硒,砷联合致畸作用的体外全胚胎培养实验研究

用体外全胚胎培养模型探讨在硒和砷共存环境下，对旋转培养４８ｈ的大鼠胚胎（９．５ｄ）的生长发育和器官形态分化所产生的联合作用。结果表明，硒，砷联合毒性的主效应呈相互相拮抗的（Ｐ＝０．０００１）。除细胞干重指标外，其它反映胚胎生长发育和器官形态分化的各项指标均有明显好转，与正常对照组比较没有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５），砷在高剂量在（３．０μｇ／ｍＬ０，硒（０．５￣２．０μｇ／ｍＬ）对砷的毒性无明显缓解     

砷暴露对小鼠葡萄糖稳态的影响

通过饮水亚砷酸钠(NaAsO_2)暴露,研究了砷对小鼠葡萄糖稳态的影响及相关作用机制.结果发现,C57BL/6小鼠经饮水暴露5、50mg·L~(-1)As 6个月,每月空腹血糖和1~4个月内葡萄糖耐量与对照组无明显变化.砷暴露5、6个月导致葡萄糖耐量受损且具有剂量和时间依赖性,与此同时,血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性在5 mg·L~(-1)As组无明显改变,但50 mg·L~(-1)As组显著高于对照组;苏木精和伊红(HE)染色观察到砷暴露组小鼠肝脏结构损伤,炎性细胞浸润.此外,砷暴露组肝脏中促炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)mRNA水平显著上升,胰岛素受体底物(IRS2)和葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT2)mRNA转录水平下降,高剂量砷组基因表达的增减幅度较大.研究结果表明,长期砷暴露会引发实验动物葡萄糖耐量受损、肝脏功能和结构损伤,葡萄糖耐量受损可能与砷暴露组胰岛素受体后信号转导障碍和肝脏葡萄糖转运异常有关.     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的痕量砷、汞、硒

文章研究了用SK-2002 AFS analyser氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的砷、汞、硒的测定。在5％的酸度条件下加入5％硫脲＋5％抗坏血酸,20g／L的硼氢化钾为还原剂,调整仪器的空气和辅气流量及分析条件为文中条件,取水样中分别添加砷,汞,硒,使它们的浓度分别为2μg/L,0．4μg／L,4μg／L,连续测定12次,以砷,汞,硒的相对标准偏差分别为0．4％,1．1％,1．2％。取水样加入As,Hg,Se标准分别为2．0ng,0．6ng,4．0ng,测定的添加标准回收率分别为99．5％,97．5％,95．8％。研究结果表明,该方法操作简便,快速,灵敏,干扰少,检出限低等特点,适合于测定地表水和饮用水中砷,汞,硒的测定。     

高氟环境对奶牛生产和繁殖性能的影响

通过检测宁夏某地奶牛内外环境中的饮水、饲料和土壤氟、硒、铜及血氟、毛氟、尿氟和全血硒、铜，证实该场奶牛高氟低硒低硐。日粮添加０。２６ｍｇ／ｋｇ硒和３．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜。连续饲喂３个月，低硒低铜现象消失，但高氟仍旧存在。高氟使奶牛子宫复旧时间、首次发情时间 科后配妊天数分别延长６．６ｄ、６ｄ和３８．５ｄ，产后孕酮含量始终低于健康奶牛，同时，奶牛胎衣不下发病率和乳房炎发病率分别高于健康奶牛１６．７％和１     

低硒环境中人群对不同形态硒的保留量及其效应的研究

研究了低硒生态环境中有明显早期大骨节病病变的人群服用富硒酵母,亚硒酸钠和肌肉注射硒代二乙酸后体内硒保留量的动态变化。分析了治疗效应与摄入三种形态的硒后硒在体内保留量的关系,并与对照组作了比较。讨论了不同形态硒的生物活性。研究结果是三种形态的硒对早期大骨节病病变均有非常显著的疗效,再一次证明低硒生态环境是大骨节病流行的基础。     

硒酵母对汞中毒拮抗效应研究试验成功

贵州省环保科研所与北京大学生物系,为治疗汞中毒,共同进行的“硒酵母对汞中毒拮抗效应研究”试验成功.五月十六日,在贵阳通过鉴定. 此项研究,以酶的活力和实验动物的外观症状为指标.通过500只大鼠分组分批进行饲喂观察,测定大鼠的血、肝、肾中含汞     

吉林省区域环境中硒的生态风险评价

将硒的生物动力学模型和蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo）分析方法相结合,对吉林省居民血硒营养状况进行了定量生态风险评价研究研究结果表明,所建立的硒的生物动力学模型能够用于区域性居民血硒的预测预报模型．预测居民血硒平均值为0.044μg/mL,标准差为0.013,与实测血硒平均值0.043μg/mL,标准差0.019相比,无显著差异（P＞0.05）预测吉林省居民克山病发病的风险度为198％,与实测发病率16.4％较接近硒的生态风险评价模型的提出为人体内其他微量元素预测、预报模型的研究提供了范例．     

硒弹对工业氟污染区山羊有关血清酶及免疫机能的影响

为了探讨硒弹对山羊工业氟中毒的预防效果,把160只6—10月龄的本地山羊,分成一个对照组和三个补硒组,在氟重污染牧场上放牧18个月.同时,对一些血清酶及免疫功能进行了测定.补硒组与对照组相比,GSH-px及T-淋巴细胞转化率升高,而NAP.ALP、骨源性ALP、GOT降低.最后讨论了硒预防山羊氟中毒的机理及硒弹的应用前景.     

叶面施硒对水稻砷吸收积累影响的研究进展

硒对作物吸收重金属元素的影响，是土壤污染区能否生产富硒低重金属农产品的理论基础。在分析叶面施硒优缺点的基础上，重点分析了叶面施硒对水稻砷吸收、积累和再分配过程的可能影响途径。对叶面喷施的硒而言，叶片对硒的吸收和再分配能力、叶片硒在水稻体内的迁移和再积累过程、叶片硒在根部迁移积累和外排效应对水稻根部砷吸收、向上迁移和积累的影响是决定水稻砷富集的关键过程，施硒形态、施硒量和施硒生长期是影响砷积累的关键因素。并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

不同硒化合物在WISTAR大鼠主要组织器官中的分布

对Wistar大鼠一次性灌服亚硒酸钠、硒代硫酸软骨素、硒代蛋氨酸和硒酵母后,硒在小肠、肝脏、肾脏和心脏中的含量均有提高,不同硒化合物在不同脏器中的时效规律不完全相同,但主要脏器的硒排出过程均符合指数扩散规律.硒代蛋氨酸在脑中积累,在其他脏器中表现明显滞留效应.脏器硒含量顺序为硒代蛋氨酸>亚硒酸钠≈硒代硫酸软骨素>硒酵母.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.