滨海陆地生态系统净化功能与价值评估——以黄骅市为例

以生态系统对环境净化的贡献为出发点,将滨海陆地生态系统净化功能价值界定为净化污染物功能价值与大气调节功能价值的总和,选取释放O2、固定CO2、净化硫化物、净化氮氧化物、净化氟化物和滞尘6大生态功能为评价指标,建立滨海陆地生态系统净化价值评估模型,以黄骅市为研究区,运用市场价值法和影子价格法对黄骅市农田、园地、草地和湿地等9类生态系统的净化价值进行评估.结果表明,黄骅市滨海陆地生态系统净化环境价值较大,总价值约为163 454万元;单位面积土地各类净化功能价值由大到小依次为释放O2价值、固定CO2价值和净化污染物价值;从各生态系统类型的单位面积净化功能价值来看,农田、园地、草地和盐碱地的释放O2功能净化价值较高,约0.67元·m-2;盐田固定CO2功能的单位面积净化价值最低,为0.01元·m-2.     

中国生态资产估价研究进展

随着对全球变化、生态破坏、环境污染等问题的出现,生态资产研究已成为政府、科研院所等的热点研究领域。本文将生态资产研究按行政区、流域与单一生态系统分3类进行分析,发现在流域尺度上的生态资产估算,以及生态资产的驱动机制研究较为薄弱;同时,文章对生态资产估算技术的适用范围、特点与缺点进行分析。在此基础上,探讨了目前我国生态资产研究存在的难点与不足,并对中国生态资产估算做了一些前展性的讨论。     

森林生态系统生态资产核算的模式与方法

全球变化背景下.植被对CO2的减排作用得到了广泛关注.森林生态系统具有诸多功能,不同功能的货币化基准难以统一,是进行总体生态资产价值定量核算的制约要素.在资源、环境与生态经济原理指导下,分析相关方法评估生态系统生态资产的可行性,选择量化评估参数,并通过多种模式与方法进行估算乌鲁木齐城市2004年森林生态系统的生态资产.森林生态系统涵养水源类、生物多样性维持类、净化空气类、保护土壤类以及大气调节类生态资产分别为0.224 8×108元、10.608 8x108元、0.630 8×108元、0.2592×108元及12.9653×108元,乌鲁木齐市森林生态总资产为24.6889×108元.各类生态资产具有一定的时空差异性.城市森林生态系统生态资产估算模式及方法的研究具有重要的理论价值与现实意义.     

基于土地利用／覆被变化的重庆城市生态系统服务价值研究

参考COSTANZA以及谢高地等提出的生态系统服务价值系数,制定了符合城市生态系统的服务价值系数.基于重庆市主城区1993、2000和2004年3期土地利用/覆被(LUCC)变化数据,对重庆市主城区的生态系统服务价值进行了估算.结果表明:重庆自1997年成为直辖市后,耕地、林地大量向城市建设用地转化,城市生态系统服务价值急剧降低.1993年重庆市主城区生态系统总服务价值为564.75×106元,2004年为387.71×106元,下降了31.3%.生态服务价值系数的变化对重庆城市生态系统总服务价值的影响缺乏弹性.水域和林地面积变化对重庆市主城区生态系统总服务价值影响明显.     

苏南丘陵区典型森林生态系统服务价值估算

针对苏南丘陵区杉木、马尾松、毛竹、栎林等4种典型森林生态系统,实测了其主要的生态系统服务功能,运用多种生态经济学方法估算了4种林分的生态服务价值。生态服务价值包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值,间接使用价值包括气体调节、涵养水源、保土固肥、防止水库淤积、营养物质循环、净化环境价值等。研究区杉木、马尾松、栎林、毛竹4种林分的生态系统服务价值中,间接经济价值分别是其直接经济服务价值的1.82、2.12、3.16、4.04倍,单位面积的森林生态系统服务价值分别为192397.30、113262.69、88350.51、103289.69元·hm-2·a-1。在区域研究中,根据地方实测的数据进行估算,能提高计量森林生态服务功能价值的精度。     

1995—2015年淮河生态经济区生态系统服务评估与时空变化分析

生态系统服务成为促进生态系统与人类社会和谐统一的有效管理中介。采用市场价值法、水量平衡方程法、InVEST模型和HSI模型对1995—2015年淮河生态经济带的食物供给、水源涵养、气候调节和生境质量功能进行评价,并分析其时空变化与相关原因。结果表明:淮河生态经济带各生态系统服务分布呈现较大时空异质性。食物供给功能分布具有较强的地域性,食物供给服务较好地区由西北向西南偏移,且随时间变化明显;水源涵养功能在时间序列上空间分布差异较大,单位栅格面积水源涵养量最大为1 439.15 mm,最小仅为-407.65 mm,水源涵养量总体呈先增加后减少态势;1995—2015年淮河生态经济带累计固碳量为203.7 Tg,表现为碳汇区,固碳速率呈现先快后慢的增长态势;生境质量最好和较好区域面积占比逐渐减少,2005和2010年生境质量得分平均值较大,但在2010年之后又呈下降趋势。淮河生态经济带开发在空间上要与生态系统服务空间分布保持均衡协调,此外应以流域理念进行跨区域生态保护治理协作。该研究可为淮河生态经济带开发战略落实以及生态系统服务保护、调控与管理提供科学依据。     

兰州市土地利用变化及生态服务价值

以典型河谷型大城市兰州市为例,在RS和GIS技术支持下,剖析了1997-2009年该市各县区土地利用及其变化情况。在此基础上,参考Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,分析r近12年来研究区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及其变化情况。结果表明：1997-2009年兰州市林地增长面积最大,主要来源于耕地的转出及两山绿化,其次为建设用地,主要是对耕地、草地和未利用地的占用;土地利用类型面积减少最大的是耕地,主要转变为林地、草地和建设用地。土地利用变化引起生态系统服务价值及GDP变化,其分别从1997年的59．99亿元,210．27亿元上升到2009年的61．52亿元,920亿元。总体呈增长趋势,表明该区域生态环境整体向良性方向发展。     

外部因素对湖泊生态系统的影响

普遍认为,支持湖泊和池塘中食物链的有机物和能量的主要来源是通过本地光合作用进行的内部初级生产。或者,这种观点至少是生态学教科书中的共同假设。最近的证据表明,外部补充在维持这些生态系统运转中起着较大的作用,新的生态系统实验对这一不同观点提供了支持。密歇根两个湖泊中的内部初级生产不足以支持这些生态系统。碳同位素动态表明,来自溶解的物质和颗粒状物质的陆地碳源对水生食物链有显著的贡献,浮游动物中有质量分数高达50%的碳来自陆地的碳源。这些结果说明,有机碳的流域输入将陆地生态系统与水生食物链联系起来,它不仅支持细菌,…     

基于遥感和FORCCHN的中国森林生态系统NPP及生态服务功能评估

气候变化背景下定量评估中国森林生态系统净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)及生态服务功能,对于更好地理解全球变化背景下中国森林生态系统碳循环的演变规律以及正确评价森林在中国生态环境建设中的作用具有重要意义。以中国森林生态系统为研究对象,应用遥感数据和基于个体的中国森林生态系统碳收支模型FORCCHN,模拟了1981—2017年中国森林生态系统净初级生产力NPP,并对其固碳释氧生态服务功能进行了评估。结果表明,(1)1981—2017年期间,中国森林生态系统单位面积NPP量和NPP总量年际变化呈现较为明显的增长趋势。其中,NPP总量在2.02~2.53 Pg·a~(-1)之间波动,平均为2.36 Pg·a~(-1),最大值出现在2004年,最小值出现在2010年。(2)NPP年代际增长十分明显,其中,21世纪00年代和21世纪10年代之间的增加幅度最大。(3)NPP空间分布的基本特点是南高北低,且近36年各地森林生态系统单位面积NPP增加量差异显著,其中,西南林区单位面积NPP量增幅最为明显,最大增幅超过666.7 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1);东南林区单位面积NPP量增幅也很明显,最大增幅超过444.4 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。(4)近36年来,中国森林生态系统固碳价值和释放氧气价值均呈波动增加趋势,固碳释氧总价值140 883.3×10~9 yuan,且释放氧气价值为固碳价值的2.82倍。     

城市空间扩展对生态系统服务价值的影响——以南宁市区为例

以南宁市区1994～2004年土地利用统计数据为基础,参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值系数,分析了南宁市区土地利用变化特征及其对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明,10年来,南宁市区土地利用变化比较剧烈,建设用地增加明显,且占用耕地和林地现象较为突出,林地、草地和水田面积减少较多,园地、旱地面积增加明显;区域生态系统服务价值由1994年的8751．9×106元／a下降到2004年的8 636．5×106元／a,区域生态系统服务功能出现明显衰退。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.