三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓的联合毒性效应

近年来农药复配使用成为普遍现象,它对生态的危害是否有别于农药单独使用?采用OECD人工土壤法,通过急性毒性、回避行为及抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、SOD)活性3个生态响应水平,研究三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓的联合毒性效应。结果表明:三唑磷对蚯蚓7 d和14 d的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为331.1 mg·kg~(-1)和122.0 mg·kg~(-1);氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓7 d LC50和14 d LC50分别为897.9 mg·kg~(-1)和656.7 mg·kg~(-1)。2种农药按毒性比1:1复配,表现为协同作用。三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓48 h的半数回避浓度(AC50)分别是41.6 mg·kg~(-1)和6.0 mg·kg~(-1),两者亦表现为协同作用。经2种农药单独处理,蚯蚓体内CAT活性呈现轻微上升后下降,而POD和SOD活性无明显变化;复配导致POD活力显著上升,而CAT和SOD活力则显著下降。研究表明:三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯复配呈现协同作用,增强彼此对蚯蚓的毒性作用,增大土壤生态危害风险;联合效应的产生与其阻断神经传导这一共同靶标有关。     

7种拟除虫菊酯农药对卤虫的急性毒性研究

为了研究7种拟除虫菊酯农药对美国大盐湖卤虫(GSL Artemia)的急性毒性效应,挑选18~24 h内孵出的卤虫,继续培养24 h后得到Ⅱ~Ⅲ龄卤虫无节幼体,将其暴露于所设浓度梯度的拟除虫菊酯溶液中进行24 h急性毒性实验,记录卤虫无节幼体在各浓度溶液中的死亡情况,并将所得数据进行Probit分析。结果表明,卤虫对不同拟除虫菊酯的敏感性相差较大。氯菊酯、氯烯炔菊酯、炔咪菊酯、胺菊酯、联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯对卤虫的24 h半致死浓度(24 h-LC50)分别为4.68、14.82、18.12、38.21、>100、>100和>100 mg.L-1。因此,在含有卤虫的盐水环境中,应尽量避免使用毒性较高的氯菊酯,而选择使用联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯等毒性较低的农药。     

珠江河口沉积物中拟除虫菊酯类农药污染及毒性评价

拟除虫菊酯农药是一种广谱、高效、低毒、低残留的亲脂性杀虫剂,它会随农田排水、降雨淋洗进入水体,最终进入沉积环境,故沉积物是其最终归宿之一。本研究针对珠江河口沉积物中菊酯类农药的污染状况进行调查,研究它们的含量、组成比例、污染来源及其潜在毒性,为珠江渔业水生生态环境管理及掌握环境中有机污染情况提供依据,对保护渔业环境安全有十分重要的意义。2012年5月采集珠江河口表层沉积物,采用气相色谱法-电子捕获法（GC-ECD）对表层沉积物中联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯进行残留检测,并利用其对钩虾的生物毒性来评价沉积物的潜在毒性。结果显示,表层沉积物（以干质量计）中7种菊酯类农药质量分数介于ND~6.59μg·kg-1（ND表示未检出）,平均值为0.75μg·kg-1,其总质量分数与有机碳质量分数呈现一定的正相关性;组成比例表明,氯菊酯最多,占总量的57.63%,它的检出率为61.90%,甲氰菊酯其次,约占总量的16.39%,检出率为28.57%,氯菊酯占主要组成部分,可能与其在珠江三角洲居民生活中被大量使用及其降解速率有关;珠江桥采样点高浓度的菊酯类农药的检出（6.59μg·kg-1）,可能与其靠近人口密集和经济发达的广州有关;与国内外其他地区相比,珠江河口沉积物中菊酯农药处于较低水平;采用毒性单元TU（选用钩虾Hyallela Azteca的LC50）进行毒性评估,∑TU值范围为0~0.09,远远低于1,表明珠江河口拟除虫菊酯不存在生态风险。     

2种拟除虫菊酯类农药对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶的毒性效应

拟除虫菊酯类农药已经逐渐代替有机磷等农药被大量使用,给土壤动物带来潜在生态风险.本研究选择了土壤模式生物赤子爱胜蚓为受试生物,考察2种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯)对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶)的影响.结果表明,α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-Glu)活性在暴露初期被联苯菊酯诱导,随着时间的延长,出现抑制作用,而氟氯氰菊酯对α-Glu活性的影响主要呈现抑制作用.3种蛋白酶活性在暴露初期被联苯菊酯显著诱导和被氟氯氰菊酯显著抑制,且随着时间的推移,影响作用减弱.研究表明,联苯菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯对消化酶的影响呈现相反趋势,3种蛋白酶活性可以作为评估2种拟除虫菊酯类农药毒性的早期指标.研究结果为阐释拟除虫菊酯类农药对土壤蚯蚓的毒性机制提供数据支撑,为评估拟除虫菊酯类农药的生态风险提供了潜在生物标志物.     

长三角地区池塘养殖水产品体内农药类污染与食用风险评价

为了解池塘养殖水产品体内的农药污染情况,以便为水产品质量评价及保障当地居民的饮食健康提供科学依据,本研究采用气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)对长三角地区13个养殖池塘中5类(蟹类、鳖类、蚌类、虾类、鱼类)水产品体内9种有机磷农药(OPPs)、8种有机氯农药(OCPs)以及4种拟除虫菊酯类农药(SPs)进行了检测,并初步分析了其污染来源。结果表明,水产品体内3类农药均有检出,但残留水平均不高,OPPs残留总量为未检出至299 ng·g-1(dw),三唑磷、伏杀硫磷、喹硫磷和毒死蜱较易在水产品体内蓄积;OCPs残留总量为16~82 ng·g-1(dw),主要污染物为六六六(HCHs),主要来自历史残留;SPs残留总量为44~89 ng·g-1(dw),主要污染物为高效氯氟氰菊酯。水产品体内的农药污染可能与养殖池塘中的沉积物污染密切相关。5类水产品体内3类农药的总风险指数(HI)为0.0020~0.046,远小于1,因此,长三角地区由3类农药造成的健康风险处于安全水平。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米和土壤中的残留及消解动态

研究了济南和哈尔滨两年两地的玉米Zea maysL.经高效氯氟氰菊酯种子处理微囊悬浮剂拌种后,高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米植株、籽粒和土壤中的最终残留量,以及在玉米植株和土壤中的降解动力学规律。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯最终残留在植株、籽粒和土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.005mg·kg-1、〈0.001mg·kg-1和≤0.053mg·kg-1;在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期19.6～28.1d,消解速率哈尔滨慢于济南,这可能与土壤含水量和气温等有关。本研究为制定该农药在玉米上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

长三角地区土壤中有机氯农药残留量及其分布特征

为了解长三角地区的有机氯农药的残留状况及空间分布特征,本研究选取南京、上海、吴江以及启东作为试验区域,采用加速溶剂萃取技术(ASE)和EPA 8081a-有机氯气相色谱法对该区域34个采样点的土壤样品进行检测.结果表明,该区域普遍检测出有机氯农药的残留,且表层土壤为主要残留层,随着深度增加,有机氯农药的残留量逐渐减少.表层土壤中,∑OCPs残留量介于ND—157.66μg·kg~(-1)之间.其中DDTs的检出率为91%,残留范围为ND—119.85μg·kg~(-1),均值为7.6μg·kg~(-1),占∑OCPs的81%.HCHs和六氯苯的检出率分别为60%、44%,残留范围分别为ND—15.79μg·kg~(-1)、ND—22.02μg·kg~(-1).有机氯农药类别中主要的残留物为p,p'-DDE,占OCPs残留总量的45%以上,(DDD+DDE)/DDTs0.5的样点约占样点数的88%.受试点均未检测到七氯、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、氯丹、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂等组分.对于农业区不同利用类型区域,表层土壤中∑OCPs残留均值为:农业区树林、水果林(5.37μg·kg~(-1))农业区菜地(3.93μg·kg~(-1))农业区农田(2.98μg·kg~(-1))农业区稻田(2.48μg·kg~(-1)).对于不同功能区表层土壤中∑OCPs残留均值为:江滩沉积物(37.92μg·kg~(-1))农业区(7.99μg·kg~(-1))工业区(5.03μg·kg~(-1)).本次调查对该地区的污染水平做出初步评价,所得数据可为该地区的生态环境建设及生态风险评价提供理论依据.     

某地区两个燃煤电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态安全评价

为了解与评价同一地区2个燃煤电厂(A和B)周边农田土壤多环芳烃的污染状况,按照点源扇形布点原则,在电厂周边常年主导上下风向1500 m范围内布点,在远离电厂10 km以上的常年主导风向的上风向设置对照点,参照《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T 166-2004)共采集33个农田土壤样品.取经过处理的样品5.00 g,用乙腈超声提取、浓缩后,HPLC法测定15种PAHs的含量.描述其空间分布特征,采用特征污染物分析、环数分析法及聚类分析等方法分析污染来源,运用荷兰分级标准评价法进行生态安全评价.结果显示运行57年的A电厂周边农田土壤中BaP为30.3μg·kg~(-1)(0.668—81.5μg·kg~(-1)),15种PAHs总量为482μg·kg~(-1)(107—1000μg·kg~(-1)),TEQ(BaP)为43.5μg·kg~(-1)(2.27—124μg·kg~(-1)),明显高于运行8年B电厂的7.32μg·kg~(-1)(2.56—15.0μg·kg~(-1))、227μg·kg~(-1)(158—415μg·kg~(-1))和10.3μg·kg~(-1)(3.90—20.1μg·kg~(-1))以及对照区的9.62μg·kg~(-1)(0.347—23.9μg·kg~(-1))、193μg·kg~(-1)(76.1—329μg·kg~(-1))和12.7μg·kg~(-1)(0.499—31.9μg·kg~(-1)).A电厂周边的常年主导上风向农田土壤样本的BaP和TEQ(BaP)_(15)含量基本维持在对照区水平,下风向的超出对照区水平,最大值均位于1500 m处,超出荷兰土壤质量标准.B电厂周边的常年主导上、下风向农田土壤样本的BaP和TEQ(BaP)_(15)含量与对照区相当,且均不超标.A电厂周边农田土壤中具有致癌风险的7种PAHs占总∑PAHs的41.3%,远高于B电厂的20.7%和对照区的25.8%.A电厂周边农田土壤中33.3%的PAHs点位处于中度污染水平,TEQ(BaP)_(15)高于国内相似污染源,存在亟需关注的生态风险.B电厂周边农田土壤中PAHs整体处于轻微污染水平,TEQ(BaP)_(15)低于生物质电厂.     

环鄱阳湖区水稻-土壤有机氯农药污染及健康风险评价

针对环鄱阳湖区水稻和土壤中有机氯农药的污染状况,从环鄱阳湖区11个县市采集水稻及土壤样品,利用GC-ECD对有机氯残留进行测定,并利用健康风险评价模型对该地区水稻中有机氯残留所致风险进行评价.结果表明,环鄱阳湖区水稻及土壤中六六六、滴滴涕、七氯、六氯苯、氯丹均有检出,其中DDTs和HCHs含量较高,土壤中二者平均含量分别为6.25μg·kg~(-1)和10.64μg·kg~(-1),水稻中二者平均含量分别为4.65μg·kg~(-1)和9.16μg·kg~(-1),DDTs和HCHs是主要的有机氯污染物;土壤有机氯的来源主要是由于历史上农药防治害虫的大量使用残留和工业生产带来的新的有机污染源的输入,工农业发达地区有机氯农药残留高于工农业欠发达地区,土壤中有机氯对水稻中p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDT、β-HCH、γ-HCH、环氧七氯、氯丹等有机氯含量的贡献很大,是水稻中有机氯残留的主要污染来源.健康风险评价结果显示,各类有机氯污染物对人体的健康风险较低,总风险为38.23×10~-(13)a~(-1),属于可接受水平.     

8种拟除虫菊酯农药对稀有鲫的急性、亚慢性毒性研究

８种拟除虫菊酯对稀有鲫的急性毒性和其中２种拟除虫菊酯的亚慢性毒性研究结果表明：溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯、胺菊酯、甲醚菊酯对稀有鲫均属剧毒,它们的ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１分别为３．１６,３．２４,６．３１,７．２１,７．３５,３２．４５,９１．７５和８８２．６;甲氰菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯对稀有鲫７ｄ亚慢性毒性的最低有影响浓度ρ（ＬＯＥＣ）和最高无影响浓度ρ（ＮＯＥＣ）分别为０．８８～０．４４μｇ／Ｌ,４．０～２．０μｇ／Ｌ,以ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１为基准,２种拟除虫菊酯的安全系数均为０．０６～０．１２５．     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China

The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe (32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg⁻¹, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg⁻¹, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg⁻¹, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg⁻¹, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg⁻¹, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg⁻¹, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg⁻¹, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg⁻¹. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach. Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in many areas of the world.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。