除草剂对土壤氮素循环的影响

土壤微生物参与土壤氮素循环的生物学与生物化学过程,对氮素形态转化与去向产生很大影响。在现代农作物生产上农田普遍施用除草剂,除草剂进入土壤生态环境中影响土壤微生物种群数量、活性和土壤氮素循环过程,在一定程度上改变氮素各去向的比例。因此,除草剂的施用对植物氮素吸收利用和土壤氮的环境释放具有一定效应。文章综述了除草剂对生物固氮、土壤氮矿化与转化、氨挥发、硝化反硝化、温室气体N2O排放、植物的氮吸收利用、土壤氮损失等方面的影响,并提出了今后进一步研究的方向,为减少氮素损失和温室气体排放以及除草剂使用的安全性评价提供参考。     

大气气溶胶中的氮:化学形态与同位素特征研究进展

氮是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分.气溶胶中的氮组分参与大气中的光化学反应,进而改变大气组成,影响气候变化与人类健康.同时,大气中过量的颗粒氮改变了氮素的自然循环,当它们沉降到地表时对陆地和水生生态系统产生深远的影响.本文综述了近年来气溶胶氮组分的研究进展,按其化学形态分别阐述了气溶胶中无机氮和有机氮的来源及其相关大气化学过程等,同时探讨了气溶胶中氮的同位素特征,指出该研究领域的薄弱环节并对其研究前景进行了展望.     

污泥堆肥过程中主要性质及氮素转变

目前堆肥过程中氮素损失比较严重,通常达到50%左右.针对这一问题,文章以污泥和秸秆为原料,进行了不同配比条件下高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中各主要性质及各种形态氮素的转化规律.结果表明,堆肥有效实现了污泥无害化、减量化和资源化.在pH值和温度较高条件下的氨气大量挥发是堆肥过程氮素损失的重要途径,且不同的物料配比会对氮素损失造成影响,C/N比低的配比氮素损失较大.适当降低堆料温度、添加酸性物质以降低pH值等措施均可减少氮素损失.     

青藏高原东缘雪被覆盖和凋落物添加对土壤氮素动态的影响

高山和高纬度地区,氮素是植物生命活动的主要限制元素之一。这类区域冬季往往被长时间的季节性雪被覆盖着。研究证实,寒冷而漫长的冬季雪被下土壤氮素在维持年际土壤氮循环中起着重要的作用,然而目前对气候变化极其敏感的青藏高原东缘雪下土壤物质转化过程的研究却很少。为了探索青藏高原东缘季节性雪被覆盖地区,冬季凋落物输入对土壤氮素转化过程的影响,2010年1—5月在青藏高原东缘(松潘卡卡沟地区)采用PVC原位培养管培养土壤,并对培养土壤进行不同的雪厚度(0、30、100 cm)处理和不同水平的凋落物添加(0、5、20 g鲜卑花叶片)处理,从实验开始后,每隔1个月采集各个处理的土壤,测定其无机氮(NH4+-N和NO3--N)含量,并计算净氮矿化率,以探讨冬季季节性雪被覆盖下不同碳供应水平对高山土壤氮转化过程的动态影响。研究发现,雪被覆盖能有效地绝缘大气和土壤,减少冻融交替的幅度和频次,并加速了土壤的净氮矿化。说明对于雪被覆盖的高山土壤而言冷季是氮素循环的关键时期。冬季一定厚度的积雪覆盖可通过调节整个土壤氮素的矿化水平,从而为来年春季高山植物的生长提供一个巨大的潜在氮库。添加大量凋落物显著增加了NO3--N含量,降低了NH4+-N含量,加速了土壤净氮矿化。暗示在具有高有机质含量的青藏高原东部地区,土壤微生物的生长和活性极有可能仍然受到低水平可利用碳的限制。     

平原河网区旱田表土氮素溶出量估算方法

降雨径流过程是导致农田氮素流失的重要驱动力。在降水产流过程中,农田表层土壤的溶解态氮素会出现溶出现象,是农田溶解态氮素输出的重要途径。有效估算地表溶出量,有助于改进和完善非点源氮污染负荷估算方法。该研究根据大尺度模型溶解态污染负荷计算方法中冲刷渗出的概念,建立了适用于平原河网地区的旱田表土氮素溶出量估算方法;将该方法应用于江苏省大丰市典型平原河网区旱作农田,通过实时观测和模型估算,确定完整降水过程中表土氮素的冲刷渗出系数,并将估算结果与已有研究进行对比验证。该方法可为平原河网地区旱作农田表土氮素溶出量的估算模型和实验研究提供有益补充。     

西藏高原农业生态系统氮素循环的数量特征研究

以西藏贡嘎县为研究对象，运用生态学原理，定量估算了西藏高原农业生态系统中氮素循环的数量特征，为该系统的调控与结构优化提供了理论依据。     

高温堆肥碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征研究

堆肥化处理，是指依靠自然界广泛分布的细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物，对有机物有控制地进行生物降解，使之转化为腐殖质的生物化学处理技术。作者采用畜禽粪便条垛式高温堆肥实验方法，研究了堆肥过程中碳氮循环及腐殖质变化特征。结果表明，堆肥过程中，碳素和氮素变化最大，表现为二者总量的减少，其中以碳素总量减少较多，氮素总量次之，从而导致碳氮质量分数比降低。腐殖酸总量、胡敏酸和富里酸总量均呈下降趋势，但腐殖酸占有机碳的比例以及胡敏酸与富里酸质量分数比却在提高，速效养分含量也在升高，表明堆肥过程是一个有机质数量减少、有机质质量提高的过程。     

太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作农田区氮素流失过程研究

太湖地区经济高度发达,劳动力紧缺,种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)经济效益不高,而且小麦-水稻(Oryza sativa)轮作中,麦季氮素淋洗损失高于稻季,为探讨和揭示太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作农田区氮素流失过程及平衡特征,选取典型太湖流域农田系统为研究对象,采用径流小区的研究方法,在太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作种植模式下,对太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作区进行连续3年(2007─2010年)原位监测,阐明了太湖流域典型稻麦轮作区氮素流失过程及其影响因素,分析了该区域氮素平衡特征,结果表明:大气氮干沉降量冬春季较多且分布较均匀;总氮(P0.001***)及铵态氮(P=0.02*)的大气湿沉降量和降雨量呈现极显著的相关性。地表径流中氮素的主要流失形态为可溶性氮素,同时,径流水量是引起氮素径流流失的主要驱动因子(P0.01)。雨水是驱动小麦季氮素下渗的唯一动力。铵态氮是氮素淋失的主要形态,在稻作期,铵态氮渗漏流失量约占总渗漏流失量的70%。太湖流域稻麦轮作区,各项氮素年平均流失去向分别为:作物收割290 kg·hm-2,占总输入量55.98%;反硝化流失130 kg·hm-2,占总输入量25.10%;径流流失59.5 kg·hm-2,占总输入量11.49%;氨气挥发22.28kg·hm-2,占总输入量4.30%;渗漏流失16.1 kg·hm-2,占总输入量3.11%。全年平均氮素流失总量为518 kg·hm-2,氮素的盈余量为91.9 kg·hm-2。该研究结果对于指导太湖农流域农田水肥管理,控制农业面源污染具有积极意义。     

西藏高原农业生态系统氮素循环的数量特征研究

以西藏贡嗄县为研究对象，运用生态学原理，定量估算了西藏高原农业生态系统中氮素循环的数量特征，为该系统的调控与结构优化提供了理论依据。     

生物质炭-沼液联合施用对调控氮循环功能基因促进氮素增效的影响

为探讨生物质炭-沼液配施条件下氮循环功能基因调控农田土壤氮素转化并影响农作物氮素吸收利用机制.本试验以浙江省杭州市红黄壤作为研究对象,设置生物质炭和沼液两个因素,探究生物质炭-沼液配施条件下土壤基本理化性质和氮循环功能基因丰度变化情况,刻画功能基因与农田氮素利用率间的耦合关系.结果表明,生物质炭-沼液配施可以显著降低土壤容重,提升土壤pH和土壤氮素含量,其中,高剂量生物质炭-沼液配施(C3B2)处理较单施化肥(COBO)处理铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量增幅均达到显著水平(P<0.05).与空白处理(CK)相比,生物质炭-沼液配施(C3B2)处理则显著提高了反硝化功能基因丰度,较单施化肥(C0B0)处理增幅30.98%和44.99%.冗余分析结果显示,铵态氮、硝态氮和有机碳含量对土壤氮循环功能基因影响较为显著,结构方程模型则表明硝化作用功能基因丰度的提升对包菜氮素农学利用率呈现负相关趋势.研究结果表明,在相同养分施用量的条件下,生物质炭-沼液配施可显著提高土壤肥力.氮素和有机碳含量是影响功能基因丰度的关键因素,硝化作用功能基因丰度的降低可以提高农田氮素利用率.本研究结果可以为促进农业废...     

The enigma of progress in denitrification research.

Humans have dramatically increased the amount of reactive nitrogen (primarily ammonium, nitrogen oxides, and organically bound N) circulating in the biosphere and atmosphere, creating a wide array of desirable products (e.g., food production) and undesirable consequences (e.g., eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and air pollution). Only when this reactive N is converted back to the chemically unreactive dinitrogen (N2) form, do these cascading effects of elevated reactive N cease to be of concern. Among the quantitatively most important processes for converting reactive N to N2 gas is the biological process of classical denitrification, in which oxides of nitrogen are used as terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. This Invited Feature on denitrification includes a series of papers that integrate our current state of knowledge across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems on denitrification rates, controlling factors, and methodologies for measuring and modeling denitrification. In this paper, we present an overview of the role of denitrification within the broader N cycle, the environmental and health concerns that have resulted from human alteration of the N cycle, and a brief historical perspective on why denitrification has been so difficult to study. Despite over a century of research on denitrification and numerous recent technological advances, we still lack a comprehensive, quantitative understanding of denitrification rates and controlling factors across ecosystems. Inherent problems of measuring spatially and temporally heterogeneous N2 production under an N2-rich atmosphere account for much of this slow progress, but lack of interdisciplinary communication of research results and methodological developments has also impeded denitrification research. An integrated multidisciplinary approach to denitrification research, from upland terrestrial ecosystems, to small streams, river systems, estuaries, and continental shelf ecosystems, and to the open ocean, may yield new insights into denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes.     

Sulphur compounds—their environmental aspect and their elimination from waste water

The sulphur content of domestic waste water is similar to its phosphorus and nitrogen content. In conventional treatment processes sulphur compounds are converted to sulphate, thus all reaching the recipients and the oceans. In the aquatic metabolic cycle sulphate then acts as a catalyst towards anaerobiosis. Therefore, besides its efforts for removal of other nutrients, waste water technology should look for possibilities of minimizing the discharge of sulphurous effluents into the water course. Here, a new treatment process for sulphur elimination is introduced, the Root Zone method.     

Research progress and prospects of complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria in wastewater treatment

• Comammox bacteria have unique physiological characteristics. • Comammox bacteria are widely distributed in natural and artificial systems. • Comammox bacteria have the potential to reduce N₂O emissions. • Coupling comammox bacteria with DEAMOX can be promoted in wastewater treatment. • Comammox bacteria have significant potential for enhancing total nitrogen removal. Complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria, or comammox bacteria (CAOB), can oxidize ammonium to nitrate on its own. Its discovery revolutionized our understanding of biological nitrification, and its distribution in both natural and artificial systems has enabled a reevaluation of the relative contribution of microorganisms to the nitrogen cycle. Its wide distribution, adaptation to oligotrophic medium, and diverse metabolic pathways, means extensive research on CAOB and its application in water treatment can be promoted. Furthermore, the energy-saving characteristics of high oxygen affinity and low sludge production may also become frontier directions for wastewater treatment. This paper provides an overview of the discovery and environmental distribution of CAOB, as well as the physiological characteristics of the microorganisms, such as nutrient medium, environmental factors, enzymes, and metabolism, focusing on future research and the application of CAOB in wastewater treatment. Further research should be carried out on the physiological characteristics of CAOB, to analyze its ecological niche and impact factors, and explore its application potential in wastewater treatment nitrogen cycle improvement.     

水中天然含氮有机物的形成、迁移转化及分布

天然含氮有机物是水环境中的重要组成部分,其在天然水体中的形态及分布对环境质量有显著影响.本文围绕水中天然含氮有机物在氮循环中的地位、迁移转化以及其在国内主要水域中的分布情况,对天然含氮有机物的研究现状进行了梳理.我国不同水域中溶解性含氮有机物(DON)浓度相差较大;其中水体中DON浓度一般在1.0 mg·L^-1以下;沉积物中DON浓度通常为几十至几百mg·kg^-1.水体DON以分子量<1 kDa的有机物为主,主要成分是尿素、氨基酸等物质.沉积物DON以分子量<1 kDa和>30 kDa的有机物为主,其中前者主要由芳构化程度较高的氨基酸等小分子有机物构成,后者以腐殖质类为主.水体中部分胺类物质本身具有一定毒性,游离氨基酸等DON还是卤乙腈、卤代酰胺、卤代硝基甲烷、卤化氰和亚硝胺等含氮消毒副产物的重要前体物.由于水体中许多含氮有机物具有生物可利用性,有机氮可能是引起水体富营养化的重要原因之一.     

农田非点源氮污染研究进展

论述农田生态系统中氮素非点源污染的特征、排放途径和污染方式，两种重要氮素形态(NH4^4-N、NO3^- -N)在土水界面的扩散过程及迁移机理，农田非点源氮迁移过程及其影响因素，由农田氮素造成的非点源污染的污染负荷定量计算方法及评价指标，并指出国内外污染负荷定量模型的优缺点和发展趋势；提出了农田非点源氮污染的控制对策。     

沣河水系脱氮微生物群落结构研究

河流水体氮素的超负荷不仅破坏了水体生态环境,也严重威胁着人类的生存和发展.水体中有机氮、无机氮（氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮）和分子氮之间的转化（氮循环）有赖于水体中大量的氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）,然而这些氮循环微生物的生长繁殖也受到包括氮素的形态和浓度在内的多种环境因子的影响,这些因素也通过影响氮循环微生物的生长繁殖进而使得水体中氮素的转化速率发生变化,对水体氮污染的防治有不可忽视的作用.本研究通过在沣河设置不同的研究断面,采集水体样品,进行水质分析,并通过现代分子生物学技术（PCR-DGGE）方法对研究断面水体中氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）的群落结构进行分析.再通过统计学软件对所得分子生物学信息与水质环境因子的相关性进行统计学分析,发现沣河水体中氮循环微生物群落结构受到多种环境因子共同影响,且在枯水期和丰水期表现出不同的特征.在丰水期沣河水体中,硝化细菌群落在中游表现出较高的多样性和丰富性,这与沣河中上游农业COD（化学需氧量）、BOD（生化需氧量）氨氮及有机氮污染物排放量较大,沣河水体DO（溶解氧）高有关.水体中的氨氮、亚硝氮、温度的增加是促进水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高的主要因子,而pH 值的升高,使得水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.反硝化微生物在中游和下游的多样性和丰富度较高,与有机物及硝酸盐含量相关.水体中的BOD、COD、TP（总磷）、硝氮的增加是促进水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高主要相关因子,而DO 的增多则会对部分反硝化细菌产生不利影响,使得水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.本研究结果为沣河以及其他河流的污染控制以及基于微生物的生态修复提供了科?     

State-of-the-art applications of machine learning in the life cycle of solid waste management

● State-of-the-art applications of machine learning (ML) in solid waste (SW) is presented. ● Changes of research field over time, space, and hot topics were analyzed. ● Detailed application seniors of ML on the life cycle of SW were summarized. ● Perspectives towards future development of ML in the field of SW were discussed. Due to the superiority of machine learning (ML) data processing, it is widely used in research of solid waste (SW). This study analyzed the research and developmental progress of the applications of ML in the life cycle of SW. Statistical analyses were undertaken on the literature published between 1985 and 2021 in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index to provide an overview of the progress. Based on the articles considered, a rapid upward trend from 1985 to 2021 was found and international cooperatives were found to have strengthened. The three topics of ML, namely, SW categories, ML algorithms, and specific applications, as applied to the life cycle of SW were discussed. ML has been applied during the entire SW process, thereby affecting its life cycle. ML was used to predict the generation and characteristics of SW, optimize its collection and transportation, and model the processing of its energy utilization. Finally, the current challenges of applying ML to SW and future perspectives were discussed. The goal is to achieve high economic and environmental benefits and carbon reduction during the life cycle of SW. ML plays an important role in the modernization and intellectualization of SW management. It is hoped that this work would be helpful to provide a constructive overview towards the state-of-the-art development of SW disposal.     

Modelling cyanobacteria in shallow coastal seas

There is an increasing need to describe cyanobacteria bloom dynamics using ecosystem models. We consider two fundamentally different ways how cyanobacteria are currently implemented: a simple approach without explicit consideration of the life cycle which assumes that cyanobacteria grow due to nitrogen fixation alone and an advanced approach that computes the succession of four different stages of the cyanobacteria life cycle based on internal quotas of energy and nitrogen. To qualitatively and quantitatively intercompare these different approaches and with observations, we use the Baltic Sea ecosystem model ERGOM coupled to the one-dimensional water column model GOTM. Four experiments are carried out: three, using the simple approach with either (a) a prescribed constant minimum production, (b) no minimum value or (c) a prescribed constant minimum concentration, and one with (d) the full predictive life cycle. The model data of 35 years (1970-2005) are analyzed for the timing of the bloom, the interannual variability, the annual mean nitrogen fixation rates and the effect of cyanobacteria on eukaryotic phytoplankton. The results show significant differences. In the climatological seasonal mean, only the advanced approach which resolves the life cycle produces a realistic bloom onset and duration. The interannual variability of blooms is unrealistically small in the experiments with a prescribed minimum value. Annual mean nitrogen fixation rates diverge by up to 30% between the four model solutions. Finally, the representation of the cyanobacteria also influences the seasonal cycle of eukaryotic phytoplankton, i.e., flagellates. This study demonstrates that the way how cyanobacteria are implemented in coupled biological-physical models strongly determines the fluxes into the system and between the individual compartments.     

Production of glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton. I. Batch cultures

The quantitative significance of the nitrogenous compound glycine betaine (GBT) and its sulfur analog dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) to intracellular pools in marine phytoplankton is not well known. In a series of experiments conducted in August 1993, we measured these compounds, as well as total organic sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen, over the growth cycle in six isolates of marine phytoplankton, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt, Chrysochromulina sp. Lackey, Emiliania huxleyi Hay et Mohler, Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, and Tetraselmis sp. At the same time, we measured cellular concentrations of protein, amino acids, chlorophyll, and inorganic nutrients. All six species produced DMSP, while three produced GBT at lesser levels. In the Chrysochromulina sp. isolate, levels of GBT were greater than DMSP during the exponential phase of growth, but declined sharply as the culture approached stationary phase. This change appeared to coincide with the onset of nitrogen limitation. Other nitrogenous osmolytes were produced in five of the six species but in much smaller quantities. DMSP contributed significantly to cellular sulfur throughout the growth cycle although, in some algae, the proportion of dissolved DMSP increased substantially during stationary growth. When present, GBT formed a sizeable fraction of the cellular nitrogen only during exponential growth. A significant percentage (ca. 50%) of the organic nitrogen could not be accounted for even when cellular pools of protein, amino acids, inorganic nitrogen, and nitrogenous osmolytes were combined. Based on these experiments, there does not appear to be a reciprocal relationship between DMSP and GBT production, although GBT production does appear to be correlated with nitrogen availability. Received: 5 January 1998 / Accepted: 29 June 1999     

The nitrogen supply to intertidal eelgrass (Zostera marina)

The uptake of ammonium and nitrate by eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) was studied in two-compartment chambers. The plants were collected in 1992 from a population growing on a tidal flat in the S.W. Netherlands. They were incubated under conditions which reflected field conditions; this implied the use of natural seawater and sediment porewater as incubation media. In all six experiments, carried out over the course of a major part of the growing period (from July to the end of September), ammonium appeared to be much more important as a source of nitrogen than nitrate. The largest part was taken up by the leaves: uptake of ammonium by the leaves accounted for 68 to 92% of total plant nitrogen uptake. The uptake of nitrogen compounds by the root-rhizome system represented only 4 to 30% of total plant uptake. Thus, at least during flood tide, the leaves play the major role in nitrogen uptake in this intertidal population. During ebb tide, most of the plants are submerged in very shallow tidepools. It is suggested that during this phase of the tidal cycle, influx of porewater ammonium into the tide-pool water may enable the leaves to exploit local sediment resources.