江苏东台条子泥和如东湿地越冬水鸟多样性研究

江苏东台条子泥和如东湿地是东亚-澳大利西亚水鸟迁徙路线上的重要节点,是水鸟重要中转停歇地和越冬地。分别于2017—2020年冬季采用样点法对东台条子泥和如东湿地越冬水鸟种类、数量及生境类型进行调查。结果表明,2处湿地共记录水鸟52种,隶属于8目13科;其中,东台条子泥湿地记录到水鸟8目12科42种,累计有5种水鸟单次调查数量超过该物种全球种群数量1%的标准;如东湿地记录到水鸟6目11科43种,累计有3种越冬水鸟数量达到该物种全球数量1%的标准。不同年份间2处湿地水鸟物种数、数量和多样性指数均不存在显著差异,东台条子泥湿地水鸟密度显著大于如东湿地。水塘和滩涂是湿地越冬水鸟分布的主要生境,东台条子泥和如东湿地在这2种生境中的水鸟类群组成、群落相似性指数和多样性指数方面均存在一定差异。研究结果表明,东台条子泥和如东湿地是重要的水鸟越冬地,两地间水鸟多样性差异与生境利用和人为干扰等因素有关。针对水鸟及栖息地保护和管理提出合理建议。     

县域生物多样性保护优先格局评价及保护体系优化：以武夷山市为例

以国家重点生态功能区县域——武夷山市为案例区,选取54个珍稀濒危物种为指示物种,在物种栖息地评价基础上采用系统保护规划工具MARXAN模型评估生物多样性保护的优先区域。结果表明,武夷山市生物多样性保护优先区总面积为734.7 km~2,占武夷山市国土面积的26.1%,并集中分布于东北部、西北部及东南部地区;在保护优先区内,8个一级保护物种栖息地的保护比例均超过各自栖息地总面积的50%。空缺分析发现,生物多样性保护优先区与现有自然保护地存在空间不匹配的现象,建议优先在生物多样性保护一级优先区范围内补充扩建和新建自然保护地,包括向东补充扩建武夷山国家公园、向南补充扩建武夷山黄龙岩省级自然保护区,在吴屯乡吴屯溪、东溪水库及其周边新建森林、湿地及水生野生动植物自然保护区,在上梅乡和五夫镇建设森林保护类自然公园。     

广东雷州湾和汕头沿海湿地越冬水鸟多样性

广东省海岸线长,沿海湿地资源丰富,但开展长期水鸟观测的湿地较少。为更好掌握广东沿海湿地鸟类多样性分布情况,识别广东沿海湿地生态环境主要问题和评估生态系统稳定性,于2016—2019年对广东西部雷州湾和东部汕头沿海湿地进行越冬水鸟观测,研究两地越冬水鸟群落物种、功能和谱系多样性的差异。共记录到水鸟6目10科63种96 048只,其中汕头沿海越冬水鸟群落主要由鸻形目、雁形目和鹳形目组成,而雷州湾则仅以鸻形目为主。两地水鸟群落物种多样性指数无显著差异,以体重、食性和取食层为特征的功能均匀度也无显著差异,但汕头沿海水鸟功能分异度高于雷州湾。在谱系结构上,雷州湾水鸟表现为聚集(SES.MPD0),即主要受环境过滤影响;而汕头沿海则表现为分散(SES.MPD0),以物种竞争为主要驱动力。以上结果表明两地水鸟群落构建机制存在差异,反映了当地地理位置、生境组成和人为干扰等环境因素的影响。建议研究区鸟类保护措施和生态恢复策略应根据水鸟群落特点制定。     

连云港市4个河口湿地越冬水鸟群落结构及多样性

连云港市地处东亚-澳大利西亚鸟类迁徙的重要通道上,是水鸟的重要停歇地和越冬地。分别于2016—2018年冬季,对连云港市临洪河口、青口河口、兴庄河口和埒子河口湿地水鸟多样性进行调查。共记录水鸟47种,隶属于8目12科;其中,冬候鸟37种(占总种数的78.72%),留鸟5种(占10.64%),旅鸟5种(占10.64%);有国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类各1种,累计共有5种水鸟的单次调查数量超过该物种全球种群数量1%的标准。不同年份间水鸟物种数和数量不同,2017年种类和数量均最多,2016年种类最少,2018年数量最少。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均以2017年为最高,2018年居中,2016年最低;而2016年Simpson优势度指数最高。4个河口间水鸟物种数和多样性指数差异不显著,但水鸟数量和密度差异显著(P均0.001)。河口间水鸟相似性指数(≥0.600)均较高,其中,兴庄河口和埓子河口水鸟相似性指数(0.714)最高。研究结果表明连云港市滨海湿地是重要的水鸟越冬地,且不同河口水鸟多样性受各区域的围垦、开发建设和生境改变等因素影响。针对越冬水鸟资源及栖息地保护和管理提出了合理建议。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区秋冬季水鸟群落组成与生境关系分析

于2014年10月至2015年1月采用样线调查法对黄河三角洲自然保护区秋季迁徙期和越冬期水鸟群落结构进行调查研究,调查共包括8条样线40个观测点.结果表明:(1)秋季迁徙期共记录水鸟6目14科54种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类5种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类8种;越冬期共记录水鸟5目7科31种,国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类4种.(2)2个时期雁形目水鸟种类和数量均占优势,豆雁(Anser fabalis)、斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhycha)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)和绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)为优势物种,丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)、东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)和大大鹅(Cygnus cygnus)等珍稀水鸟也有一定的种群数量.(3)秋季迁徙期水鸟种数、数量和ShannonWiener多样性指数多于或高于越冬期.(4)5种典型生境之间水鸟种类和数量存在差异,天然水域是水鸟群落的主要分布区.(5)自然生境内的水鸟种数、数量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数一般多于或高于人工生境.相似性分析结果表明,自然生境之间水鸟群落结构相似程度高于人工生境.     

全国鸟类多样性观测网络(China BON-Birds)建设进展

鸟类分布于多种生境,对环境变化敏感,是开展生物多样性观测的重要指示生物类群。为实施《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2011—2030年)》和履行《生物多样性公约》,自2011年起,以环境保护部南京环境科学研究所为牵头单位,联合全国相关科研院所、高等院校、保护机构,开始探索建立全国鸟类观测网络。经过6 a多的努力,目前已建立涉及全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的338个鸟类观测样区,包括样线1 822条、样点1 343个,其中繁殖期鸟类样点253个、越冬鸟类样点1 090个,基本建成了全国鸟类多样性观测网络。截至2016年,该观测网络共记录到鸟类22目86科943种,占中国现有记录鸟类种数的68.8%。通过观测,初步掌握了全国鸟类多样性的空间分布特征;发现部分滨海越冬水鸟栖息地因围垦开发而遭受破坏,面临着严峻威胁;一些珍稀濒危物种或拥有高种群数量(≥某物种种群数量的1%)的栖息地没有被纳入到保护范围,存在保护空缺。建议加强鸟类繁殖地、停歇地和越冬地的系统性保护。     

湿地鸟类多样性及其环境影响因子的研究进展

湿地鸟类在能量转换和维护生态系统的稳定性方面起着举足轻重的作用，同时也是监测、评价湿地生态环境极其敏感的指标．本文从物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性三个方面分析了湿地鸟类多样性．总结了环境因子对湿地鸟类多样性的影响，最后对湿地鸟类多样性的研究提出展望，为更好地保护湿地鸟类资源及生态环境提供科学依据．     

江苏连云港两栖动物多样性及时空格局

物种资源调查和观测是我国两栖动物保护工作的前期基础,对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。过去的20 a里,江苏省出现了快速城市化现象,导致栖息地丧失、栖息地破碎化/隔离以及栖息地退化,进而严重威胁两栖动物的生存与分布。为了解连云港两栖动物多样性现状及时空分布特点,于2018年4、6、8月采用样线法进行调查,共记录到两栖动物5种,隶属于1目3科4属,分别为中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)、黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)、金线侧褶蛙(Pelophylax plancyi)、镇海林蛙(Rana zhenhaiensis)和泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata),其中泽陆蛙种群数量最多,镇海林蛙遇见率最低。各调查月份之间两栖动物的物种多样性存在差异,6月物种多样性指数最高,其次为8月,4月最低。该研究基本掌握了连云港两栖动物的资源现状和分布格局,分析了该区域两栖动物面临的胁迫因素,并对两栖动物的保护提出了相关建议。     

洱海冬季水鸟群落结构与水位变化的潜在关系

水深是影响水鸟栖息地利用最重要的因素,而湿地的水位波动会导致水深发生变化。为研究水位波动对水深岸陡型高原湖泊冬季水鸟群落的影响,本研究以云南大理洱海为研究地点,在水位下降前后,即2014年和2017年的冬季(11月至次年1月)对洱海北部湖湾5个观察点各进行10次和8次水鸟统计调查,结果 2014年冬季共记录到22个物种,11 611只个体;2017年冬季共记录到30个物种,17 278只个体。对比涉禽、钻水鸭、潜水类三类功能集团的变化,发现水位下降后钻水鸭和潜水类的物种丰富度和多度都有所增加,而涉禽的物种丰富度不变,多度下降,这一结果与浅水滩地型湿地的响应变化规律不同。6种钻水鸭2017年冬季同时在洱海出现,说明可能为共同的环境因素所吸引。研究结果说明水位下降是洱海钻水鸭类物种丰富度和多度增加的必要条件。     

人类活动对上海市生物多样性空间格局的影响

为了揭示人类活动对城市化地区生物多样性空间格局的影响及其景观生态学机制,文章将上海市作为研究对象,选择3个人类活动指标、3个主要类型生态系统的4个景观特征指标与8个生物多样性指标,探讨人类活动强度、野生动植物生境景观特征及生物多样性三者之间的相互关系。结果显示,人口增长和城市扩张对上海市生物多样性的空间格局产生了显著影响。在上海地区,人口密度较高、交通较为发达的区域,湿地和农田的景观连续性较低,生物多样性也较低,外来入侵物种丰度较高。这表明在快速城市化过程中,人类活动通过改变野生动植物栖息地景观质量来对区域生物多样性产生影响。本研究还显示,经济发展并非一定对生物多样性具有负面影响。因此,在保持经济发展的同时,通过优化产业结构与加强生物多样性管理,可实现对生物多样性有效保护。     

Long-term trend of the waterbird community breeding in a heavily man-modified coastal lagoon: the case of the important bird area “Lagoon of Venice”

The aim of the paper is to examine the temporal and spatial changes observed over a 25-year period in the waterbird community nesting in the largest coastal lagoon around the Mediterranean; to examine driving factors for the observed changes; to address the most urgent conservation actions. Published sources and field surveys made between March and July were used to assess number of breeding pairs of the commonest waterbirds in 1990–1992, 2000–02 and 2012–14. The breeding waterbird community exhibited several changes in its structure, with an overall positive trend; the number of species increased from 14 to 25 and the mean yearly abundance increased from 6155 to 14,008 pairs. The diversity (H′) increased slightly, whereas similarity indices and nMDS ordination both highlighted clear differences between 1990 and 1992 and 2012–2014 communities. The increase in richness and abundance were mostly due to the immigration of birds from nearby wetlands, to the partial recovery of lagoon ecological conditions since the end of the 1980s and to the occurrence of suitable man-made habitats, such as fish farms, dredge islands and a constructed wetland. The fraction of the population nesting at artificial sites and fish farms increased from 50% in 1990–1992 till 80% in 2012–2014, highlighting the importance of artificial breeding sites in costal lagoons. At the opposite natural nesting habitats, such as saltmarshes and beaches are losing importance for breeding waterbirds, thus requiring urgent conservation measures.     

Functional Equivalency between Rice Fields and Seminatural Wetland Habitats

Abstract: Evaluating the potential for anthropogenic habitats to act as surrogates for the natural habitats they replace is a key issue in conservation biology. In California, flooded rice fields are used by numerous aquatic birds during winter. If this habitat functions similarly to more natural wetlands, increased flooding may help replace the extensive wetlands that occurred in the region prior to agricultural development. I tested whether food abundance, perceived predation threat, foraging performance, and the way in which birds allocate their time to different behaviors differed between flooded rice fields and seminatural wetlands for several species of aquatic bird. When appropriate, I also compared flooded and unflooded fields. Invertebrate densities did not differ among habitats. Seminatural wetlands had less rice grain but more seeds from other plants than the two rice habitats. The frequency with which predators passed over a feeding area was lower in flooded fields than in unflooded fields or seminatural wetlands. Most differences in feeding performance and time allocation among habitats were small and statistically insignificant. For some species, feeding efficiency was greater in seminatural wetlands than in flooded fields. Increasing attack rates and the amount of time spent feeding when in flooded fields, however, may allow birds to compensate for reduced efficiency. Multivariate analyses showed that group size, predation threat, time of day, date, and water depth often were associated with behaviors, but that these variables rarely accounted for habitat differences. Flooded fields apparently provide equivalent foraging habitat to seminatural wetlands and, because of reduced predation threat, may be a safer habitat for waterbirds. Thus, if managed appropriately, one of the world's dominant forms of agriculture can provide valuable waterbird habitat.     

Waterbird Communities and Habitat Relationships in Coastal Pastures of Northern California

We examined waterbird assemblages (diversity, composition, and species' densities) in 20 pastures near Humboldt Bay, California, in relation to habitat characteristics (vegetation height, soil penetrability, water depth), abundance of invertebrates (worms and other invertebrates), and presence of livestock. From October 1991 to May 1992 we observed 29 species and 10,776 birds, most (78%) of which foraged. Nonrandom pasture use by birds resulted in a highly clumped spatial distribution (s²:{ovbar>x} ratio = 42.1). Habitat characteristics of pastures correlated with this nonrandom pattern: waterbird diversity and densities of three sandpiper species and one gull species correlated negatively ( r = −0.61 and r = −0.44 to −0.67, respectively) with vegetation height; densities of two plover species correlated negatively ( r = −0.39 and −0.45) with soil penetrability; and waterfowl densities correlated positively with water depth ( r = 0.97). Species composition varied among pastures. Wading birds used pastures with tall vegetation, shorebirds and gulls frequented short-grass pastures, and waterfowl used flooded pastures of waterbirds and their densities increased in association with livestock.In coastal areas where much intertidal habitat has been reclaimed as postureland, pastures offered valuable habitats to nonbreeding waterbirds. We suggest that grazing in coastal pastures can be used to provide a mosaic of vegetation heights, which would yield greater waterbird diversity as well as higher densities of some species.     

Prioritizing urban marine habitats for conservation

Urban coastal wetlands and adjoining coves and embayments can provide habitat for significant numbers of waterbirds, despite being subject to high levels of stressors from human activities. Yet to date little emphasis has been placed on identifying these areas and prioritizing them for conservation. In this study I outline a three-step process to identify and prioritize local sites for conservation using waterbird abundance and diversity and an index of the risk to a site from marine development, and apply it to a series of urban coastal sites in two North Atlantic estuaries located in the northeast US. By combining waterbird abundance and species richness with the risk from marine development I generated a ranked list of sites with the highest listed sites having high bird diversity and low risk from development. From this list individual sites can be prioritized for conservation, and various protection scenarios can be evaluated and compared. For example, 7 of the top 10 ranked sites in Boston Harbor, combined with sites already protected under local, state, or federal statutes, represented over half of the total bird diversity in the Harbor. Similarly, in Narragansett Bay 6 of the top 10 sites when combined with sites already protected represent 48.8% of the Bay’s bird diversity. Formally protecting these sites, all of which are at relatively low risk from marine development, could result in the conservation of considerable waterbird habitat at low economic cost (i.e., from loss of development potential). Other ranking scenarios (by bird diversity alone, or by risk from marine development) were also evaluated and compared to the combined ranking. Identification of sites with high bird diversity and low risk from development could provide important information for local land acquisition groups and planning boards when considering options for the conservation of urban coastal habitats.     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落及其多样性

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录鸟类100种,隶属15目31科,其中古北界鸟类43种,东洋界鸟类45种,广布种鸟类12种.区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布,鸟类的多样性表现出明显的季节性.该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种,中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种.对5个湿地样区的主要鸟类种类和数量进行了调查,结果反映汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场,鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高,分别为3.2306和3.2283,濠江口的多样性指数较低,为1.981.群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响.本文还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议.表3参9     

Effects of recreational disturbance on tidal wetlands: supporting the importance of undisturbed roosting sites for waterbird conservation

In coastal wetlands, the increasing level of disturbance from recreational activities could threaten waterbird populations, which overall are showing decreasing trends. Despite the crucial contribution of waterbirds to biodiversity, empirical studies measuring the effects of disturbance on them remain scarce, especially in terms of the impact upon their roosting sites. We developed an experimental treatment to measure the effects of a pedestrian walking on a site used by overwintering waterbirds in a wetland of international importance. We registered 156 events (88 at high tide) of flushing birds, totaling 4,018 individuals. Each treatment drove the flushing of 1?C5?% of the wintering populations of nearly all species present during high tide. In addition, 1.5?% of the Eurasian curlew wintering population was driven to change site. All the effects were found to be reduced during other tidal periods. Therefore, allowing recreational use in a previously undisturbed area can systematically increase daily energy expenditure of significant percentages of different waterbird populations during high tide, and even cause birds to avoid a site completely. These effects will probably be even worse given that our results were derived only from a disturbance source of low magnitude and frequency. We recommend that, prior to developing recreational areas close to the shoreline, coastal wetland managers should study the habitat use of waterbirds during high tide in relation to total waterbird populations using the wetland.     

Monitoring waterbird abundance in wetlands: The importance of controlling results for variation in water depth

Wetland use by waterbirds is highly dependent on water depth, and depth requirements generally vary among species. Furthermore, water depth within wetlands often varies greatly over time due to unpredictable hydrological events, making comparisons of waterbird abundance among wetlands difficult as effects of habitat variables and water depth are confounded. Species-specific relationships between bird abundance and water depth necessarily are non-linear; thus, we developed a methodology to correct waterbird abundance for variation in water depth, based on the non-parametric regression of these two variables. Accordingly, we used the difference between observed and predicted abundances from non-parametric regression (analogous to parametric residuals) as an estimate of bird abundance at equivalent water depths. We scaled this difference to levels of observed and predicted abundances using the formula: ((observed − predicted abundance)/(observed + predicted abundance)) × 100. This estimate also corresponds to the observed:predicted abundance ratio, which allows easy interpretation of results. We illustrated this methodology using two hypothetical species that differed in water depth and wetland preferences. Comparisons of wetlands, using both observed and relative corrected abundances, indicated that relative corrected abundance adequately separates the effect of water depth from the effect of wetlands.     

Community composition of aquatic birds in lakes of Bangalore, India

Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, richness, and diversity of waterbirds in 15 major lakes in Bangalore city during 2008 - 2009. During the study period 35 species of aquatic birds were recorded. The number of aquatic bird species recorded at various lakes ranged from 23 to 35. The percent abundance of waterbirds recorded in the study lakes ranged from 2.46 to 21.49 and itwas significantly different (p < 0.05). The diversity and species evenness of waterbirds in the lakes ranged from 2.07 to 3.16 and 0.32 to 0.76, respectively. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the diversity and species evenness of waterbirds among different lakes. Species richness of the bird population ranged from 2.89 to 4.01 in the different study lakes and it was not significantly different (p > 0.05). There was a variation in number of waterbird species recorded during summer, monsoon and winter seasons. Of the 35 waterbird species, Bubulcus ibis showed cent percent frequency, whereas less frequently (4.44%) observed species was Anas platyrhynchos. Among various waterbird species, Bubulcus ibis, Fulica atra, Tringa hypoleucos, Motacilla maderaspatensis, Phalacrocorax niger Egretta garzetta, Charadrius dubius, Ardeola grayji, Halcyon smymensis and Motacilla alba were frequently encountered in most of the study lakes.     

The influences of climate and hydrology on population dynamics of waterbirds in the lower Murrumbidgee River floodplains in Southeast Australia: Implications for environmental water management

Restoration of waterbird diversity and abundance is a key objective of river system management in Australia. Therefore, understanding the effects of climatic and hydrological variables on waterbird population dynamics is fundamental for successful river restoration programs. We investigated the population dynamics of waterbirds (total abundance) and seven functional waterbird groups in the floodplains of lower Murrumbidgee River. We found a general declining abundance trend from 1983 to 2007, except for the deep water foragers. We modelled the relative contribution of the climatic and hydrological factors to waterbird population decrease using the generalized additive model (GAM) framework after identifying the negative binomial distribution. Most of the seven functional groups were positively related to both annual rainfall and water usage, defined as the total water volume intercepted by the river reach, and the models indicated that rainfall was slightly more important. Temperature also played a role in waterbird abundance: the maximum summer temperature negatively influenced the abundance of dabbling ducks, shoreline foragers and fish eaters, while the minimum winter temperature positively affected the abundance of dabbling ducks and shoreline foragers. Overall, our results support the practice of providing environmental water for sustaining waterbird populations. However, environmental water provision is likely to be most effective when timed to coincide with antecedent rainfall.