青岛近海秋季生物气溶胶分布特征

生物气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,对生物气溶胶的分布特征进行分析对于了解其对人体健康和大气环境的影响具有重要作用.于2007年9-10月运用安德森6级生物粒子采样器在青岛近海连续采集生物气溶胶样品,探讨陆源和海源细菌及真菌的浓度和粒径分布特征.结果表明,青岛近海生物气溶胶中陆源细菌浓度高于海源细菌,而陆源真菌浓度低于海源真菌,海源菌总数高于陆源菌;陆源和海源细菌及真菌浓度分布表现为上午﹥下午﹥中午.9-10月陆源和海源细菌主要分布在大于2.1 (m的粒子中,占总数的80.0%以上,呈偏态分布;9月陆源和海源真菌主要分布在2.1~7.0 (m的粒子中,10月陆源和海源真菌主要分布在1.1~4.7 (m的粒子中,呈对数正态分布.总体而言,青岛近海生物气溶胶受到陆地与海洋的双重影响,海洋影响更为显著.     

ADMS-EIA模型在污水处理厂恶臭影响预测中的应用

正污水处理厂属于环保工程,项目运行后有利于减少污水中有害物质排放.污水处理厂在发挥环境效益的同时,也会对环境产生不利影响,诸如排放尾水、产生恶臭和污泥等污染物.其中恶臭是污水处理厂运行中不可避免的一个污染问题,而其影响预测评价也是污水处理厂环境影响评价工作中的重点.污水处理厂的恶臭主要来自格栅间、进水泵房、曝气沉砂池、初沉池、生化池、污泥浓缩池、污泥脱水机房和污泥堆     

长沙市不同功能区空气微生物污染与评价

利用真菌、细菌综合培养基,采用自然沉降法对长沙市5个典型功能区进行空气微生物监测。结果表明,城区内不同功能区大气微生物的浓度各异,其中市区商业区、交通枢纽区的大气细菌污染最重,其次是休闲娱乐区和居民区,文教区大气细菌含量最低。绿化情况良好的休闲娱乐区的真菌含量高于交通枢纽区。以大气细菌含量指标评价了各测点的空气质量,空气质量处于微生物污染水平。     

菲和镉复合污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

以土壤酶活性和微生物数量作为生态毒理指标,通过模拟试验,比较分析多环芳烃菲和重金属镉单一与复合污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应.结果表明,菲和镉复合污染对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和脱氢酶均具有协同抑制作用;而对磷酸酶和微生物的数量具有拮抗抑制作用.菲和镉复合污染及菲单一污染对土壤微生物的活性抑制率从大到小依次为：放线菌＞真菌＞细菌;镉单一污染则为：真菌＞细菌＞放线菌.     

超积累植物和化学改良剂联合修复锌镉污染土壤后的微生物特征

通过盆栽试验,观察分析不同的土壤改良配方对重金属超积累植物东南景天盆栽土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量、Cmic及Nmic的影响,以此来筛选出最优的促进东南景天修复锌镉污染土壤的改良剂配方。结果显示:细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,与土壤Zn、Cd的去除率、东南景天植株干质量、Cmic及Cmic/Nmic两两之间都呈现极显著正相关关系(但Cmic/Nmic与真菌数量仅呈显著相关)。添加了土壤改良剂后,细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量都有不同程度的增加,其中以细菌数量的增加最为显著,放线菌次之,真菌则对各种土壤处理相对较不敏感;在各种土壤配方中,添加了6 g赤泥、15 g污泥和15 g沸石的T7处理最有利于各类土壤微生物的生长,微生物量碳达到345.64 mg.kg-1,与其它处理之间都达到显著差异。因此,可以利用土壤微生物作为污染土壤改良情况的生物指标。该研究为下阶段研究化学改良剂-植物-微生物修复技术奠定了基础。     

微生物絮凝剂的污泥脱水性能研究

采用酱油曲霉发酵制备的微生物絮凝剂对广州市猎德污水处理厂浓缩污泥的脱水性能进行研究,实验结果表明,酱油曲霉分泌的微生物絮凝剂对浓缩污泥有较好的脱水效果,调理后的污泥比阻可降至8.9×1011m·kg-1,显著地改善了污泥的脱水性能,与对照样相比,脱水率提高了7%,含水率降低了6%,当絮凝剂的投加量为污泥体积的5%、干重质量浓度为5.8mg·l-1时,污泥的脱水效果最佳,污泥脱水率从75.6%提高到82.6%,污泥含水率从82.4%降到76.4%.微生物絮凝剂和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复合使用有助于改善污泥的脱水性能,当10mL116mg·l-1微生物絮凝剂和6mL 1g·l-1PAM复合使用时,污泥的脱水率为82.9%,脱水后污泥的含水率为76.1%.     

呋喃丹对海南花岗岩砖红壤微生物种群的影响

在室温下培养土样并采用梯度稀释涂布的方法研究了不同质量分数的呋喃丹对砖红壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌3大主要土壤微生物种群数量变化的影响。结果表明,细菌、真菌和放线菌种群对呋喃丹的反应随其施加质量分数的不同而有所差别。培养初期,5mg·kg-1呋喃丹处理土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量相对最少。而在整个培养周期内随着培养时间的增加,各处理细菌和放线菌数量均能恢复并接近对照水平,但真菌的生长一直受到抑制且呋喃丹质量分数越大其受抑制程度也越大,表明呋喃丹对细菌和放线菌无明显的影响,而抑制真菌的趋势明显。因此,真菌可以被作为海南砖红壤受呋喃丹污染的敏感指示菌。     

北京市夏季不同功能区气溶胶数浓度特征

利用WPS宽范围气溶胶粒径谱仪,观测了2014年北京市夏季,二环内市中心和在四环外远离市中心地区的4个不同功能区(交通区、商业区、公园风景区、文教区)大气颗粒物个数浓度的变化.结果表明:市内各功能区大气颗粒物个数浓度均较高,在不同功能区颗粒物数浓度分布中,粒径为10—500 nm的颗粒物个数明显多于粒径大于500 nm的颗粒物;在近市中心的二环内功能区,颗粒物个数浓度分布集中在50 nm和100 nm左右,呈现双峰型;在远离市中心的四环外功能区,其数浓度整体高于二环内,除奥林匹克公园区颗粒物数浓度谱呈现明显的单峰之外,各个功能区数浓度谱为双峰型,但峰值所出现的粒径范围不同.     

室外空气细菌群落特征研究进展

着重论述了空气细菌的来源、粒子特征、群落特征、浓度的时空变化及其群落结构的影响因素.国内外研究结果表明:空气细菌主要来源于自然界的土壤、动植物、人类和水体,另外一些非自然的人类活动也是其重要来源;空气细菌的粒径主要在 0. 3~15. 0μm间变化,海岸边细菌气溶胶的粒径相对较小,而其他地方 84%或更多的细菌粒子的粒径≥2. 1μm;空气中革兰氏阳性细菌占绝大多数,无论在森林、海岸、城市还是乡村,芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus)都是优势菌属;一年中空气细菌浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,一天中则可以明显的划分为 5个阶段: (ⅰ )午夜细菌浓度最低, (ⅱ )日出时细菌浓度达到高峰, (ⅲ)正午细菌浓度积累逐渐上升, (ⅳ)下午后期细菌浓度降低, (ⅴ )晚上到午夜细菌浓度较低;人类活动频繁,动植物较多的地方空气细菌浓度较高.此外,空气细菌不仅与各种环境因素有关,还受到各种污染因子的影响. 表 2参 53     

放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤微生物的影响

以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的甘柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草地为对象,采用平板涂抹分离法和氯仿熏蒸法对不同放牧压力梯度下土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和土壤微生物碳、微生物氮量进行研究,结果表明:不同放牧压力梯度下,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地土壤微生物以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌和真菌较少,垂直分布明显;随着放牧压力梯度的增加,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地,0～25 cm土层中的细菌、放线菌、真菌及微生物碳和微生物氮数量呈降低趋势,其降低程度与放牧压力梯度呈直线正相关.与无放牧金露梅灌丛相比0～25 cm土层的细菌、真菌、放线菌最大降幅分别为49.64%、37.76%和46.64%;金露梅灌丛土壤微生物碳量占土壤有机碳的比例变化为0.85%～0.43%,微生物氮占土壤全氮的0.90%～1.11%,微生物量对土壤营养库的贡献率较低;土壤微生物量和土壤有机质呈显著线形正相关;土壤细菌数量和土壤水分呈显著线形正相关.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.