粪便是农业温室气体的重要排放源.合理的粪便管理方式可有效降低温室气体排放,同时减少环境污染.为明确不同养殖模式下适宜的粪便管理方式对温室气体减排的有效性,以湖北省为案例地,针对不同畜禽的粪便特征、区域自然条件和畜禽养殖模式等,筛选适宜的粪便管理方式;运用政府间气候变化专门委员会提出的畜禽粪便温室气体排放因子测算模型,在优化管理方式的基础上进行排放因子预测,估算由粪便管理方式改进所带来的减排潜力.结果表明,粪便管理经优化后畜禽粪便温室气体排放减少1.98~357.82 kg·头-1·a-1(以CO2当量计).根据养殖规模发展趋势预测,至2020年全省畜禽粪便优化管理所带来的减排潜力可达322.78万t(以CO2当量计).不同地区间减排效果则与当地养殖规模、养殖结构、养殖模式及适宜的畜禽粪便管理方式密切相关;畜禽种类间粪便特性的不同是其CH4和N2O减排效率迥异的主要原因;规模化养殖粪便管理方式优化是实现区域温室气体减排的重点.结合区域自然条件和畜禽养殖特征等,筛选适宜的粪便管理方式是实现区域温室气体减排的有效措施.     

我国原铝冶炼行业温室气体排放模型

我国原铝冶炼行业产业集中度较低,生产水平参差不齐,随着国内原铝产量不断增加,原铝行业碳排放及其计算方法备受关注. 针对我国原铝冶炼过程原料类型、能源结构复杂的特点,对国内外已有碳排放核算框架进行细化,从物料、工序、工艺3个层面构建了复杂的原铝冶炼系统温室气体排放计算模型. 在广泛文献调研的基础上,选取典型原铝冶炼企业开展现场调研及专家咨询,进而形成模型的基础数据库. 利用上述模型对我国2011年原铝冶炼过程碳排放进行核算. 结果表明:综合考虑氧化铝生产工艺结构、电解铝行业分布区域的电网能源结构,我国原铝冶炼系统CO₂排放因子(以铝锭计)为14.70t/t. 电解铝生产过程电耗相关排放占70%,南方电网区域电解铝生产电耗相关CO₂排放分别比华中、华北地区低13%、30%. 原铝冶炼行业可通过优先选用碳排放因子较低的物料、淘汰落后氧化铝工艺、开发引进低温低电压工艺技术等手段,进一步实现物料、工序及工艺的多层次温室气体减排.      

城市温室气体清单评价研究

城市消费了大量的能源,是全球人类活动温室气体的最大排放源,在应对气候变化中起到关键作用.城市温室气体清单评价成为重要的基础性工作,对于制定城市减排目标和计划、评估减排措施效果具有重要的意义.然而,城市开放的空间系统结构导致城市温室气体清单核算面临许多困难和挑战.本文对国内外城市温室气体清单方法和案例进行了回顾与展望,研究内容主要集中在比较城市清单和国家清单方法、联系和区别,分析清单编制的不确定性,在此基础上提出可借鉴的经验与启示,以期推动我国城市温室气体清单研究发展.     

Policy and technological constraints to implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation options in agriculture

A recent assessment of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has demonstrated significant potential for mitigation, but suggests that the full mitigation will not be realized due to significant barriers to implementation. In this paper, we explore the constraints and barriers to implementation important for GHG mitigation in agriculture. We also examine how climate and non-climate policy in different regions of the world has affected agricultural GHG emissions in the recent past, and how it may affect emissions and mitigation implementation in the future. We examine the links between mitigation and adaptation and drives for sustainable development and the potential for agricultural GHG mitigation in the future.We describe how some countries have initiated climate and non-climate policies believed to have direct effects or synergistic effects on mitigating GHG emissions from agriculture. Global sharing of innovative technologies for efficient use of land resources and agricultural chemicals, to eliminate poverty and malnutrition, will significantly mitigate GHG emissions from agriculture.Previous studies have shown that as less than 30% of the total biophysical potential for agricultural GHG mitigation might be achieved by 2030, due to price- and non-price-related barriers to implementation. The challenge for successful agricultural GHG mitigation will be to remove these barriers by implementing creative policies. Identifying policies that provide benefits for climate, as well as for aspects of economic, social and environmental sustainability, will be critical for ensuring that effective GHG mitigation options are widely implemented in the future.     

美国温室气体减排努力现状及近期动向

美国作为全球温室气体排放大国之一,在国际气候谈判中的立场至关重要。本文从州政府和地方政府角度总结了美国已采取的减排努力措施,分析了德班会议前后其应对气候变化动向,探讨了对我国采取温室气体减排行动和措施的借鉴意义和启示。美国由于受到持续低迷的经济环境,缓慢的国际气候谈判进程,以及2012年总统大选的影响,国内温室气体减排行动和措施实质进展缓慢,我国应总结和借鉴美国已采取减排行动措施的经验教训,从加快建立健全国内气候立法体系,推动国内碳市场建立出发,积极应对国内外气候变化制度中存在的不确定性,不断提高我国在国际气候谈判中的地位。