离子色谱在砷化物形态分析中的应用

砷的分析方法最初有光度法、原子吸收光谱法和极谱法等，但这些方法仅能用于总砷，不能用于砷的形态分析．因而又发展了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、离子色谱法(IC)、气相色谱法、气相色谱-原子吸收光谱联用、液相色谱-质谱联用、离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱、离子色谱-原子吸收／发射光谱联用技术等．由于砷化物在水中多以离子形式存在，采用离子色谱法能同时分析不同形态的砷离子．同时，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱及原子吸收光谱测定砷化物具有较高的灵敏度，因此，离子色谱及离子色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱、原子吸收／发射光谱的联用技术在砷化物的形态分析中得到了较多的应用^[1-8]。     

同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱测定环境和生物样品中的镉

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定镉同位素比值的方法,应用同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱(ID-ICP-MS)对环境和生物样品茶叶、湖沉积物和人发标准物质中的镉进行测定研究.对电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的工作条件和参数进行了最优化.讨论了多原子离子和同量异位素对镉同位素比值的影响,通过天然镉标准溶液对质量歧视进行了校正,并优化同位素稀释剂的加入量.将该方法应用于茶叶、人发和沉积物标准物质的测定.     

氢化物发生电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱同时测定土壤中十四种微量元素

近年来,已经有人用分光光度法,原子荧光光谱法,原子吸收法,X射线荧光光谱法,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)以及电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)等方法测定土壤中某些重金属的含量,但这些方法各有一定局限性.本文利用自制新型雾化器与高盐雾室和PRODIGY型全谱直读电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪相联,改制成氢化物发生器,操作灵活、方便,在一定优化条件下使Hg、Bi、As、Pb检出限降低了2—125倍,可以同时对氢化物和非氢化物进行检测,测定土壤标准样品可以获得满意的结果.     

顺序扫描电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定环境样品中的铝

电感耦合等离子体光源激发温度高达 70 0 0Ｋ ,能使难熔金属如硅、铝等元素原子或离子化 ,同时 ,能很快地破坏基体 ,减少干扰 .与ＥＴＡＡＳ法相比 ,由于顺序电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法采用连续的积分信号 ,提高了测定方法的精密度 .但是在测定铝时 ,检测限相差很大 (0 3— 1     

基于生物分子识别的水环境Hg~(2+)快速检测新技术研究进展

生物分子作为化学污染物靶标特异识别和检测的重要元件和材料,在检测领域得到了广泛应用和长足发展.本文总结了一系列基于生物分子识别或放大机制的水环境中Hg~(2+)快速检测新技术研究进展,新型Hg~(2+)检测方法以蛋白质、寡核苷酸、脱氧核酶等生物分子为基础,通过紫外、荧光、电化学、电化学发光或拉曼光谱等检测手段实现了环境水样中Hg~(2+)高灵敏甚至超灵敏检测,远远满足国家卫生标准或美国环境保护署的要求;同时还分析了相关检测原理和应用前景,生物分子经过修饰和改造后检测体系性能得以加强;生物分子与纳米材料,如贵金属纳米材料、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管等相结合,并联合新型检测平台,大大推动了水环境中Hg~(2+)现场快速灵敏检测技术的发展,促进了多种Hg~(2+)检测传感新技术的建立.建议今后加强检测元件之间相互作用机制的研究,同时要提高现场快速检测设备的开发,进一步增强其在实际应用中的可行性和实用性.     

微波消解ICP-MS法测定空气颗粒物中54种元素

正目前我国环境空气颗粒物中元素测定的标准方法为原子荧光法和原子吸收分光光度法,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)作为新发展起来的无机元素分析测试技术,能够弥补上述方法的局限性,具有检出限低、线性范围宽、灵敏度高、快速简便、一次可测定多种元素等优点.本文将微波消解技术与电感耦合等离子体质谱法结合,快速准确地测定颗粒物中54种元素,并用该方法对京津冀     

河南省平顶山市大气降尘的化学特征及其来源解析

为系统反映河南省平顶山市大气降尘的特征,选取平顶山市5个典型功能区(工业区、交通区、居民区、文教区、居民商业混合区),于2008年5月-2009年4月用圆筒型集尘缸采集60个大气降尘样品,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和离子色谱法(IC)分别对其中的20种元素浓度和14种离子浓度进行了分析.结果表...     

测定废弃线路板中重金属的酸消解方法比较

重金属含量一般采用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-MS,ICP-AES)等方法测定.测定前需要对固体样品进行预处理.目前,常用的预处理方法有直接加热酸消解法、微波消解法和高压釜消解法等.而直接加热酸消解法是目前相对最常用的方法.     

ICP-AES测定冶炼废水中七种杂质元素

本文对冶炼废水中的Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,Hg和As等的快速测定方法作了探讨.与分光光度法、原子吸收法相比,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仅(ICP-AES)能同时测定多种元素,方法简便、快速、精密度好、消耗试剂少等优点.     

电化学DNA生物传感器在检测环境有机污染物中的应用

电化学DNA生物传感器是一种以DNA为生物识别元件并通过电化学信号转换器将目标物的存在转变为可检测的电信号的传感装置.因具有灵敏性高、选择性好、制备成本低、操作简单、携带方便、抗干扰性强等优点而被广泛用于环境分析领域.本文简要阐述了电化学DNA生物传感器的检测原理及DNA在电极表面的固定化方法,重点讨论了电化学DNA生物传感器在检测环境有机污染物中的应用,最后对电化学DNA生物传感器的发展方向进行了展望.     

Cobalt speciation assay for human serum,Part I. Method for measuring large and small molecular cobalt and protein-binding capacity using size exclusion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy detection

A method utilizing size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) was developed to separate and quantify large molecular cobalt (Co) (e.g., albumin-Co) from cyanocobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) and small molecular Co (e.g., glutathione-Co and free Co) in human serum. Highly selective and sensitive detection using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry was coupled with SEC to provide a method with reliable accuracy, precision, recoveries, stability, and a detection limit of 0.037 μg/L in undiluted serum. Other divalent metal cations known to compete with Co(II) for serum albumin-binding sites (such as iron, zinc, manganese, cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead) did not significantly alter Co(II) quantification. Co–protein binding capacity determination of individual serum samples indicated that addition of 2500 μg Co/L to undiluted human serum resulted in approximately 90% distribution to the large molecular Co peak, consistent with Co binding to high-affinity divalent metal binding sites on albumin. Since serum albumin binding partially sequesters biologically active Co(II) ions, this method provides an important tool for better understanding the kinetics and toxicology of Co compounds. Thus, the proposed method might play an important role in establishing Co dose–response relationships that affect the equilibrium concentrations of free ionic Co(II).     

Analytische Schnellerkennungsmethoden: Bewertung abzulagernder Abfälle und Kontrolle von Deponien

Rapid test methods have been developed to classify waste. These procedures includes rapid elution and analytical determination methods for the detection of such elements as copper, nickel and zinc. Test kits for matter analysis (with a time requirement of about 30 minutes) have been modified with regard to the matrix waste. A comparison between such rapid testing methods and standard procedures using real samples leads to a similar waste classification. The reduction in time and costs via rapid assay methods allows multiple determinations of wastes to consequently increase the reliability of results from heterogeneous samples. The simple and rapid employment of these tests also makes an “on-site” performance possible.     

Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review

Hollow nanomaterials have attracted significant attention because of their high chemical and thermal stability, high specific surface area, high porosity, low density, and good biocompatibility. These state-of-the-art nanomaterials have been shown to efficiently adsorb heavy metals, and volatile hazardous substances, photodegrade persistent organic pollutants, and other compounds, and inactivate bacteria. Such properties have enabled the use of these materials for environmental remediation, such as in water/wastewater treatment, soil remediation, air purification, and substance monitoring, etc. Hollow nanomaterials showed higher photocatalytic activity than those without hollow structure owing to their high active surface area, reduced diffusion resistance, and improved accessibility. And, the Doping method could improve the photocatalytic performance of hollow nanomaterials further under visible light. Moreover, the synthetic mechanisms and methods of these materials are important because their size and morphology help to determine their precise properties. This article reviews the environmental applications and potential risks of these materials, in addition to their syntheses. Finally, an outlook into the development of these materials is provided.     

Review on the study of mercury/silver ions-pyrimidine base pairs in DNA duplexes and their application in detection technology北大核心CSCD

Nucleic acids and their analogues are getting more and more attention. Metal-mediated base pairs as a kind of simple and functionalized nucleic acids in special positions have widened the scope of application of functional nucleic acids and their analogues. In this type of base pairs, the representative is the interaction between metal ions and pyrimidine bases, especially the research on thymine-Hg2+-thymine (T-Hg2+-T) and cytosine-Ag+-cytosine (C-Ag+-C) base pairs. This review summarizes the structure and mechanism of metal-mediate pyrimidine base pairs as well as the application in the biochemical analysis. It explores the mode and ratio of coordination between metal ions and base pairs, the effects on the stability of DNA helical structure, the related crystal structure and the three-dimensional configuration information in the DNA helix. The analytical application mainly includes various probes of metal ions, small molecules, protein and the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism. Among them the most widely used metal ions detection, and its combination with spectrum technology, visualization and amplification technology greatly promoted the rapid development of sensitive detection technology. In further studies, it is necessary to reveal the mechanism of interaction between T-Hg2+-T and C-Ag+-C, and more attention should be paid to combining of T-Hg2+-T and C-Ag+-C base pairs with other new technologies. The scope of practical application should also be further extended.     

Nanomaterials for agriculture,food and environment: applications,toxicity and regulation

Nanotechnology is expected to have a beneficial influence on agriculture, food and environment, due to the unique properties of nanomaterials. However, little is known about their safety and potential toxicity. Here we review metal nanoparticles, nanometal oxides, carbon nanotubes, liposomes and dendrimers. We present the application of these nanomaterials in agriculture, food and environment for plant protection; disease treatment; packing materials; development of new tastes, textures and sensations; pathogen detection; and delivery systems. We discuss risk assessment of nanomaterials and toxicological impacts of nanomaterials on agriculture, food and environment. We then provide regulatory guidelines for the safer use of nanomaterials.     

Revising REACH guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment for engineered nanomaterials for aquatic ecotoxicity endpoints: recommendations from the EnvNano project

The European Chemical Agency (ECHA) is in the process of revising its guidance documents on how to address the challenges of ecotoxicological testing of nanomaterials. In these revisions, outset is taken in the hypothesis that ecotoxicological test methods, developed for soluble chemicals, can be made applicable to nanomaterials. European Research Council project EnvNano—Environmental Effects and Risk Evaluation of Engineered, which ran from 2011 to 2016, took another outset by assuming that: “The behaviour of nanoparticles in suspension is fundamentally different from that of chemicals in solution”. The aim of this paper is to present the findings of the EnvNano project and through these provide the scientific background for specific recommendations on how ECHA guidance could be further improved. Key EnvNano findings such as the need to characterize dispersion and dissolution rates in stock and test media have partially been addressed in the updated guidance. However, it has to be made clear that multiple characterization methods have to be applied to describe state of dispersion and dissolution over time and for various test concentration. More detailed information is called for on the specific characterization methods and techniques available and their pros and cons. Based on findings in EnvNano, we recommend that existing algal tests are supplemented with tests where suspensions of nanomaterials are aged for 1–3 days for nanomaterials that dissolve in testing media. Likewise, for daphnia tests we suggest to supplement with tests where (a) exposure is shortened to a 3 h pulse exposure in daphnia toxicity tests with environmentally hazardous metal and metal oxide nanomaterials prone to dissolution; and (b) food abundance is three to five times higher than normal, respectively. We further suggest that the importance of considering the impact of shading in algal tests is made more detailed in the guidance and that it is specified that determination of uptake, depuration and trophic transfer of nanomaterials for each commercialized functionalization of the nanomaterials is required. Finally, as an outcome of the project a method for assessing the regulatory adequacy of ecotoxicological studies of nanomaterials is proposed.     

Determination trace amounts of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese ions in water samples after simultaneous separation and preconcentration

In the present article, a simple, rapid, sensitive and economical method has been developed for the simultaneous separation and preconcentration of the trace amounts of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese in water samples by using modified XAD-4 resins. The sorption was quantitative in the pH range 6.0–9.0, whereas quantitative desorption occurred instantaneously with 5.0 mL of 2 M HNO₃, and selected elements have been determined by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Dynamic ranges were 0.04–3.5, 0.1–6.0, 0.04–4.5 and 0.04–4.0 μg/mL for copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese, respectively. The detection limits were 9.2, 28.6, 12.3 and 5.7 ng/mL for Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Mn(II), respectively. The effects of the experimental parameters, including the sample pH, eluent type, interference ions and breakthrough volume, were studied for separation and preconcentration of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) ions. Determination of these ions in standard samples confirmed that the proposed method has good accuracy. The proposed method was used for the determination of these ions in water samples.     

Nanotechnology applications in pollution sensing and degradation in agriculture: a review

With the rise in the global population, the demand for increased supply of food has motivated scientists and engineers to design new methods to boost agricultural production. With limited availability of land and water resources, growth in agriculture can be achieved only by increasing productivity through good agronomy and supporting it with an effective use of modern technology. Advanced agronomical methods lay stress not only on boosting agricultural produce through use of more effective fertilizers and pesticides, but also on the hygienic storage of agricultural produce. The detrimental effects of modern agricultural methods on the ecosystem have raised serious concerns amongst environmentalists. The widespread use of persistent pesticides globally over the last six decades has contaminated groundwater and soil, resulting in diseases and hardships in non-target species such as humans and animals. The first step in the removal of disease causing microbes from food products or harmful contaminants from soil and groundwater is the effective detection of these damaging elements. Nanotechnology offers a lot of promise in the area of pollution sensing and prevention, by exploiting novel properties of nanomaterials. Nanotechnology can augment agricultural production and boost food processing industry through applications of these unique properties. Nanosensors are capable of detecting microbes, humidity and toxic pollutants at very minute levels. Organic pesticides and industrial pollutants can be degraded into harmless and often useful components, through a process called photocatalysis using metal oxide semiconductor nanostructures. Nanotechnology is gradually moving out from the experimental into the practical regime and is making its presence felt in agriculture and the food processing industry. Here we review the contributions of nanotechnology to the sensing and degradation of pollutants for improved agricultural production with sustainable environmental protection.     

The application of analytical techniques to the understanding of chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere†

The science of atmospheric chemistry has expanded enormously over the last decade. In the stratosphere it has become apparent that small traces of a number of gases can perturb the earth's ozone layer. In the troposphere it is now realised that a general oxidation process is occurring which involves several free radicals and a large number of stable gaseous molecules containing the elements H, C, N, O, S, P, F, Cl, Br and I. In areas close to centres of large population this leads to the phenomenon of photochemical smog and in more remote areas it leads to excess acidity in rainwater.

In order to gain information on these problems and understand the underlying causes, many new analytical techniques have been developed. These are based mostly on chemilu‐minescence, laser spectroscopy, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Some examples of the application of these techniques will be given with emphasis placed on the role of GC/MS (gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry).