沉积物中六氯苯对摇蚊幼虫的慢性毒性效应

以淡水底栖动物花翅羽摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)幼虫为受试生物,研究了沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)对其28 d的慢性毒性效应,观察摇蚊幼虫的存活情况和活动行为,以死亡率、羽化率和羽化时间为受试终点,计算28 d试验后沉积物中HCB对摇蚊的半数致死浓度(lethal concentration 50,LC50)以及50%羽化时间(50%emergence time,EmT50)。结果表明,HCB对摇蚊28 d的LC50为59.8 mg·kg-1,对摇蚊羽化率的半数效应浓度(half maximal effective concentration,EC50)为59.8 mg·kg-1。与大多数污染物不同,HCB有促进摇蚊幼虫筑巢行为和羽化的作用,随着HCB染毒浓度升高,摇蚊幼虫筑巢行为加强,EmT50缩短。暴露于高浓度HCB(21.6 mg·kg-1)时,摇蚊的EmT50与对照相比明显缩短,尤其对雄性摇蚊影响更大。但与对照相比,HCB对羽化摇蚊的性别比没有很大影响。     

电子垃圾拆解区氯化石蜡和多氯联苯的分布特征——以广东清远龙塘镇为例

采用GC/MS法测定了广东清远龙塘镇电子垃圾拆解区电子垃圾、电子垃圾焚烧后残渣、当地池塘沉积物和对照区沉积物24种短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)、24种中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)和29种多氯联苯(PCBs)的浓度水平.结果显示,氯化石蜡(CPs)和PCBs大量存在于电子垃圾中.电子垃圾、残渣和池塘沉积物SCCPs和MCCPs浓度范围(干重)分别为1.6—46.8μg·g-1和7.3—215μg·g-1,PCBs的浓度范围(干重)为0.15—370.6μg·g-1,明显高于对照区,对周边造成了极大环境风险.SCCPs、MCCPs和PCBs均呈现低碳低氯同系物的相对含量在电子垃圾、电子垃圾焚烧残渣、拆解区池塘沉积物、对照区沉积物中依次递增的现象,表明CPs和PCBs在由电子垃圾向沉积物迁移过程中可能存在脱碳脱氯的降解过程.     

水体和沉积物加标法评估BPAP对摇蚊的毒性

为了研究水体加标法和沉积物加标法摇蚊毒性测试的差异,采用水体和沉积物加标法对比测试了双酚AP(BPAP)对伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)全生命周期的繁殖发育毒性。实验结果表明,在水体添加法摇蚊全生命周期毒性试验中,60~900μg·L-1BPAP处理组对两代摇蚊的羽化率、发育率、性别比和繁殖力均无显著影响(P>0.05);而在沉积物添加法试验中,3 200μg·kg-1及更高浓度处理组亲代羽化率和子代羽化率、发育率显著降低(P<0.05)。水体加标法和沉积物加标法得到的BPAP对摇蚊两代发育、繁殖无显著影响浓度(NOEC)分别为≥900μg·L-1和1 600μg·kg-1(即0.00070‰和0.00035‰,以BPAP在水-沉积物系统所占质量比计)。因此BPAP沉积物添加法对摇蚊的繁殖发育毒性效应大于水体添加法。在化学品危害评估中,摇蚊慢性毒性测试方法或数据的选择应考虑实际环境中该化学品进入水-沉积物系统的方式。     

沉积物中五氯酚对底栖生物的急慢性毒性效应

以淡水底栖动物花翅羽摇蚊幼虫和淡水单孔蚓为研究对象,研究了沉积物中五氯酚对底栖生物的急慢性毒性效应。五氯酚对花翅羽摇蚊幼虫96 h及10 d的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为20.6 mg·kg-1和12.5 mg·kg-1,28 d羽化半数抑制浓度(EC50)为0.79 mg·kg-1。沉积物中五氯酚对花翅羽摇蚊幼虫的羽化具有延滞作用,而且对雌性摇蚊羽化的延滞作用大于雄性,最终导致羽化摇蚊的性别失衡。淡水单孔蚓对五氯酚的耐受力较摇蚊幼虫强。五氯酚对淡水单孔蚓的96 h及14 d的LC50分别为37.6 mg·kg-1和20.2 mg·kg-1,对淡水单孔蚓21 d生长抑制的EC50为1.39 mg·kg-1。研究结果对推导五氯酚沉积物质量基准和进行沉积物生态风险评价提供依据。     

海河流域沉积物中典型重金属的生态风险评估及验证

沉积物重金属污染及其生态风险评估日益受到关注,而沉积物质量基准是开展生态风险评估的有力工具。本研究通过物种敏感度分布法(species sensitivity distributions, SSD)和急慢性毒性比(acute to chronic ratios, ACR)推导了镍、铜、锌、镉和铅的沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline, SQG)。在获得合理的重金属沉积物慢性毒性数据的基础上,采用S-Logistic模型拟合镍、铜、镉和铅的慢性SSD曲线,采用S-Gompertz模型拟合锌的慢性SSD曲线。得到镍、铜、锌、镉和铅沉积物质量基准低值(sediment quality guideline low value, SQGlow)分别为18.6、69.9、107、1.26和38.4 mg·kg~(-1),应用ACRs,得到相应的沉积物质量基准高值(sediment quality guideline high value, SQGhigh)分别为167、226、556、10.1和384 mg·kg~(-1)。与加拿大和澳大利亚重金属沉积物基准值具有一定的可比性。选择花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)3种底栖生物作为受试生物,验证基准值对海河流域沉积物重金属毒性的预测能力。结果表明,利用SQGs预测沉积物毒性的总准确率为76.2%,3种底栖生物验证准确率从高至低为:花翅摇蚊>伸展摇蚊>霍甫水丝蚓。     

电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟对多氯联苯的累积及风险评估

粗犷的电子垃圾拆解活动已造成当地野生生物多氯联苯(PCBs)严重污染,但PCBs在野生鸟类中的生物累积特征及潜在的毒害作用研究较少。本研究采集了广东省某电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟(Alcedo atthis)及其食物(各种小型鱼类)样品,研究翠鸟对PCBs的累积特征、生物放大效应及毒性风险。翠鸟肌肉中PCBs中值含量为220μg·g~(-1)脂重,比其他报道值高1~3个数量级。计算的生物放大因子(BMF)显示,大部分PCB单体的BMF值都大于1,表明翠鸟对PCBs具有生物放大效应。计算的共面PCBs毒性当量(TEQs)范围为39~23 600 pg·g~(-1)湿重,已经达到或超过了影响某些鸟类生殖或发育障碍的报道值。上述结果表明,电子垃圾拆卸活动已经造成了当地翠鸟PCBs严重污染,PCBs污染物对电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟及其他野生生物的毒性效应尚需进一步研究。     

水生生物毒性测试用于沉积物评价的研究进展

针对沉积物污染问题的研究目前已建立了不同的评价方法与体系,目前常用的结合生物毒性测试的有效应导向分析(EDA)、沉积物毒性鉴别评价(TIE)、证据权重法（WOE）、物种敏感性分布法（SSD）和沉积物质量基准（SQG）等,这些方法在河流、湖泊等水体沉积物中污染物毒性效应表征及沉积物质量评价方面有重要应用.本文指出水生生物毒性测试应用的重要性,根据不同学者的研究内容归纳了水生生物毒性测试的方法学,对沉积物进行水生生物毒性测试的基质处理包括直接采用污染沉积物、洁净沉积物加标以及人工配置沉积物,受试生物主要包括浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和鱼类,毒性试验终点包括急性毒性终点和慢性毒性终点;最后指出水生生物测试存在的问题,并对沉积物质量评价未来发展方向进行展望,以期为我国沉积物生物毒性测试标准方法的建立提供参考.     

北江清远段地表水及沉积物中酞酸酯的分布特征与风险评估

北江作为清远市居民的主要生活饮用水水源,水体中持久性有机污染物污染问题备受重视,但目前对于北江清远段水体中酞酸酯的研究较少。了解PAEs的分布、来源、健康及生态风险,对于保障北江清远段居民的饮用水安全具有重要意义,可为北江水生态环境保护管理提供参考。于2016年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)在北江清远段流域采集地表水和沉积物样品,采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)法测定了北江清远段水和沉积物中酞酸酯含量,分析其污染水平和分布特征,并开展健康风险和生态风险评估。结果表明,北江清远段地表水中丰水期和枯水期PAEs质量浓度范围分别在nd-7.71μg?L~(-1)和0.55-7.92μg?L~(-1)之间,沉积物PAEs质量分数范围分别在0.346-3.31μg?g~(-1)和0.66-91.35μg?g~(-1)之间,与长江武汉段、第二松花江、珠江、法国塞纳河等国内外河流湖泊相比,北江清远段水中PAEs污染处于中等偏低的污染水平,而沉积物处于中等污染水平。丰水期水中PAEs主要来源于工业生产过程和当地居民生活垃圾,枯水期水中PAEs主要来源于生活垃圾和工业生产垃圾;丰枯两季沉积物中PAEs主要来源家庭塑料垃圾的排放。枯水期邻近坑口咀的采样点(BJ-3)∑PAEs和DEHP存在致癌风险,而其他采样点存在潜在非致癌风险;而沉积物中PAEs对水藻类和鱼类的毒害效应高于甲壳类。     

典型电子垃圾拆解区二噁英污染特征、相分配及暴露风险

选取南方某典型电子垃圾拆解区不同作业区为研究对象,重点研究了拆解地大气中二噁英的污染特征、气相-颗粒相分配及呼吸暴露风险。通过对5个采样点（包括1个背景点）的研究发现,电子垃圾拆解作业区颗粒相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：20.64-56.14 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.293-1.490 pg·m^-3;气相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：3.861-19.29 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.384-2.150 pg·m^-3。背景点大气中二噁英浓度相对较低,颗粒相和气相样品中质量浓度值分别为：3.734 pg·m^-3和2.637 pg·m^-3,毒性当量仅为I-TEQ 0.176-0.267 pg·m^-3;要明显低于电子垃圾拆解区。基于污染物气相-颗粒相分配系数与蒸汽压的关系对二噁英的气-固分配行为研究显示,除了拆解混合作业区有较好的分配系数（-0.64）外,其它监测点位二噁英的气-固平衡状态较弱（-0.27--0.03）,更多的是以低分子量的单体化合物赋存于气相样品中。对拆解区二噁英呼吸暴露风险研究结果表明,儿童呼吸暴露风险要高于成年人;同时无论是儿童还是成年人,其二噁英的呼吸暴露量均要高于国内外城市报道的二噁英人体呼吸暴露量,说明本次监测的电子垃圾拆解区存在的潜在健康风险不容忽视。     

清远某电子垃圾拆解区河流底泥中重金属和多氯联苯的复合污染

通过采集清远某电子垃圾拆解区6个点位沉积物样品,测定底泥的p H、有机质、4种阴离子、重金属和多氯联苯的含量,研究电子垃圾对附近河流产生的影响及危害.采用原子吸收、离子色谱、气相色谱质谱联用(GC/MS)分析底泥中重金属、阴离子、PCBs(Polychlorinated biphenyls)的含量.结果显示,排污两点表层底泥的有机质含量达到11.73%和11.34%;4种阴离子含量为:SO2-4Cl-F-NO-3,SO2-4和Cl-的浓度在排污口表层含量高达320 mg·kg-1和60 mg·kg-1,阴离子含量随深度的增加而降低;排污口表层底泥的重金属Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr的含量最高分别能达50.87、967.89、5571.75、15673.09、10075.26、2253.86 mg·kg-1,超出《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)三级标准;沉积物中PCBs含量在0.36—3.160μg·g-1,以三—五氯为主,约占总量的70%,生态风险大于50%,毒性风险较高.Cd和PCBs是最主要的生态风险因子,在排污口两点除Cd和PCBs外,Pb和Cu的生态风险也很强,RI值高达5000以上,具有极强的生态危害性.     

Pollution distribution of heavy metals in surface soil at an informal electronic-waste recycling site

We studied distribution of heavy metals [lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)] in surface soil at an electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling workshop near Metro Manila in the Philippines to evaluate the pollution size (spot size, small area or the entire workshop), as well as to assess heavy metal transport into the surrounding soil environment. On-site length-of-stride-scale (~70 cm) measurements were performed at each surface soil point using field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FP-XRF). The surface soil at the e-waste recycling workshop was polluted with Cu, Zn and Pb, which were distributed discretely in surface soil. The site was divided into five areas based on the distance from an entrance gate (y-axis) of the e-waste recycling workshop. The three heavy metals showed similar concentration gradients in the y-axis direction. Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations were estimated to decrease to half of their maximum concentrations at ~3, 7 and 7 m from the pollution spot, respectively, inside the informal e-waste recycling workshop. Distance from an entrance may play an important role in heavy metal transport at the soil surface. Using on-site FP-XRF, we evaluated the metal ratio to characterise pollution features of the solid surface. Variability analysis of heavy metals revealed vanishing surficial autocorrelation over metre ranges. Also, the possibility of concentration prediction at unmeasured points using geostatistical kriging was evaluated, and heavy metals had a relative “small” pollution scales and remained inside the original workshop compared with toxic organohalogen compounds. Thus, exposure to heavy metals may directly influence the health of e-waste workers at the original site rather than the surrounding habitat and environmental media.     

电子垃圾拆解区及其周边大气中得克隆的污染和呼吸暴露研究

添加型高氯代阻燃剂得克隆(dechlorane plus,DP)因为在环境中表现出普遍存在性、持久性、生物富集性、长距离迁移性和毒性,近年来迅速引起各国环境科学家的关注和重视。DP广泛应用于电线电缆等电子产品塑料中,粗放式电子垃圾拆解活动已被证实是环境中DP的重要污染来源之一。为探讨电子垃圾拆解区及其周边地区大气中DP的污染特征、呼吸暴露剂量和影响因素,对典型电子垃圾拆解区贵屿(GY)及其周边地区陈店(CD)和对照市区(广州市天河区,TH)进行大气采样和DP分析,并运用Monte Carlo模拟计算其日呼吸摄入剂量,同时对暴露参数进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明:受当地粗放式电子垃圾拆解活动的影响,GY大气中的DP平均浓度(范围)高达(1 119±1 021)pg·m-3(410~3 381 pg·m-3),远高于CD(52.2±30.2,20.9~102 pg·m-3)和TH(5.04±2.73,0.967~9.43 pg·m-3);受GY大气污染扩散迁移的影响,CD大气中的DP浓度也显著高于TH(t-test,P=0.006);GY大气中反式DP的比例(fanti)与DP商业品(fanti=0.70)无显著差异(t-test,P=0.08),这与其存在本地排放源一致,而TH大气中的fanti显著低于DP商业品(t-test,P=0.000);3个地区居民的DP日均呼吸摄入剂量(pg·kg-1·d-1)分别为:GY成人1 888,儿童1 912;CD成人60.9,儿童62.8;TH成人5.16,儿童5.25;呼吸速率是DP日呼吸摄入剂量的主要贡献因子,其次为大气中的DP浓度和体重,体重对于儿童的影响远高于成人。上述研究结果表明GY及其周边地区居民均处于较高DP呼吸暴露风险中。     

Benthic community response to petroleum-associated components in Arctic versus temperate marine sediments

We assessed the effects of crude oil and drill cuttings on sediment oxygen demand (SOD) of marine benthic communities from Arctic (Barents Sea) and temperate (Oslofjord) areas of the Norwegian continental shelf. Field-collected cores in both areas were subjected to three different treatments: two concentrations of hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments, and drill cuttings (DC). Cores were incubated for 21 days at 5°C (Barents Sea) and at 10°C (Oslofjord) during which SOD was measured five times. We observed significantly higher SOD in the high oil concentration (HOC) and DC treatments compared to control cores from the Arctic, but not in the temperate Oslofjord. No difference was observed between the low oil concentration (LOC) and control at either location. The clear differences in the response of Arctic benthic communities to petroleum compounds compared to temperate benthic communities is likely related to differences in community structure, sensitivity of individual taxa to petroleum-related compounds and different contamination history of the two study areas.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plastic products,indoor dust,sediment and fish from informal e-waste recycling sites in Vietnam: a comprehensive assessment of contamination,accumulation pattern,emissions, and human exposure

Residue concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in different kinds of samples including consumer products, indoor dust, sediment and fish collected from two e-waste recycling sites, and some industrial, urban and suburban areas in Vietnam were determined to provide a comprehensive assessment of the contamination levels, accumulation pattern, emission potential and human exposure through dust ingestion and fish consumption. There was a large variation of PBDE levels in plastic parts of obsolete electronic equipment (from 1730 to 97,300 ng/g), which is a common result observed in consumer plastic products reported elsewhere. PBDE levels in indoor dust samples collected from e-waste recycling sites ranged from 250 to 8740 ng/g, which were markedly higher than those in industrial areas and household offices. Emission rate of PBDEs from plastic parts of disposed electronic equipment to dust was estimated to be in a range from 3.4 × 10^?7 to 1.2 × 10^?5 (year^?1) for total PBDEs and from 2.9 × 10^?7 to 7.2 × 10^?6 (year^?1) for BDE-209. Some fish species collected from ponds in e-waste recycling villages contained elevated levels of PBDEs, especially BDE-209, which were markedly higher than those in fish previously reported. Overall, levels and patterns of PBDE accumulation in different kinds of samples suggest significant emission from e-waste sites and that these areas are potential sources of PBDE contamination. Intakes of PBDEs via fish consumption were generally higher than those estimated through dust ingestion. Intake of BDE-99 and BDE-209 through dust ingestion contributes a large proportion due to higher concentrations in dust and fish. Body weight normalized daily intake through dust ingestion estimated for the e-waste recycling sites (0.10–3.46 ng/day/kg body wt.) were in a high range as compared to those reported in other countries. Our results highlight the potential releases of PBDEs from informal recycling activities and the high degree of human exposure and suggest the need for continuous investigations on environmental pollution and toxic impacts of e-waste-related hazardous chemicals.     

沉积物中2,2'',4,4''-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学及其繁殖毒性

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一种全球性的新型持久性有毒污染物,沉积物中高浓度的PBDEs是水生态系统的巨大风险源,2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在PBDEs同系物中,目前分布最广,生物毒性最强。为评价沉积物中BDE-47向底栖动物体内转移的潜力及其对底栖动物的潜在繁殖毒性,将实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)暴露于BDE-47加标沉积物中,研究了BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学特性及其对铜锈环棱螺潜在繁殖力的影响。结果表明,铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中BDE-47吸收较快,代谢速度相对较慢,BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内具有较强的生物积累性。生物积累达理论平衡时,铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47浓度为1440.67ng·g-1(以样品干质量计)。BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的生物积累和生物净化过程较好地符合一级动力学模型,摄入速率常数、清除速率常数和生物-沉积物累积因子分别为0.10、0.038和2.75,生物半衰期为18d。铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47达到90%稳定状态所需的理论时间约为60d。低浓度BDE-47(160ng·g-1)暴露对铜锈环棱螺的潜在繁殖力没有影响,但当浓度≥640ng·g-1时,铜锈环棱螺的繁殖力下降50%,这表明BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺具有繁殖毒性。铜锈环棱螺可作为指示沉积物中底栖生物长期暴露于BDE-47的良好检测模型。     

Recycle of buried macroalgal detritus in sediments: use of dual-labelling experiments in the field

In intertidal sediments, burial and decomposition of macroalgal detritus can fuel the sediment of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which can be either promptly mineralised or assimilated to enter the food web. This study investigates the transfer of algal-derived C and N to the sediment and to the infauna feeding primarily on benthic diatoms. Thalli of Ulva spp. were ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labelled in the mesocosm and frozen to create detritus. Thawed macroalgae were, then, buried in the sediment of an intertidal sand-flat forming a mosaic of small patches (50 × 50 cm²) enriched with the macroalgae interspersed with bare sediment. The area was dominated by Corophium volutator and Hydrobia ulvae. The uptake of ¹³C and ¹⁵N was measured in the residual macroalgae, in the sediment and in those animals. Decomposition of detritus was rapid and after 4 weeks the residual biomass was 3% the amount added. Algal-derived ¹³C and ¹⁵N were moved to the sediment. The total amount of ¹³C and ¹⁵N retained in the sediment after completing the decomposition was 3.4 ± 0.5% ¹³C and 2.7 ± 0.6% ¹⁵N the amount decomposed. During the first 2 weeks more N than C was assimilated (1.7% ¹³C and 13.5% ¹⁵N). During the remaining two weeks, N was released from the sediment, while there was little accumulation of C (+6.4 ± 2.0 % ¹³C and −7.7 ± 3.8% ¹⁵N). At the end of the decomposition, animals were ¹⁵N- and ¹³C-labelled. Considering the total accumulation of label in the sediment, they accounted for 3.5 ± 1.8% ¹³C and 25.8 ± 12.9 % ¹⁵N. Similarly, considering the mass of the heavy isotopes gained (¹³C) or lost (¹⁵N) during the remaining 2 weeks, the animals accounted for 4.7 ± 2.1% of the ¹³C in excess and for 18.6 ± 9.1% of the ¹⁵N loss. The transfer of C and N to the sediment and to the surface deposit-feeders can be a relevant mechanism to remove the excess of detritus from the sediment.     

河蚬在我国沉积物毒性评价与鉴定中的应用研究

河蚬作为原产并广泛分布于我国及东南亚的双壳类淡水软体动物,是我国众多水域的底栖优势种。河蚬对水体污染物具有较强累积能力,已成功用于水体沉积物生物富集及生物毒性效应研究。但应用于沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)研究整体上仍处于起步阶段,尚未形成一套标准指标测定方法和技术体系。为此,本研究在调查底栖生物在我国沉积物毒性研究的基础上,以河蚬为主要研究对象,探讨其在我国生态分布等生物学背景,系统分析其对重金属和有机污染物的生物富集特征以及相关生物毒性效应方面的研究进展,以期为河蚬作为我国特色的沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)受试生物提供参考依据。     

“生物有效性测量”与“全沉积物毒性识别评估(TIE)”联用有效识别出沉积物中主要致毒污染物

沉积物中污染物种类繁多,准确判断其中产生生物毒性的主要来源是个难点,本文作者先采用TIE法初步判断出主要致毒污染物为有机物和重金属(毒性描述阶段(相I)),传统的毒性单位分析结果显示Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn主要致毒重金属,而为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈为主要致毒有机物中(毒性鉴定阶段(相II))。采用4步分级提取法和Tenax提取法分析了重金属和有机物的生物有效性。生物有效性毒性单位分析更加准确地锁定了毒性主要贡献重金属为Zn、Ni和Pb,毒性主要贡献有机物为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和氟虫腈。沉积物的稀释降低了重金属的毒性并使其毒性贡献鉴定变得复杂,生物有效性测量可以有效地提高TIE结果的准确性。
精选自Xiaoyi Yi, Huizhen Li, Ping Ma and Jing You. Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: Incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2970
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2970/full     

“生物有效性测量”与“全沉积物毒性识别评估(TIE)”联用有效识别出沉积物中主要致毒污染物

沉积物中污染物种类繁多,准确判断其中产生生物毒性的主要来源是个难点,本文作者先采用TIE法初步判断出主要致毒污染物为有机物和重金属(毒性描述阶段(相I)),传统的毒性单位分析结果显示Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn主要致毒重金属,而为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈为主要致毒有机物中(毒性鉴定阶段(相II))。采用4步分级提取法和Tenax提取法分析了重金属和有机物的生物有效性。生物有效性毒性单位分析更加准确地锁定了毒性主要贡献重金属为Zn、Ni和Pb,毒性主要贡献有机物为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和氟虫腈。沉积物的稀释降低了重金属的毒性并使其毒性贡献鉴定变得复杂,生物有效性测量可以有效地提高TIE结果的准确性。
精选自Xiaoyi Yi, Huizhen Li, Ping Ma and Jing You. Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: Incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2970
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2970/full