氯/溴稳定同位素分析技术及其在环境科学研究中的应用

稳定同位素分析被认为是环境污染物溯源和转化途径探究的有效工具.针对氯/溴稳定同位素研究已经开发了一些较为可靠的分析技术,被广泛应用于氯乙烯、氯苯、溴酚、多溴二苯醚和有机氯农药等有机污染物的研究.本文综述了近年来氯/溴同位素分析技术的最新进展,介绍了稳定同位素分析技术在含氯/溴有机污染物的溯源分析和降解途径识别等方面的应用实例,分析了现有分析技术在仪器测定、分析策略、理论知识等方面的不足,展望了该技术的发展方向及其在环境科学领域内的应用前景.     

四溴双酚A的光转化过程及机理

四溴双酚A(Tetrabromobisphenol A,简称TBBPA)作为目前使用最广泛的溴系阻燃剂,通过生产、使用、处置等环节进入到环境中,并通过环境降解过程转化为新型的有机污染物,产生未知环境风险.光转化是环境中有机污染物降解的主要方式之一,转化效率高、速度快.本文综述了TBBPA及其衍生物在光照条件下的模拟环境光转化和光催化过程及机理. TBBPA及其衍生物在光辐射条件下易发生转化,转化效率和速率受到pH、初始浓度、溶解氧等环境条件的影响,光催化剂会显著提升TBBPA的转化速率. TBBPA的光转化机理包括脱溴、β-断裂、羟基化等,产物主要包括三溴双酚A、二溴双酚A、4-异丙烯基-2,6-二溴苯酚、2,6-二溴苯酚、羟基化三溴双酚A等.相较于TBBPA,针对TBBPA衍生物的光降解过程和机理尚不明晰,未来需要进一步对TBBPA及衍生物光转化过程进行研究,为其迁移转化过程的机理和相关未知污染物的监控提供理论支持,为综合评估TBBPA类溴代阻燃剂的环境风险提供科学依据.     

臭氧和基于臭氧的高级氧化工艺降解农药的研究进展

由于农药的环境持久性以及毒性,饮用水源中的农药微污染日益受到水处理行业的关注.在众多水处理工艺中,由于其高效氧化去除有机污染物及控制嗅味等特点,臭氧及其相关高级氧化技术的应用已日趋广泛.本文综述了这些氧化技术对多类代表性农药（包括有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、氯乙酰胺和三嗪等）的降解效能,详细讨论了农药的降解效率、反应动...     

微塑料与农药污染的联合毒性作用研究进展

近海环境中的微塑料污染问题已成为全球性的环境问题,引起了世界范围内的广泛关注。微塑料不仅能够对生物造成物理损伤,而且塑料中的添加剂如邻苯二甲酸酯、双酚A、多溴二苯醚等也会随着塑料的风化而浸出进入环境,对生物产生毒害,同时,微塑料还能吸附海洋环境中的其他污染物,从而对生物产生联合毒性作用。本文综述了微塑料与持久性有机污染物的联合作用,结果表明聚苯乙烯微塑料能够吸附海水中的持久性有机污染物如多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药滴滴涕,从而可能导致这些污染物在海洋生物组织中富集,对人类健康存在直接或间接危害。最后本文在总结前人研究的基础上,对未来微塑料与农药污染联合毒性作用的研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)光降解研究现状

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)为一类新型的持久性有机污染物,因其在环境中的广泛分布和生物累积性而备受关注,环境中PBDEs的降解也成为研究热点.光降解是自然环境中PBDEs降解的主要途径之一,而光降解过程中会形成毒性更高的溴代二英.本文在总结国内外PBDEs光降解研究的基础上,对影响PBDEs光降解的因素(诸如:分子结构、光源、介质等)、途径和产物,特别是溴代二英的形成进行了综述,对目前存在问题及进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望.     

环境污染物与肠道菌群互作关系的研究进展

随着城市化和工业化的快速发展,大量污染物进入到环境中,这些污染物在食物链中传递和放大,最终对人体健康产生危害。环境污染物通过摄食进入消化道,影响肠道微生物稳态,进而危害宿主健康。目前大部分研究主要集中在环境污染物对肠道微生物的丰富度和多样性的影响,而对环境污染物、肠道微生物和宿主健康互作关系的研究鲜有报道。本文综述了环境污染物包括重金属、持久性有机污染物、农药、微塑料、抗生素及其抗性基因等对肠道微生物菌群结构及其代谢活动的影响,阐明了环境污染物诱导肠道菌群失衡而致病的关键步骤,为肠道微生物毒理学评价提供新的研究思路。     

室内环境中持久性卤代有机污染物的人体暴露及潜在生殖健康影响

卤代持久性有机污染物(Hal-POPs),如多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、滴滴涕(DDT)等是环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物,同时它们又是内分泌干扰物,是威胁人类生殖健康的重要因素之一。由于人们每天约有80%以上的时间在室内度过,且室内环境是Hal-POPs人体暴露的主要来源之一,因此室内环境中Hal-POPs对人体内分泌系统的干扰作用及其机理等问题亟待研究,但目前这方面的研究很有限。本文通过综述Hal-POPs在室内环境中的赋存水平和在人体体内的负荷水平及其半衰期,探讨了其对人体内分泌系统尤其是男性生殖健康的影响情况及其可能的机理,并分析了目前研究的不足之处及研究前景,为进一步开展这方面的研究提供借鉴。     

典型土壤持久性有机污染物空间分布特征及环境行为研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)由于具有致癌性、致畸性和致突变效应的"三致性",近年来已经越来越受到人们的关注.本文综合分析了有机氯农药(OCPs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、二英类(PCDD/Fs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)及多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)等几种典型土壤持久性有机污染物的空间分布特征.同时,对土壤POPs的挥发作用、吸附/解吸、迁移、生物降解、化学降解等环境行为进行了深入分析,并指出了这些环境行为的影响因素,包括POPs的物质属性、土壤理化性质及周围环境等共性影响因素及其它因素.此外,针对国内外研究现状中存在的问题,提出了相关建议,指出控制土壤POPs污染的根本手段在于管理措施的完善.     

天然碳质吸附剂对典型有机污染物的吸附机制研究进展

综述了天然碳质吸附剂(carbonaceous geosorbent,CG)的分类、来源、基本性质及对典型有机污染物的吸附机制与特点,涉及的有机物污染物涵盖了多环芳烃、多氯联苯、多溴代二苯基醚、农药及抗生素等多种门类,包括极性、弱极性、非极性及离子型等多种化合物,具有较广泛的代表性.CG类物质与有机化合物间的分子间作用力(范德华力)对吸附作用有重要贡献,但这种分子间作用力会受到CG性质(如孔隙结构、特征基团等)和吸附质分子特点(如分子构型、官能团)的影响.深入了解CG对典型有机化合物的吸附机制及其影响因素对污染土壤环境风险评估和污染土壤修复具有重要意义.     

中国海洋环境中卤代阻燃剂的污染现状与研究进展

卤代阻燃剂(halogenated flame retardants,HFRs)是具有持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)特性的一类化合物,它们广泛存在于海洋环境中,由于其具有环境持久性、长距离迁移性和生物富集性,HFRs的研究在近几十年来受到了极大重视.本文搜集了HFRs在中国海洋中的污染特征,其中包括多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)、六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecane,HBCDs)、十溴二苯乙烷(decabromodiphenyl ethane,DBDPE)以及其他非多溴联苯醚(non-PBDEs)类HFRs在不同海洋介质中的含量水平与分布特征,并对HFRs在海洋中的生物富集和放大效应进行了综述.文章总结了中国海洋中HFRs相关研究存在的问题,包括缺少对新兴HFRs的报道以及现有研究区域有限等,并对今后的研究提出了建议.     

Trace elements and organochlorine pollutants in selected fish species from Lake Phewa,Nepal

Lake water and fish livers and gills of sahar (Tor putitora), spiny eel (Mastacembelus armatus), African magur (Clarias gariepinus), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Phewa, Nepal, were assessed for the concentrations of trace metals/elements and persistent organic pollutants. The lake water was neutral with low ionic and metallic concentrations as compared to high-altitude lakes of Nepal. The four elements Cu, Zn, Se, and Cd had highest concentrations in livers, indicating uptake from diet, whereas four other metallic elements Cr, Mn, Ni, and Pb had highest concentrations in gills, indicating uptake from lake water. O. niloticus tended to have most of trace metals in the liver at higher concentrations than the other species but significant differences among the different species were found only for Mn, Ni, and Zn in the gills. A pilot study on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in muscle revealed that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and related compounds were the dominant organochlorine pesticides, having highest concentrations in C. gariepinus and lowest in O. niloticus.     

Concurrent Chemical and Histological Analyses: Are They Compatible?

Bivalves are often used as sentinel organisms in monitoring programmes for trace organic contaminants. the animal's physiological state may be important in interpreting trends in contaminant body burden. Simultaneous evaluation of physiological state and organic contaminant concentration in bivalves typically involves removal of a lipid-rich cross-section of the body mass for histopathological and/or gonadal analysis.

In this study, the bias introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations, e.g. of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, are evaluated on five different size groups of oysters. As a test case, we evaluated the use of this method in the NOAA's Status & Trends Mussel Watch (NS&T) Programme. the average biases introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations in Gulf of Mexico oysters have been increasing since 1986 as a consequence of a continuous decrease in the size of the individuals sampled.     

太湖水体中5种有机磷农药混合物生态风险评价

有机磷农药是一类广泛分布于我国水环境中的污染物,即使在水体中的污染水平处于规定“安全标准”之下,其联合暴露产生的风险仍有可能威胁水生生态安全。采用基于浓度加和模型与生物敏感度分布曲线的混合物风险商法,评价了太湖水体中敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和乐果5种有机磷农药混合物产生的生态风险。结果表明：2003～2004年期间3个不同时期太湖水体中5种有机磷农药的混合物生态风险商(RQ_m )均大于1,有机磷农药混合物在2003～2004年期间对太湖水生生物构成了一定威胁。     

Multiple biomarker responses in caged benthic gastropods <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bellamya aeruginosa</Emphasis> after in situ exposure to Taihu Lake in China

Background

Freshwater sediments have been recognized as a long-term sink and potential source for environmental pollutants released into the aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the sediment quality of Taihu Lake, which is susceptible to anthropogenic contamination, was assessed by a combination of chemical analytical and biological end points. Specifically, the snail Bellamya aeruginosa was caged in situ at two locations representing different pollution levels for different exposure times (7, 14 and 21 days). At each of these time points, biochemical parameters, i.e., phase I biotransformation enzymes ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl content and lipid peroxidation, were evaluated in the hepatopancreas of snails. In addition, surface sediments were collected for analysis of contaminants of concern, including inorganic pollutants, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Results

Chemical analyses revealed that sediments from Taihu Lake were contaminated with trace elements and organic pollutants. Concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Ni and As) and organochlorinated pesticides (4,4′-DDE) exceeded their corresponding threshold effect level according to the sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems in Canada, indicating that adverse biological effects may occur. All biomarkers, except EROD activity, were induced in snails during all exposure times. The integrated biomarker response index (IBR) indicated that during the initial exposure phase (7 days), B. aeruginosa were subjected to significant environmental stress, which diminished during later sampling time points.

Conclusions

Results showed that IBR correlated well with the levels of environmental contaminants, demonstrating the applicability of this biomonitoring approach to complex environmental exposure scenarios.

     

Metal ion-induced enhanced oxidation of organic contaminants by ferrate: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The global contamination of water resources by organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides is calling for advanced remediation techniques, yet...     

Electrochemistry: as cause and cure in water pollution—an overview

This article reviews both the pollution by the electrochemical industry and the use of electrochemistry to clean water. Main pollutants include Pd, Cd, Ni, Hg and other metals and cyanide as well as organic pollutants. The cause for water pollution by electrochemistry is due to the effluents from different electrochemical industries such as mercury from chlor-alkali industry; lead, cadmium and mercury from battery industry; heavy metals and organic contaminants from electroplating wastes; contaminants from corrosion processes; and persistent organic pollutants from the synthesis and use of pesticides, dyes and pharmaceuticals. Most pollutants can be successfully eliminated or converted to non-toxic materials by methods based on the electrochemical principles. Electrochemical depolluting methods are mainly electrodialysis, electrocoagulation, electroflotation, anodic processes, cathodic processes and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes.     

土壤中有机污染物的气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱非靶标筛查

本文基于气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(GC-QTOF/MS)对宜昌某化学工业园区内的土壤进行潜在有机污染物的非靶标筛查.根据已有高分辨数据库和保留时间信息,采用精确质量数提取筛查流程识别出样品中96种污染物,主要以多环芳烃及其代谢产物、氯苯类和农药为主.进一步通过未知物分析软件解卷积功能和质谱NIST数据库的匹配,发现了如二氯苯胺、9-芴酮、3-甲基二苯并噻吩等更多的污染物.该方法能够快速筛查和识别出样品中潜在有机污染物,为当地污染物的风险管控提供借鉴意义.     

Identification and ranking of the risky organic contaminants in the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir

The Danjiangkou reservoir was selected to provide the source water for the middle routes of the South to North Water Transfer Project, which has provoked many environmental concerns. To date, investigations of water contamination of the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir with organic micro-pollutants have been limited. This study was conducted to identify and rank organic contaminants that pose risks in the Danjiangkou reservoir. To this end, the Chemical Hazard Evaluation and Manage- ment Strategies （CHEMS-1） approach was adapted to integrate the deconvolution technology of qualitative identifying contaminants for site-specific environmental matrices. The samples were screened for the presence of 1093 contaminants using deconvolution technologies and the hazard values of the identified contaminants were calculated using the adapted CHEMS-1 approach accord- ing to their hazardous properties and occurrence in source water. The results showed that 46 contaminants from 1093 targets were present in Danjiangkou water, 23 of which appeared at frequencies higher than 50%, and 15 of which were identified as priorities. Over half （53%） of the high- ranked contaminants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons （PAHs）, with chrysene ranked highest on the list. Health risk assessment of the top-ranked PAHs was conducted and revealed that cancer risks of PAHs detected in the source water of Danjiangkou to different populations ranged from 10-7 to 104, indicating a low cancer risk to consumers. The results of this study indicated that the adapted CHEMS-1 approach was feasible for site-specific screening of organic contaminants to identify and rank potential priority pollutants.     

太湖和巢湖夏季蓝藻水华期间产毒微囊藻和非产毒微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布

应用荧光定量PCR技术对蓝藻水华暴发期间太湖和巢湖水体中产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布进行了研究.分别以微囊藻毒素合成基因基因家族成员mcyD和小核糖体16S rDNA序列构建定量PCR标准曲线,研究产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度.结果表明:太湖和巢湖微囊藻种群由产毒微囊藻和非产毒微囊藻组成;蓝藻水华暴发期间,微囊藻种群组成及其丰度分布具有明显的空间差异性:太湖产毒微囊藻种群丰度为9.89×104～4.51×106 copies mL-1,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群的比例为20.5%～38.1%;巢湖产毒微囊藻种群丰度为4.12×104～5.44×106 copies mL-1,其占总微囊藻种群的比例为8.4%～96.6%.总的来说,富营养化严重的湖区总微囊藻和产毒微囊藻种群丰度较高,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群的比例也较高.图7表3参29