一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌的分离及生理特性研究

本文从四川自贡盐厂卤水污泥中，分离出一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌。菌体为短杆状，０．９－１．１×２．０－２．５μｍ，革兰氏染色阴性，形成芽孢，不含脱硫孤菌素。固体培养基上无Ｆｅ２＋时，菌落为半透明状；有Ｆｅ２＋时菌落为黑色，直径为１－３ｍｍ。利用乳酸盐作为碳源，利用乙酸盐时必须添加生长因子。能在５％－２５％（Ｗ／Ｖ）Ｎａｃｌ浓度范围内生长，最适生长浓度为９％－１３％（Ｗ／Ｖ）。最适生长温度为３５℃。最适生长ｐＨ值为７．０．根据形态和生理生化特征，该菌为脱硫肠状菌属，但与该属已报导的硫酸盐还原菌在嗜盐、碳源利用、最适生长温度以及其它一些特征上均有不同，因此可能是个新种。该菌是目前已报道的嗜盐浓度最高的硫酸盐还原菌。     

一种由质粒编码的葡萄球菌素的特性

从５８株具不同质粒谱的抗生素抗药性金黄色葡萄球菌中经筛选得菌株８５０４１．它所产生的抗菌活性物质能抗热７５～８０℃１ｈ；对蛋白分解酶敏感，包括胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶Ｅ、蛋白酶Ｂ．Ｐ，抗ＤＮａｓｅ及ＲＮａｓｅ；抗菌谱显示，在４株葡萄球菌类中只对金黄色葡萄球菌２０９Ｐ有抗菌活性，而对４株肠道菌及枯草芽胞杆菌无作用．据此认为，该抗菌物质属细菌素（葡萄球菌素）．用ＳＤＳ及４３℃处理产细菌素菌株，进行质粒消除试验及其质粒ＤＮＡ琼脂糖凝胶电泳，证明菌株８５０４１有一个Ｍｒ≈２４．４×１０６的产细菌素质检．     

云南,西藏热泉中主要微生物类群及其金成矿作用的研究

从地质微生物生态学的角度研究和阐述了云南和西藏热泉中主要微生物类群及其金成矿作用．发现了热泉中存在的嗜热好氧菌优势菌属为并孢杆菌（Racillus）,放线菌中的优势菌属为链霉菌（Streptomyces）,真菌中优势菌属为曲霉（Aspergillus）,厌氧菌中优势菌为硫酸盐还原菌的脱硫肠状菌属（Desulfotomaculum）和核状芽孢杆菌属（Clostridium）,对吸附聚金、沉淀金的功能菌进行的研究发现．嗜热细菌对溶解金有明显的吸附聚金作用,表明原溶液金大多富集于细胞体;并以芽孢杆菌属K12－1菌株等进行了吸附聚金条件试验．     

一株嗜热硫酸盐还原菌的分离和生物学特性研究

从四川化工总厂热交换器中分离到一株嗜热硫酸盐还原菌。菌体呈微弯杆状或直杆状，大小０．５─０．８μｍ×２．８─３．４μｍ，革兰氏阴性，周身鞭毛，运动，形成次端生椭圆形芽孢。细胞内膜皱折较多。该菌在不含Ｆｅ２＋盐培养基中生长，菌落呈灰白色，直径０．５ｍｍ．边缘不整齐；在含Ｆｅ２＋盐培养基中生长，菌落呈黑色，直径２─３ｍｍ，菌落中央有０．５ｍｍ直径的突起。最适生长温度为５０℃，最适ｐＨ６．５，不耐盐，于沸水中处理６ｈ不失活；能分别以Ｈ２＋ＣＯ２、乙醇、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、甲酸盐、乳酸盐或丙酮酸盐为唯一碳源；生长需要酵母膏。无脱硫弧菌素和细胞色素Ｃ３。该菌可能为新种。     

电话机的寿命周期设计

电话机的寿命周期设计ＣａｒｌｏＶｅｚｚｏｌｉ,ＣＩＲ．ＩＳ－ＵＲ．ＰＳ,跨系研究中心,“为环境可持续性而革新”研究组,ＰｒｏｄｕｃｔａｎｄＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓＤＩＴｅｃＤｅｐｔ．,ＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＭｉｌａｎ,ＶｉａＢｏｎａｒ...     

BACILLUS SP. BT-7木聚糖酶基因克隆与鉴定

报道了从一株有较高半纤维素酶活性的Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．ＢＴ７克隆内切木聚糖酶基因的结果．以大肠杆菌ＸＬ１ｂｌｕｅ为宿主菌,采用水解圈检测法,在含有ＲＢＢ木聚糖（４氧甲基Ｄ葡萄糖苷Ｄ木聚糖Ｒｅｍａｚｏｌ亮蓝Ｒ）的平板上分离到能水解ＲＢＢ木聚糖的阳性克隆３个,对它们进行的限制酶作图和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析表明,它们属于３种不同的内切木聚糖酶基因     

光合细菌在水产养殖中的应用[综述]

光合细菌（ＰｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃＢａｃｔｅｒｉａ,以下简称ＰＳＢ）是地球上最早出现的一大类能以光作为能源,以ＣＯ２和有机物作为光合作用碳源,以有机物、氢气或硫化物为供氢体而营养繁殖的原核生物的总称;除蓝细菌外都能在厌氧光照条件下进行不产氧的光合作用．ＰＳＢ分布广泛（见表１）,类型多样,根据《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》（第九版）ＰＳＢ可分为六个类群,２７个属（见表２）．其中的红色非硫细菌由于其分解利用有机物能力强、营养丰富,因而得到广泛的应用．表１　各种环境下ＰＳＢ数量（ｎ（ＰＳＢ）／ｇ－１）Ｔａｂ…     

不同菌源的微生物对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯生物降解性的比较

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１（ 荧光假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｆ Ｓ１） ,从处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出２ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ２（ 铜绿假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎａｓａ Ｆ Ｓ２） 和 Ｆ Ｓ３（ 短杆菌 Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｓｐ ． Ｆ Ｓ３） ． 研究了邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ , Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（ Ｄ Ｍ Ｐ） 的最适降解条件,比较了其降解特性． Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 最适酸度分别为ｐ Ｈ６ ．５ ～８ ．０ 、ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ 和ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ ,温度为２０ ～３５ ℃、１５ ～３５ ℃和１５ ～３５ ℃．邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的降解的半寿期： Ｆ Ｓ１ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ２ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ３ ,邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 是一株高效的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯降解菌     

转化血型用蕃茄α－D－半乳糖苷酶的分离、纯化及理化性质

成熟蕃茄匀浆后，经硫酸铵盐析，ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－５０离子交换层析，ＳｅｐａｄｅｘＧ－１００凝胶过滤和Ｍｅｌｉｂｉｏｓｅ－Ａｇａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析，获得了α－Ｄ－半乳糖苷酶（Ｃ．Ｅ．３．２．１．１１）。酶制剂经ＰＡＧＥ检测为一条带；ＳＤＳ－Ｇ－ＰＡＧＥ测得酶Ｍｒ为３４０００；比活力５２．９Ｕ／ｍｇ·；提纯倍数为５２９０１产率为４５％．酶专－催化以α－Ｄ－半乳糖为末端ａ－（１，３）连接的糖苷键，以ＰＮＰＧ（对硝基苯－α－Ｄ－半乳糖昔）为废物，酶催化反应的Ｋｍ＝０．１１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｖｍａｘ为６７μｍｏｌ·ｍｇ１－·ｍｉｎ－１．ｔ稳定范是０～３５℃；ＰＨ稳定范围是４．０～７．０．最适ｐＨ为５．１．半乳糖是酶的竞争性抑制剂；Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋、Ａｇ＋和ＥＤＴＡ对酶活性无影响．纯酶制剂可作为Ｂ型血向Ｏ型血转化的工具酶液．     

紫云英根瘤分离菌株质粒多样性的研究

从广东、广西、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江、江苏７省紫云英（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓＬ．）主要分布区４６个采集点的紫云英根瘤中分离到１０１个菌株．检测发现有１６种不同质粒类型,所含质粒１～４个不等,含两个质粒的菌株占绝大部分,质粒Ｍｒ为３６×１０６～３６４×１０６．用克隆Ｍ．ｈｕａｋｕｉ７６５３Ｒ的ｎｏｄＤＢＣ４．２ｋｂ片段为探针（α３２ｐｄＣＴＰ）进行的分子杂交结果表明,所有这些菌株均含有共生质粒,通常为第一大质粒,但Ｃ、Ｌ、Ｍ、Ｎ和Ｏ型为第二大质粒,共生质粒Ｍｒ在１３１×１０６～３６４×１０６之间．比较质粒类型与１６Ｓ２３ＳｒＤＮＡＩＧＳ（ｐＨｒ,ｐ２３ＳＲ０１）ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ分析结果表明,ＩＧＳ类型不同,即使在同一植株分离所得的根瘤其质粒类型常不同,但在同一植株上分离菌株的质粒类型相同,则其ＩＧＳ常表现相同．表明质粒的类型是细菌染色体背景和细菌外环境（如共生条件等）共同作用的结果     

施肥模式对蔬菜产量、硝酸盐含量及模拟土柱氮磷淋失的影响

采用模拟土柱试验方法,通过连续种植2茬蔬菜,研究7种不同施肥模式[即:不施肥,化肥(基施),化肥(基、追肥各半),化肥+双氰胺(基施),化肥+双氰胺(基、追肥各半),化肥+有机肥(N各半),有机肥(基施)]对蔬菜产量、硝酸盐含量及模拟土柱氮、磷随渗漏水淋溶损失的影响.结果表明,"化肥+双氰胺(基施)"和"有机肥(基施)"2种施肥模式,不仅能使蔬菜获得较高的产量、硝酸盐含量较低,还能明显减少蔬菜种植期间模拟土柱硝态氮、铵态氮和水溶性总磷随渗漏水淋溶的损失量,从而有效减少菜地土壤的氮、磷对地下水造成的农业面源污染.     

Comparison of four different methods for reliability evaluation of ecotoxicity data: a case study of non-standard test data used in environmental risk assessments of pharmaceutical substances

Part 2 presents measures at the city scale, which are distinguished into object- and area-related means. The former ones include emission reduction, energy gaining and saving, as well as the climate-improving impact of rooftop and façade greening. Area-related means refer to the reduction of radiation temperature through shading and transpiration as well as impact of urban green areas of different size on the urban climate. Furthermore the opportunities to use subsurface urban heat island as an energy-reservoir for cooling or heating are discussed.     

氨氧化木质素作为硝化抑制剂的研究

通过室内培养实验对氨氧化木质素(AOL)的硝化抑制作用进行了探讨。在相同条件下,分别加AOL和DCD处理的铵态氮质量分数都要比未加硝化抑制剂处理的高;相应地,在开始阶段硝态氮质量分数也要比未加硝化抑制剂处理的低。研究结果表明,AOL作为硝化抑制剂是有效果的。     

广州市环境卫生数据库信息系统的建立和研究

本文主要介绍了ＧＺＥＳＭＩＳ研制的意义,目标,系统的基本内容,系统功能分析,特点,开发的软硬件环境。本系统得在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９８环境下,数据库采用ＭｉｃｒｏＳｏｆｔ Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ系列,空间图形处理软件,采用最新的ＡｕｔｏＤｅｓｋＷｏｒｌｄ专业版;图形制作软件选用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ;工作语言软件则采用Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｂａｓｉｃ５．０专业版,建立了全中文界面的多媒体环卫管理信息系统。     

Economic aspects of natural resource exploitation

Low entropy accumulations of matter and energy are more economic for humans to exploit as natural resources. This accumulation of a resource takes place over time and the most concentrated resources, such as fossil fuels, are created over geological ages. As the most concentrated resources become depleted it may be possible for technology to enable the exploitation of less concentrated resources, such as low-grade metal ores or thinly populated fishing grounds. Analysis of the timescales necessary to create different types of natural resource reveals three distinct groups. Further consideration of economic characteristics of resources, including ownership and access, and rate of consumption relative to rate of supply confirms the grouping of resources into the three distinct groups. Rate of change of entropy as a resource is exploited is an indicator of its impact on the environment. Consideration of this again suggests three distinct groups of resources, and this paper identifies them as: continuous natural resources (CNR), such as solar power and wind power; potentially renewable resources (PRR), such as fish and forests; and non-renewable resources (NRR), such as fossil fuels and metals.     

Antioxidant effect of L-cysteine on sodium-valproate-induced oxidative stress in rat liver: biochemical and ultrastructural approaches

L-Cysteine has protective efficacy in cases of oxidative tissue injury. Sodium valproate is widely used as an anticonvulsant and an antidepressant in spite of hepatotoxicity as side effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective role of L-cysteine in liver toxicity induced by sodium valproate overdose. Release of the hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and levels of lipid profiles, as well as the oxidative, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidant were assessed. Liver damage was judged histologically. L-Cysteine decreased the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as improved the level of lipid profile, increased the enzymatic antioxidant (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase), and decreased the lipid peroxidation. L-Cysteine administration inhibited liver injury of sodium valproate.     

Fish guts as chemical reactors: a model of the alimentary canals of marine herbivorous fishes

The alimentary canals of marine herbivorous fishes are variously composed of a few basic structures strung together in series. We model the structures where digestive processes occur as chemical reactors following the model of Penry and Jumars: the stomach as a batch or continuous-flow stirred-tank (CSTR), the intestine as a plug-flow reactor (PFR), and the hindgut caecum as a CSTR. Other structures, where food is mechanically processed-gill rakers, pharyngeal mills, and muscular stomachs-are classified as gates. The optimality criterion for the model is the digestion of the most nutrient in the least amount of time. With the model we are able to predict gut configuration as a function of nutrient concentration and hypothesize that the guts of herbivorous fishes always have a PFR component and may or may not have a CSTR component. The Penry-Jumars model appears to provide a consistent theoretical framework for four main types of digestive mechanisms in marine herbivorous fishes and offers specific testable hypotheses on the feeding ecology and digestive physiology of four representative species of fish as well as other, still unstudied, herbivorous fishes.Contribution No. 68 from the Ocean Studies Institute, Long Beach, California 90840, USA     

A cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative air quality control strategies

A number of linear programming models purport to minimize the costs of emission control to achieve ambient air quality standards. Many of the simulations incorporate the simplifying assumption that improvements in ambient air quality are proportional to reductions in regional emissions. This approach minimizes the cost of mass emission reduction, but not the cost to achieve a prescribed ambient air quality. The costs of this emissions least-cost strategy are compared to an ambient least-cost strategy which does achieve prescribed ambient air quality at minimum cost. The cost saving achieved by this strategy relative to the emissions least-cost strategy is as much as 50670. In addition, both are compared to a strategy typical of those currently used by the states, which is found to be as much as ten times as expensive as the ambient least-cost strategy.     

Herbivory-mediated pollinator limitation: negative impacts of induced volatiles on plant-pollinator interactions

Although induced plant responses to herbivory are well studied as mechanisms of resistance, how induction shapes community interactions and ultimately plant fitness is still relatively unknown. Using a wild tomato, Solanum peruvianum, native to the Peruvian Andes, we evaluated the disruption of pollination as a potential ecological cost of induced responses. More specifically, we tested the hypothesis that metabolic changes in herbivore-attacked plants, such as the herbivore-induced emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), alter pollinator behavior and consequentially affect plant fitness. We conducted a series of manipulative field experiments to evaluate the role of herbivore-induced vegetative and floral VOC emissions as mechanisms by which herbivory affects pollinator behavior. In field surveys and bioassays in the plants' native habitat, we found that real and simulated herbivory (methyl jasmonate application) reduced attractiveness of S. peruvianum flowers to their native pollinators. We show that reduced pollinator preference, not resource limitation due to leaf tissue removal, resulted in reduced seed set. Solitary bee pollinators use floral plant volatiles, emitted in response to herbivory or methyl jasmonate treatment, as cues to avoid inflorescences on damaged plants. This herbivory-induced pollinator limitation can be viewed as a general cost of induced plant responses as well as a specific cost of herbivory-induced volatile emission.     

3 forest simulation model

The 3 forest simulation model is a process model of tree growth, carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a single-species, even-aged forest stand. It is based on the model. Major changes include the computation of sun angle and radiation as a function of latitude and day of the year, the closed-form integration of canopy production as a function of day and hour, the introduction of tree number, height, and diameter as separate state variables, and different growth strategies, mortalities, and resulting self-thinning as function of crowding competition.The tree/soil system is described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the state variables: tree number, base diameter, tree height, wood biomass, nitrogen in wood, leaf mass, fine root mass, fruit biomass, assimilate, carbon and nitrogen in litter, carbon and nitrogen in soil organic matter, and plant-available nitrogen. The model includes explicit formulations of all relevant ecophysiological processes such as: computation of radiation as a function of seasonal time, daytime and cloudiness, light attenuation in the canopy, and canopy photosynthesis as function of latitude, seasonal time, and daytime, respiration of all parts, assimilate allocation, increment formation, nitrogen fixation, mineralization, humification and leaching, forest management (thinning, felling, litter removal, fertilization etc.), temperature effects on respiration and decomposition, and environmental effects (pollution damage to photosynthesis, leaves, and fine roots). Only ecophysiological parameters which can be either directly measured or estimated with reasonable certainty are used. 3 is a generic process model which requires species- and site-specific parametrization. It can be applied to deciduous and coniferous forests under tropical, as well as temperate or boreal conditions.The paper presents a full documentation of the mathematical model as well as representative simulation results for spruce and acacia.