曝气复氧对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用实验室模拟，研究了曝气复氧对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响，结果表明，①溶解氧是影响底泥氮磷释放的重要因素，厌氧状态会加速底泥氮磷的释放。②正常条件下曝气复氧可以有效的控制底泥总磷的释放；曝气条件下高pH值无法控制底泥总磷的释放，搅动会对底泥总磷的释放产生轻微的影响，上覆水总磷浓度较高时底泥会发生吸磷现象，而温度则影响较小。③正常条件下曝气复氧可以控制比较封闭水体底泥氨氮的释放；曝气条件下温度对底泥氨氮和总氮的释放影响较大，即温度越高，抑制氨氮和总氮的释放效果越好，且低温会导致底泥氨氮和总氮的大量释放；曝气条件下搅动导致底泥释放更多的氨氮和总氮。     

城市黑臭河道底泥内源氮硝化-反硝化作用研究

氮超标是目前许多城市黑臭河道治理过程中急需解决的突出问题。在外源输入有效控制后,底泥内源氮成为水体氮污染的主要来源。硝化与反硝化过程是削减底泥氮负荷和控制内源氮释放的重要途径,从硝化与反硝化耦合作用角度探讨底泥内源氮的行为,对于有效解决黑臭河道氮超标治理难题具有重要的现实意义。对此,文章首先通过理论分析探讨了影响底泥内源氮硝化-反硝化有效耦合的重要因素,认为溶解氧水平和缺氧微环境分布是非常重要的参数,在这矛盾平衡中影响着硝化-反硝化作用的进行。其次评述了黑臭河道底泥内源氮硝化-反硝化作用的研究现状,指出对于污染严重且受人为干扰频繁的城市黑臭河道,曝气扰动是影响底泥内源硝化-反硝化作用的重要因素。为了实现对底泥内源氮的有效控释,往往需要通过选择合理的曝气条件从影响溶解氧水平和缺氧微环境分布两方面来控制硝化-反硝化反应平衡。最后探讨了今后相关研究的发展动态,包括曝气扰动的合理界定、模拟试验装置的有效构建、水动力条件下底泥硝化与反硝化性能的合理评定以及其微生物机制系统分析。     

天目湖溶解氧变化特征及对内源氮释放的影响

为弄清水库水体溶解氧(DO)含量的变化规律及其对水质的影响,于2006、2007年对天目湖水体DO和其他水质参数进行调查.结果表明,对于表层水体,在非夏季月份,温度增加会导致DO浓度和饱和度降低;而在夏季月份,由于浮游生物的活动,导致表层DO浓度较高,并可能出现过饱和的现象.对于中、底层水体,温度分层是影响DO浓度的关键因素.温跃层存在期间底层出现缺氧现象,温度分层消失时底层又出现复氧现象,致使在1 a之中底层DO存在缺氧-复氧-缺氧交替循环的现象.水库DO浓度对内源氮的释放有明显的影响,尤其是大坝取水口附近,由于夏季底层水体缺氧,导致沉积物中氨氮向底层水体释放,并导致同期表层水体氨氮浓度也有所升高.对于疏浚前后水体氨氮的调查分析表明,底泥疏浚可以有效地减少夏季内源氮的释放,从而降低了DO浓度变化对氮释放的影响强度.     

沣河水系脱氮微生物群落结构研究

河流水体氮素的超负荷不仅破坏了水体生态环境,也严重威胁着人类的生存和发展.水体中有机氮、无机氮（氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮）和分子氮之间的转化（氮循环）有赖于水体中大量的氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）,然而这些氮循环微生物的生长繁殖也受到包括氮素的形态和浓度在内的多种环境因子的影响,这些因素也通过影响氮循环微生物的生长繁殖进而使得水体中氮素的转化速率发生变化,对水体氮污染的防治有不可忽视的作用.本研究通过在沣河设置不同的研究断面,采集水体样品,进行水质分析,并通过现代分子生物学技术（PCR-DGGE）方法对研究断面水体中氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）的群落结构进行分析.再通过统计学软件对所得分子生物学信息与水质环境因子的相关性进行统计学分析,发现沣河水体中氮循环微生物群落结构受到多种环境因子共同影响,且在枯水期和丰水期表现出不同的特征.在丰水期沣河水体中,硝化细菌群落在中游表现出较高的多样性和丰富性,这与沣河中上游农业COD（化学需氧量）、BOD（生化需氧量）氨氮及有机氮污染物排放量较大,沣河水体DO（溶解氧）高有关.水体中的氨氮、亚硝氮、温度的增加是促进水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高的主要因子,而pH 值的升高,使得水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.反硝化微生物在中游和下游的多样性和丰富度较高,与有机物及硝酸盐含量相关.水体中的BOD、COD、TP（总磷）、硝氮的增加是促进水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高主要相关因子,而DO 的增多则会对部分反硝化细菌产生不利影响,使得水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.本研究结果为沣河以及其他河流的污染控制以及基于微生物的生态修复提供了科?     

氧化还原电位及微生物对水库底泥释磷的影响

为了解上覆水环境以及生物作用对水库底泥释磷作用的影响,本研究通过选取石砭峪水库底泥作为贫营养水库底泥代表,在实验室模拟了不同物理化学条件及不同微生物条件下水库底泥静态释磷过程.实验期间调查了上覆水处溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、pH等条件的影响,定期监测了上覆水中的溶解性正磷酸盐(PO3-4)、总磷(TP)、亚铁离子(Fe2+),反应开始前与结束后测定了底泥中不同持留形态的磷组分,其中包括铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、总磷(TP),同时测定了反应前后底泥中碱性磷酸酶活性(APA).实验证明,ORP0 mV的强还原性条件能够促进底泥中的磷大量释放,同时伴随着大量的Fe2+进入上覆水中.底泥中释放的磷是以Fe/Al-P和IP为主,并且进入水体中的磷大部分是PO3-4,占超过水体中TP的50%以上.底泥中微生物的活动能够促进OP的分解和转化,对底泥中其他形态的磷转化为PO3-4进入水体影响不大.同时微生物也可以吸收上覆水中除PO3-4之外的磷营养进入底泥中储存起来.     

广东省不同水库底泥理化性质对内源氮磷释放影响

采用分级浸取分离方法,分析了广东省10个典型水库底泥的氮磷营养形态分布和污染状况;并通过模拟覆水试验,研究了不同水库底泥氮磷形态及理化性质对内源氮磷释放的影响。结果表明：广东省10个水库底泥氮磷污染较为严重,全氮含量为0.33~3.31 g.kg^-1,平均值为1.70 g.kg^-1;全磷含量为0.14~2.63 g.kg^-1,平均值为1.31 g.kg^-1。底泥氮磷主要以可转化态形式存在,可转化态氮磷含量占总氮磷含量百分比分别为41.2%~71.4%和53.6%~93.2%。底泥内源氮磷的释放主要受氮磷的赋存形态和含量的影响,水库底泥总氮的释放量与离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、碳酸盐结合态氮（WAEF-N）、铁锰氧化物结合态氮（SAEF-N）呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.931、0.814、0.807;总磷的释放量与碳酸盐结合态磷（WAEF-P）、铁锰氧化物结合态磷（SAEF-P）呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.960、0.957;这几种氮磷形态是上覆水体中氮磷的重要来源。同时底泥内源氮磷释放还与底泥机械组成有关,其中总氮和总磷释放量与底泥黏粒质量分数呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.738、0.638;而总氮的释放量与底泥砂粒质量分数呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.685。这可能与可转化态氮磷更多的分布在细粒级底泥中有关,细颗粒底泥氮磷释放是上覆水体氮磷的主要来源。     

苏州河底泥对上复水水质污染影响

研究了上海市苏州河底泥中有机物及营养盐释放对上复水水质的影响,分析了微生物与底栖生物底泥再悬浮对底泥释放过程的影响。研究表明,底泥中化学需氧量与水体中的化学需氧量成正比,底泥中生化需氧量与水体中的生化需氧量呈正比,再悬浮促进底泥中污染物向上复水体释放。底泥SOD与水体中DO成正比,底泥污染是影响苏州河水质的重要因素;对苏州河底泥进行疏浚工程可较好地提高水体中溶解氧的浓度、降低化学需氧量、生化需氧量及氨氮的浓度。     

扰动强化污染底泥有机物自净的研究

扰动能够强化水体溶解氧的恢复并加快传质,增强水体的自净作用,有利于水体和底泥COD的降解,是一种常用的污染水体的修复方法。文章通过人工模拟的水体,构建搅拌和曝气两种上覆水扰动条件,研究了在这两种条件下水体中有机物含量以及底泥中微生物量的变化情况,探讨了扰动对水体有机物去除的影响。研究结果表明：（1）与对照情况相比,在搅拌、曝气条件下水中ρ（溶解氧）分别由0.2 mg.L^-1提高到1.0和8.0 mg.L^-1左右;曝气条件下底泥中蛋白含量及细菌数均最高;（2）底泥中w（脱氢酶活性）在搅拌和曝气条件下分别为0.52和0.46μg.g^-1左右;（3）曝气条件下对上覆水中有机物的去除呈现出较好的降解趋势。因此,运用曝气技术既能加速有机物的生化降解,改善水质;又可强化水体溶解氧的恢复,创造了微生物生长繁殖的适宜环境,增强了水体中微生物的活性,促进了水体自净能力的提高,在治理河道污染的应用中具有广阔的前景。     

好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥是微生物通过自凝聚作用形成的一种特殊的生物聚集体,具有结构致密、沉降性能优异、抗冲击负荷能力强、多功能微生物分区定殖等特点,其在废水强化脱氮除磷与难降解有机物去除方面具有明显的技术优势.针对目前工业和养殖废水及城镇生活污水等碳氮比低、处理出水总氮达标压力大等突出问题,综述基于好氧颗粒污泥的全自养、同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化、异养硝化-好氧反硝化等强化脱氮工艺,介绍其脱氮机制及技术优势,阐明不同好氧颗粒污泥脱氮工艺的特点与颗粒污泥特性,同时总结各种工艺的启动条件及富集相应功能菌的好氧颗粒污泥的形成因素,评估不同工艺应用于实际废水生物处理的可行性.在此基础上进一步分析进水基质组成(不同碳氮比)、运行模式(连续曝气和间歇曝气)、运行条件(溶解氧浓度、温度和pH)等对好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮性能与稳定运行的影响.最后提出应进一步优化好氧颗粒污泥强化脱氮工艺的运行参数,解析好氧颗粒污泥微生物菌群功能,揭示好氧颗粒污泥形成与结构稳定的微生物学机理.     

沉水植物伊乐藻光合放氧对水体氮转化的影响

实验室内利用聚乙烯容器于光照培养箱内开展开放和封闭实验,研究沉水植物伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）光合放氧对水体氮转化的影响及其对水体氮的净化效果和机理。结果表明,伊乐藻光合放氧使水体DO和pH值升高,促进了开放系统氨氮的挥发,同时水体较低的氨氮含量及较高的pH值抑制了氨氮向硝氮的转化。封闭系统通过阻止氨氮的挥发降低了总氮的去除作用,但并不影响氨氮向硝氮的转化。另外,高的DO和pH环境不利于反硝化细菌的存活,使反硝化作用比较微弱或不存在。     

电子穿梭体及其介导的环境与地球化学过程研究进展

电子穿梭体是一类可通过自身氧化还原介导电子转移的化学物质的统称。在地球表层系统中,电子穿梭体可加速微生物向细胞外部进行的电子传递,参与矿物的微生物还原,驱动碳、氮、硫元素循环,并偶联有机污染物降解和重金属迁移转化。电子穿梭在自然界中存在广泛,对于元素循环、污染物环境行为以及微生物的生存行为影响深远,具有重要的环境地球化学意义。因此,该文以自然界存在的典型电子穿梭体为阐述对象,综述了以腐殖质、硫单质和生物炭为代表的三类典型穿梭体的反应特性。其中,腐殖质是土壤中天然存在的分布最广的穿梭体,硫单质是碱性环境下最典型的穿梭体,而生物炭则是稻田系统中人为输入的穿梭体。以上述三类穿梭体为核心,该文系统阐述了穿梭过程与碳氮循环、铁循环和污染物迁移转化的相互关系、以及穿梭体对微生物菌群变化产生的影响。在碳氮循环过程中,穿梭体主要参与有机碳的厌氧消耗、二氧化碳向甲烷的转化、氨氧化以及氧化亚氮向氮气的转化过程;在铁循环过程中,穿梭体主要影响氧化铁的还原溶解、含铁矿物的晶型转变以及氧化铁还原耦合的砷、铬污染物转化过程;而穿梭体作为电子受体,还可改变微生物的生长与竞争关系,调控微生物菌群。文章深入分析了穿梭过程在地球表层系统中产生的环境效应与生态效应,并提出了本领域今后需关注的重点,可为穿梭行为的进一步研究提供思考依据。     

不同溶氧条件下九龙江口湿地沉积物一水界面氨氮释放与氧化规律

摘要：沉积物中氨氮（NH4^＋-N）的释放与氧化是河口湿地生态系统氮素生物地球化学循环的关键过程。本文通过室内模拟,构建饱和（BH）、好氧（HY）、缺氧（QY）和厌氧（YY）等四种上覆水溶氧（DO）条件,研究九龙江口湿地两种沉积物（红树林、光滩）中NH4^＋-N在沉积物-水界面的释放与氧化规律。结果表明,不同溶氧条件下,两种沉积物氨氮的释放、氧化存在显著差异。首先,红树林沉积物上覆水NH4^＋-NN的累积释放量是光滩沉积物的1．9-4．5倍,其中红树林沉积物上覆水NH4LN释放量分别达到1．64mg（BH）、2．07mg（HY）、3．47mg（QY）和3．20mg（YY）,而光滩沉积物则分别为0．85mg（BH）、1．00mg（HY）、0．77mg（QY）和1．27mg（YY）。在较高DO条件下两种沉积物NH。’一N均呈低释放状态,而在较低DO条件下则呈高释放状态。另外,四种溶氧条件下红树林沉积物NH4^＋-NN的释放速率（N43．73-78．51mg-m^-2-d^-1）和氧化速率（N26．19-40．68mg-m^-2-d^-1）均高于光滩（分别为N14．50-19．22mg-m^-2-d^-1和N8．89-22．53mg-m^-2-d^-1）,原因可能是红树林沉积物微生物种类丰富,群落多样性更高,矿化和硝化作用强烈。本文明晰了不同溶氧条件下河口红树林湿地沉积物NH4^＋-N的迁移转化过程,可促进滨海湿地的生态保护以及近海水域富营养化的控制。     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h^-1 aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m^-2·h^-1, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L^-1COD, 0.84 mg·L^-1 ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g^-1VSS, 38.8 mg·g^-1VSS and 90.8 mg·g^-1VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

Weak indirect effects inherent to nitrogen biogeochemical cycling within anthropogenic ecosystems: A network environ analysis

Indirect effects are assumed to be the major causes of the complexity and stability of ecological networks. The complexity of urban-rural complexes (URCs) could also be attributed to the indirect effects associated with human activities. No studies, however, have quantified the strength of indirect effects in relation to urban biogeochemistry. A network environ analysis (NEA) was used for this study to investigate and compare indirect effects in relation to the nitrogen (N) cycling networks of 22 natural ecosystems and five URCs. Results show that indirect effects were proven to be weak for URC N cycling networks (accounting for only ∼2% of the overall effects measured in natural ecosystems). The weak indirect effects found provide a counterexample for the hypothesis that indirect effects are in fact the dominant components of biogeochemical networks. It also implies that human activity in itself does not always raise the complexity of ecological processes as previously suggested. Weak indirect effects also lead to perturbation fragility for URC N cycles (where the decay rate is greater in comparison to natural ecosystems by a factor of 13). In order to improve the robustness and efficiency of URC biogeochemical cycling, a knockout analysis was carried out. By comparing results after removing single interactions between natural ecosystems and URCs it was found that the loss of indirect effects require cooperative strategies to optimize N cycling networks within URCs.     

Effect of temperature on biogeochemistry of marine organic-enriched systems: implications in a global warming scenario

Coastal biogeochemical cycles are expected to be affected by global warming. By means of a mesocosm experiment, the effect of increased water temperature on the biogeochemical cycles of coastal sediments affected by organic-matter enrichment was tested, focusing on the carbon, sulfur, and iron cycles. Nereis diversicolor was used as a model species to simulate macrofaunal bioirrigation activity in natural sediments. Although bioirrigation rates of N. diversicolor were not temperature dependent, temperature did have a major effect on the sediment metabolism. Under organic-enrichment conditions, the increase in sediment metabolism was greater than expected and occurred through the enhancement of anaerobic metabolic pathway rates, mainly sulfate reduction. There was a twofold increase in sediment metabolism and the accumulation of reduced sulfur. The increase in the benthic metabolism was maintained by the supply of electron acceptors through bioirrigation and as a result of the availability of iron in the sediment. As long as the sediment buffering capacity toward sulfides is not surpassed, an increase in temperature might promote the recovery of organic-enriched sediments by decreasing the time for mineralization of excess organic matter.     

Distributions, cycling and recovery of amino acids in estuarine waters and sediments

Acid hydrolysis of estuarine water samples for the determination of amino acids (AAs) was tested and found to be effective at high (250 μM) nitrate concentrations when the anti-oxidant, ascorbic acid, was added to the samples. Hydrolysable AA concentrations were then determined in surface sediments collected from low and high salinity regions of the Tamar Estuary (UK) during winter 2003 and 2004, and in overlying water when simulated resuspension of sediment particles was performed. Concentrations of AAs in sediment samples comprised <50% of particulate nitrogen, fitting the paradigm that most sedimentary nitrogen is preserved within an organic matrix. When sediment samples were resuspended in overlying water (salinity 17.5), the rapid, measured increase in dissolved AA concentrations almost equalled the reported nitrate concentration in the lower estuary, with the subsequent decrease in the total dissolved AA levels suggested that bacterial uptake was occurring. Our data concur with previous studies on nitrogen desorption from sediments and suggest that an understanding of organic nitrogen cycling will be an important aspect of future effective estuarine management.     

Feedforward control for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic plant for municipal wastewater treatment

To improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal with lower energy consumption, the study of feedforward control was carried out on a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) plant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The effluent qualities of the pilot plant under different control strategies were investigated. The results indicated that the change of external recycle was not a suitable approach to regulate the sludge concentration of plug-flow reactors; adjusting the aeration valve and dissolved oxygen set-point according to ammonia load could overcome the impact of influent fluctuation; and the denitrification potential could be estimated based on the transit time of anoxic zone and the relative content of carbon resource entering the anoxic zone. Simple feedforward control strategies for aeration and internal recycle were subsequently proposed and validated. The nitrogen removal was successfully improved in the pilot plant. The effluent total nitrogen had decreased by 29.9% and was steadily controlled below 15 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, approximately 38% of the energy for aeration had been saved.