Bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated medium using Lemna minor,Daphnia magna and their consortium

Single, dual and triple mixtures of totally seven different mixture combinations of the metals Al, Ba and Fe were examined in Lemna minor (L) culture, Daphnia magna (D) culture and in a consortium culture consisting of L. minor and D. magna. In this study: (a) differences in removed metal proportions at the end of 24 and 48?h, (b) differences in removed metal amounts due to cultures, (c) differences in the removed proportions of a metal in distinct mediums and (d) removal correlation of the metals due to cultures were investigated. The study results showed that among the metals Al, Ba and Fe, Al has the most toxic effect on organisms involved in this study. Although similar toxicity results of Al and Fe on test groups were observed, Ba gave different toxicity results on test groups. An overview of the bioremediation results indicates that L. minor removes the metals Al and Fe more successfully than Ba. Different mixture combinations of metals performed dissimilar removal results in the same cultures. According to the correlations analysis for the metals Ba and Fe, a high correlation was recorded between the consortium group and test groups containing only D. magna, r?=?0.88, r?=?0.91, respectively.     

氯霉素对大型溞的急性和慢性毒性效应研究

氯霉素是一种具有广谱杀菌作用的抗生素,曾在水产养殖中广泛使用,虽然目前已被列入我国渔药禁用清单,但在水环境中仍被大量检出。为探究氯霉素对水生生物的毒性作用,选择大型溞(Daphnia magna)作为受试生物,研究氯霉素对其急性毒性和慢性毒性效应,同时建立了氯霉素的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法,通过实测浓度分析确保实验过程中氯霉素浓度保持在可接受范围内。结果表明:氯霉素对大型溞的48 h半数抑制浓度(EC50)为129.5 mg·L~(-1),95%置信区间为124.4!150.9mg·L~(-1),对溞类的急性毒性为低毒;长期暴露能抑制大型溞的产溞数量,以繁殖量为毒性指标,21 d无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)为1.25 mg·L~(-1),最低可观测效应浓度(LOEC)为2.50 mg·L~(-1);各暴露组实测浓度范围在配制浓度的80%～110%,保证了实验的有效性。同时,利用实验获得的急慢性毒性数据,计算氯霉素对大型溞的急慢性毒性比(ACR),发现利用慢性毒性求得的ACR值比利用急性毒性EC10求得的ACR值更接近推荐值。研究表明氯霉素对大型溞的急性毒性低,但具有慢性毒性效应,其环境风险不容忽视。     

3种氯酚化合物对大型溞的联合毒性

氯酚类化合物是我国水体中广泛存在的一类优先控制污染物,以大型溞(Daphnia magna)为试验生物,测定了2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对大型溞的48 h致死的单一毒性和联合毒性.基于单一氯酚化合物的浓度-效应曲线,运用浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(IA)2个模型对2种等毒性浓度比的混合物(Mix-LC5...     

Acute toxicity of industrial endocrine-disrupting chemicals,natural and synthetic sex hormones to the freshwater planarian,Dugesia japonica

Many chemicals commonly occurring in surface water are found to be hormonally active. Fourteen compounds including four sex hormones, three synthetic hormones, one non-steroidal anti-androgen, and six industrial endocrine-disrupting chemicals were selected to examine their acute toxicities on the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica. Among all test chemicals, diethylstilbestrol had the highest toxicity. Relatively, the toxicities of the synthetic hormones were higher than the natural ones. Among the six industrial endocrine-disrupting chemicals tested, bisphenol A was the most toxic, with a 48-h LC₅₀ of 8.3 mg L^?1. Overall, the natural or synthetic hormones, other than estrone and estriol, were more acutely toxic to planarians than the industrial endocrine disruptors tested. The acute toxicities of the test chemicals to Dugesia japonica were in the same order of magnitude as those to Daphnia magna based on available published data. Despite this study used non-environmentally relevant levels, such kinds of chemicals do not exist singly in the aquatic environment, but typically act in synergistic and/or additive ways in the complex environmental mixtures, and the total estrogen equivalents are much higher than a single chemical. This study stands as a starting point for other acute and chronic assays, namely using mixtures.     

多种聚氧乙烯牛脂胺混合物MON 0818的水生环境危害评估：脉冲暴露后沉积物、温度和恢复能力的影响

我们对一种商业表面活性剂混合物(多种聚氧乙烯牛脂胺)MON 0818进行了一系列毒性测试：1. 测定底栖无脊椎动物和鱼类在沉积物存在的情况下受到的毒性；2.测定大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和4种初级生产者经过24 h的脉冲暴露之后的恢复能力；3.鉴定水体温度上升对于2种冷水鱼类所受到MON 0818毒性的潜在影响。在沉积物存在的情况下，5种生物中有3种在最高10 mg/L的浓度下短期(24 h)死亡率为零。其余2种物种的中位有效浓度则显著高于仅对水体进行测试的结果。15 ℃下北极红点鲑(Salvelinus alpinus)的半数有效浓度统计上低于10 ℃下。绿藻(Rhabdocelis subcapitata)和普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在经过24 h 1 mg/L的暴露后的恢复期中显示出生长延迟的状况，表明该暴露可能存在潜在影响。尽管如此，2个物种的最大绝对生长速率并未改变，表明其均可恢复。1.5 mg/L下的蝾螈共生藻(Oophila sp.)和100 mg/L下的浮萍(Lemna minor)经过24 h的暴露并未显示显著反应。24 h 5 mg/L暴露之后的恢复期中，大型蚤显示出潜在的死亡率。然而存活个体的生殖终端指标并未受到影响。结果表明在沉积物的存在下MON 0818的快速损耗可以减轻对于被暴露生物的效果，在不小于环境中可能出现的MON 0818浓度情况下，24 h暴露以后的生物的完全恢复是可能的。
精选自Jose L. Rodriguez-Gil, Ryan Prosser, Gregory Hanta, David Poirier, Linda Lissemore, Mark Hanson, Keith R. Solomon. Aquatic hazard assessment of MON 0818, a commercial mixture of alkylamine ethoxylates commonly used in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations. Part 2: Roles of sediment, temperature, and capacity for recovery following a pulsed exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 2, pages 512–521, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3558
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3558/full
     

Analysis of the toxicity of glyphosate and Faena® using the freshwater invertebrates Daphnia magna and Lecane quadridentata

With the present contribution an evaluation of the toxicity of the pure herbicide glyphosate and its commercial formulation Faena® is reported using the cladoceran Daphnia magna Strauss and the rotifer Lecane quadridentata Ehrenberg. LC₅₀, EC₅₀, NOEC, and LOEC values for each toxicant and for both test organisms are obtained. Regarding acute toxicity, Faena was 11-fold more toxic to L. quadridentata than pure glyphosate and slightly more toxic to D. magna (1.7-fold). Inhibition of esterase activity in L. quadridentata by glyphosate was the most sensitive end-point; the EC₅₀ was 1500-fold smaller than the LC₅₀. The implications of these results and their comparison with established international and national limit values for glyphosate are discussed.     

农药类化合物对大型溞的毒性作用模式:与基线毒性化合物比较研究

农药在控制有害生物的同时,对水生生态系统产生较大的毒性效应。本文通过实验获得了25种基线化合物对大型溞的急性毒性数据,并与57种农药类化合物对大型溞的急性毒性数据进行比较研究,同时根据体外浓度LC_(50)、生物富集因子BCF和体内临界浓度CBR的关系,计算了这些化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度,研究了农药类化合物对大型溞的毒性作用机理。结果表明,基线化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度log1/CBR值在一个很窄的范围波动,而农药类化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度log1/CBR值范围广且较高。这说明多数农药类化合物对大型溞为反应性毒性作用模式。其中,除草剂对大型溞的毒性显著低于杀菌剂和杀虫剂对大型溞的毒性。这可能是因为除草剂主要通过干扰植物光合作用、植物激素或植物分子合成发挥毒性效应,从而导致其对大型溞的生理系统难以发生反应性毒性效应。而杀虫剂和杀菌剂主要通过干扰生物神经系统、生殖系统、呼吸作用或大分子合成发挥毒性效应,因此易与大型溞生理系统发生生物化学反应,从而具有较高的毒性效应。本文分别建立了除草剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性QSAR模型。除草剂对大型溞的急性毒性机理较简单,其毒性与化合物疏水性程度和离子化程度有关;而杀菌剂对大型溞的急性毒性主要与化合物的标准生成热和极性表面积有关;杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性作用机理较复杂,它们对大型溞的毒性效应与其和生物分子之间的氢键和范德华力有关。     

PFOS潜在替代品全氟丁基磺酸钾对不同营养水平水生生物的毒性

全氟丁基磺酸钾(PFBSK)作为全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)潜在的替代品,极易溶于水,主要存在于水体中,因而其水生毒性的研究十分重要。采用OECD 201、OECD 202、OECD 203和OECD 211标准试验方法,研究了PFBSK对羊角月牙藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)和中国本土鱼种稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)的急性毒性效应以及对大型溞繁殖的影响。组合多终点急慢性水生生物毒性结果：PFBSK的急性毒性终点均大于100 mg·L^-1,大型溞繁殖试验的无观察效应浓度(NOEC)为571 mg·L^-1,最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为981 mg·L^-1。按GHS分类导则,PFBSK未表现出急性毒性和慢性毒性。与之相比,PFOS则对水生生物表现出毒性,黑头软口鲦(Pimephales promelas)为最敏感物种,其96 h-LC₅₀为4.7 mg·L^-1;大型溞繁殖试验的NOEC为12 mg·L^-1。按GHS分类导则,属于中等毒性物质。可见,PFBSK较PFOS水生毒性明显降低。     

Acute/chronic ratios to estimate chronic toxicity from acute data

Acute toxicity of 25 narcotic compounds to D. magna was determined in this paper. Acute/ Chronic Ratios (ACRs), which are often used to estimate chronic toxicity from acute toxicity data, are discussed based on Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships (QSARs) of the compounds between both acute and chronic toxicity data and n‐octanol/water partition coefficients, and an improved equation is derived to estimate chronic toxicity data from acute toxicity data. Application of the improved equation and ACRs is illustrated for D. magna and fathead minnow to estimate chronic toxicity from acute toxicity.     

2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚对大型溞的毒性效应

以实验室培养的大型溞为受试生物,进行了2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对大型溞的48h急性毒性实验和21d慢性毒性实验,并研究了暴露在不同质量浓度和处理时间的BDE-47中,大型溞的抗氧化酶系中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的酶活性变化。结果表明,BDE-47对大型溞的48h的半致死浓度为1.04mg·L-1,属于高毒物质;在BDE-47慢性毒性实验低浓度处理组中,大型溞的体长及繁殖能力受到了抑制,而高浓度处理组中大型溞的体长及繁殖能力上升,其中第一次产仔数和产卵总数是表征BDE-47慢性毒性的最灵敏参数。随着BDE-47浓度的增加,大型溞SOD和GST活性均呈现出低浓度诱导高浓度抑制的现象。SOD和GST均表现出一定的敏感性,但相对SOD,GST对BDE-47暴露更为敏感。     

The influence of arsenic speciation (AsIII & AsV) and concentration on the growth, uptake and translocation of arsenic in vegetable crops (silverbeet and amaranth): greenhouse study

We examined arsenic (As) uptake by vegetable crops (amaranth, Amaranthus gangeticus, and silverbeet, Beta vulgaris) as affected by As speciation (As^III and As^V) and their concentrations in nutrient solution. Amaranth and silverbeet were grown in a nutrient solution containing four levels of arsenate (As^V): 0, 1, 5, and 25 mg As/l and three levels of arsenite (As^III): 0, 5, 10 mg As/l. Both As^V and As^III are phytotoxic to these crops with the latter being five times more toxic. Amaranth treated with As^III exhibited As toxicity symptoms within 48 h of exposure and was close to death within 1 week. However, As^V treatment did not show clear toxicity symptoms other than wilting and yield reduction at the highest dose rate of 25 mg As^V/l. The main mechanism used by vegetable crops to tolerate As^V is probably avoidance—limiting As transport to shoots and increasing As accumulation in the root system. When As^V was added to the nutrient solution, the uptake of As in shoots increased and, at the highest dose (25 mg As^V/l), 60 μg As/g DW (3.6 mg/kg FW) accumulated in the edible portion, which exceeds the WHO recommended limit for food stuffs (2 mg/kg FW) as the water contents of the crops were 94%. It is therefore important to determine the nature of the As species and their bio-accessibility. Iron treatment with 0.5 mg NaFe(III)EDTA/l dose decreased silverbeet As uptake by 45% given its affinity to bind As at the root surface or root rhizosphere and so restrict As translocation to the shoots.     

Comparative sensitivities of the tropical cladoceran,Ceriodaphnia rigaudii and the temperate species Daphnia magna to seven toxicants

The toxicities of seven chemicals [cadmium (Cd) chloride, potassium dichromate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium chloride (KCl), Triton X-100, zinc (Zn) chloride and copper (Cu) (II) sulfate] were determined using the tropical freshwater cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia rigaudii and the temperate species, Daphnia magna. Data generated was subsequently used to determine the relative sensitivities of both species, using interspecies correlation to compare the 48?h LC50 values for both species. The 48?h LC50 values for C. rigaudii ranged from 0.002?mg?L^?1 (potassium dichromate) to 21.1?mg?L^?1 (KCl), whereas those for D. magna ranged from 0.3?mg?L^?1 for Cu to 418.87?mg?L^?1 for KCl. The LC50 values for C. rigaudii were significantly less than that for D. magna for six of the compounds tested. The interspecies correlation also showed a low, positive correlation suggesting that the sensitivities of both species were not similar for the compounds tested. The sensitivity factors for C. rigaudii and D. magna ranged between 0.01 and 12.3. These values further suggested that for six of the compounds tested, C. rigaudii appeared to be more sensitive than D. magna. It is therefore possible that because of these differences in relative sensitivities, toxicity data generated with D. magna may not be appropriate for Trinidad.     

敌草快对藻类和溞类的急性毒性及其水中含量测定

敌草快是一种非选择性、广谱的联吡啶类触杀性除草剂,主要通过干扰植物细胞膜、破坏光合作用而快速发挥效果。为探究敌草快对水生生物的毒性,测定了该化合物对羊角月芽藻和大型溞的急性毒性,并建立了高效液相色谱法测定水中敌草快含量的方法。结果表明:检测方法在1.00×10-2~3.00×10-2mg a.i.·L-1范围内的线性相关系数为0.99995,添加回收率在90.3%~109%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.10%~10.3%,保留时间在7.2 min左右。按实测浓度和理论浓度分别计算敌草快对羊角月芽藻的72 h的半数效应浓度EyC50(72 h-EyC50),分别为3.16×10-2mg a.i.·L-1和3.32×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,均为高毒;对大型溞48 h的半数效应浓度EC50(48 h-EC50)分别为1.18×10-2mg a.i.·L-1和1.33×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,均为剧毒。     

Joint toxicity of copper and diazinon during embryonic and larval development of the common South American toad,Rhinella arenarum

Copper (Cu) and diazinon are two widely distributed pollutants; they coexist in agro-ecosystems and cause toxicity to wild biota. This study proposes to analyse the joint toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu and diazinon on the early development of the South American toad, Rhinella arenarum by means of a standardised test. Cu was always more toxic than diazinon. Cu was more embryotoxic while the pesticide was more toxic during the larval exposure than during the embryonic period. The different Cu/diazinon mixtures proportions assayed were significantly less toxic than expected by additive effects. Thus, an antagonistic interaction pattern was observed. This pattern was independent of the assayed proportion, the exposure times and the exposure developmental periods. In the risk assessment analysis to establish water quality criteria, the joint toxicity should be considered at different ratios, exposure time and life period for a certain species, in order to preserve wild species.     

Evaluation of tests to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils

An acid metal-contaminated soil from the Aljustrel mining area (a pyrite mine located in SW Portugal in the Iberian Pyrite Belt) was subjected to chemical characterisation and total metal quantification (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Water-soluble metals were determined and a sequential extraction procedure was used to investigate metal speciation. Two bioavailable metal fractions were determined: a mobile fraction and a mobilisable fraction. Soil ecotoxicity was studied using a battery of bioassays: plant growth test and seed germination with cress (Lepidium sativum L.), earthworm (Eisenia fetida) mortality, E. fetida avoidance behaviour, luminescent inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna immobilisation. Although the total content of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil was large (362, 245 and 1,250 mg/kg dry matter, respectively), these metals were mostly structurally bound (87% for Cu, 81% for Zn and 89% for Pb) and, therefore, scarcely bioavailable. Nonetheless, the D. magna immobilization test using soil leachate showed an EC₅₀ (48 h) of 36.3% (v/v), and the luminescent inhibition of V. fischeri presented an EC₂₀ (15 min) of 45.2% and an EC₂₀ (30 min) of 10.7% (v/v), suggesting a considerable toxic effect. In the direct exposure bioassays, E. fetida avoided the mine soil at the highest concentrations (50%, 75% and 100% v/v). At the same soil concentrations, cress showed negligible growth. The results suggest the need to use a battery of toxicity tests, in conjunction with chemical methods, in order to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils correctly.     

Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity?

Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry.     

Quality of groundwater contaminated by leachates from seven Polish landfills – chemical and ecotoxicological classifications

The article presents the results of screening research on acute toxicity of groundwater contaminated by leachates to the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (ToxAlert 100® test) and crustacean Daphnia magna (Daphtoxkit F? magna test according to PN-EN ISO 6341), as well as on chronic toxicity to D. magna (test according to ISO 10706). The groundwater samples were taken from seven large city landfills in the Pomeranian province (Poland), which were open before 1990 and designed without proper attention to being leak-tight. Due to the lack of either European or Polish classification of ecotoxicological qualities of surface and underground waters, an attempt was made to evaluate the ecotoxicological quality of the examined waters on the basis of the Helsinki Committee's recommendations for industrial effluents, the classification of sediment according to Krebs (Krebs F. The pT-value as a classification index in aquatic toxicology. GIT Edition Umweltanalytik-Umweltschutz 1988;1:57–63) and the classification system of toxicity levels for natural waters and sewers, recently proposed by Persoone et al. (Persoone G, Marsalek B, Blinova, I, Törökne A, Zarina D, Manusadzianas L, Nalecz-Jawecki G, Tofan L, Stepanova N, Tothova L, Kolar B. A practical and user-friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters. Environ. Toxicol. 2003;18 (6):395-402).     

广州市某A2/O工艺城镇污水处理厂出水对大型溞的生殖毒性作用

城镇污水处理厂废水中存在大量生物毒性物质,但该废水对动物的生殖能力影响研究还十分缺乏。利用大型溞暴露实验,检测广州市某采用A~2/O工艺的城镇污水处理厂出水的急性毒性和生殖毒性。48 h急性毒性实验表明,所有水样均未表现出急性毒性效应。慢性生殖毒性(14 d)测试结果表明:(1)从进水到缺氧池出水均能显著提高第一胎产溞数量;(2)进水和沉砂池出水显著增加受试期总产溞数量;(3)从厌氧池到出水工艺段受试溞的第一胎产溞时间均推后;(4)好氧池出水的毒性显著降低,但仍然对大型溞具有生殖毒性。研究表明,好氧池(A~2/O)工艺能够显著去除具有大型溞生殖毒性的物质,但污水处理厂废水的生殖毒性仍需要引起关注。     

3种新型污染物对发光菌的毒性作用研究

分析了3种常见的代表性新型污染物对发光菌的单一毒性和等毒性比例下的联合毒性,基于毒性单位法(TU)、相加指数法(AI)和混合毒性指数法(MTI)评价混合体系联合毒性作用类型。三氯生、五氯酚、双酚A对发光菌的半数效应浓度(EC_(50))分别为:0.045、0.035、0.74 mg·L~(-1)。不同的评价方法对3种新型污染物的联合效应评价结果具有较好的一致性,多元混合体系呈现为不同程度的拮抗作用,结合分子结构特征和不同取代基的相互作用,初步分析了联合毒性机理,进一步毒性作用机制还需要通过对生物生理生化响应等进行深入研究。新型污染物混合体系对发光菌的联合作用呈现以拮抗作用为主,表明此类污染物环境残留可导致相关化学品功效降低,引发微生物耐药性的产生和传播的风险。     

3种农药及其复配剂对意大利工蜂的急性经口毒性

采用"小烧杯法"测定了3种农药及其复配剂对意大利工蜂的24 h、48 h急性经口毒性,根据我国《化学农药环境安全评价实验准则》中蜜蜂急性经口毒性划分等级可知,对意大利工蜂,35%精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂属"低毒"级,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂属"高毒"级,25 g·L~(-1)咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂属"低毒",25%噻虫嗪-咯菌腈-精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂也属"高毒"级。