黄浦江水域抗生素及抗性基因污染初步研究

采用高效液相色谱-质谱法,调查了黄浦江江水及底泥中6种常见兽用抗生素的含量特征,并采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,分别研究了该水域相应的8种代表性抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotics Resistance Genes,ARGs)的存在及丰度水平。结果显示,调查的四环素类、磺胺类及氯霉素抗生素在江水中的质量浓度范围分别在0.44～2.69、0.97～1.96、0.03～0.26μg·L-1之间,在底泥中的质量分数则分别为22.10～72.74、25.98～117.29、nd～50.47μg·kg-1。所有样品中除tet(O)、tet(B/P)未检出外,其他6种抗性基因均有检出。与四环素类抗性基因相比,磺胺类抗性基因的绝对拷贝数及相对丰度较高,为黄浦江水域中的优势抗性基因。相关性分析表明:江水中sul(Ⅲ)、tet(W),以及底泥中的sul(Ⅱ)丰度与对应相中磺胺类抗生素含量显著正相关,江水中sul(A)则与水相中氯霉素、四环素含量显著相关,其他几种抗生素与抗性基因间未见相关性存在。除抗生素外,黄浦江水域ARGs的相对丰度还可能与抗性基因种类及其环境因素(如光照、温度、pH和重金属等)有关。     

畜牧场中磺胺类抗生素及其抗性基因的空间分布规律

为了解畜牧场内磺胺类抗生素及抗性基因的污染物空间分布情况、分布规律及相关性,选取某畜牧场的10 cm和50 cm深度的土壤样品共20个及5个粪便样品,分别对样品中13种磺胺类抗生素的浓度和3种磺胺类抗性基因( sul1、 sul2和sul3)的丰度进行定量分析,并用地理信息系统优化采样并对污染物空间分布进行可视化分析.结果表明,垂直浓度的空间分布规律为粪便＞10 cm深度土壤＞50 cm深度土壤,水平浓度的空间分布主要集中在畜牧场的东南部. 3种抗性基因在10 cm和50 cm深度土层中均有检出,其基因相对丰度分布情况为10 cm深度土壤＞50 cm深度土壤,且抗生素对抗性基因的表达压力相似.本研究为抗生素和抗性基因污染的精准分析和深入研究畜牧场周边环境中抗性基因的传播规律提供基础数据.     

磺胺类耐药菌中抗性基因sul的表达规律

抗生素环境污染是影响抗生素抗性基因传播和扩散的主要因素,然而关于抗生素耐药菌在抗生素暴露下抗性基因的表达机制研究甚少。本研究利用RT-PCR方法检测了土壤中优势耐药菌菌株炭疽芽孢杆菌(Bacillus anthracis SYN201,G+)和弗氏志贺菌菌株(Shigella flexneri NJJN802,G-)在含有不同浓度磺胺类药物的培养基中生长不同时间后抗性基因(sul 1、sul 2、sul 3)的表达变化。结果发现:无论培养基中是否存在磺胺类药物,菌株SYN201和NJJN802中的3种磺胺类抗性基因均分别在培养的第72小时或36小时出现一个明显的表达峰,而在其他培养时间下不表达或表达量处于相对极低的水平;磺胺嘧啶的存在有助于提高菌株在此特征表达时间下抗性基因的表达水平,与未加磺胺嘧啶组相比,暴露于磺胺嘧啶(60μg·m L~(-1))组的sul 1、sul 2和sul 3在菌株SYN201中的相对表达量分别提高了2.5、4.8和3.2倍,而在菌株NJJN802中的相对表达量分别提高了3.7、6.0和5.0倍。通过将耐药菌暴露于不同磺胺嘧啶浓度下考察sul基因相对表达情况,研究发现随着培养基中磺胺嘧啶浓度的升高(0~1 024μg·m L~(-1)),菌株SYN201和NJJN802中sul基因的表达量整体上呈现出明显的上升趋势。本研究对揭示磺胺耐药菌的抗性表达规律及抗生素暴露对其抗性表达发挥的作用具有重要意义。     

养殖场空气中E.coli磺胺类抗生素的抗性

本文从养殖场空气中分离出360株E.coli(大肠杆菌,Escherichia coli),应用肉汤微量稀释法和PCR方法,分离磺胺甲唑敏感菌株,检测抗生素抗性和抗性基因.在分离的E.coli中,对磺胺甲唑敏感菌株为95株(26.4%),有48株含有青霉素、氯霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素和利福平的抗性,而47株未含有抗性.其中,7株菌株含有1种抗生素抗性、11株菌株含有2种抗生素抗性、17株菌株含有3种抗生素抗性、6株菌株含有4种抗生素抗性、4株菌株含有5种抗生素抗性、3株菌株含有6种抗生素抗性.对抗生素的耐受能力依次为:氯霉素、青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、利福平.磺胺甲唑敏感菌株共检出163个抗性基因,sul1、int1、sul2、Int2、sul3检出数量依次为49、44、29、20和19;含一种、二种、三种、四种、五种抗性基因菌株分别为45、22、10、7、2;但有6株未检测出抗性基因.结果表明养殖场建场时间、抗生素使用、养殖规模等与抗生素抗性菌的抗性呈正相关;养殖场空气中分离的E.coli抗生素抗性较高,且具有多重抗性;抗生素抗性的表现型与其基因型之间出现不完全吻合现象.     

养殖场废水中磺胺类和四环素抗生素及其抗性基因的定量检测

抗生素滥用及其诱导产生的抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）污染已经引起人们的广泛关注。选取上海市某地养殖场作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法和实时荧光定量PCR法,对养殖场污水及附近农田灌溉渠河水中5种四环素及磺胺类抗生素,8种对应的ARGs的含量、特征及相关性进行了研究。研究结果显示,在采集的水样中均含有待检测的5种抗生素,养殖污水中抗生素含量高于农田灌溉河水,各样本中四环素类抗生素含量均略高于磺胺类抗生素,2种四环素抗生素总量为294.0~376.1μg﹒L-1,3种磺胺类抗生素总量为197.7~323.0μg﹒L-1。养殖场污水样本中8种ARGs均有检出,磺胺类抗性基因中sul（A）含量最高,绝对拷贝数为108.4108~1010.3728;四环素类抗性基因中tet（W）含量最高,绝对拷贝数为106.18805~107.8874。农田灌溉渠河水中除tet B（P）外,其它7种ARGs均有检出。样本中ARGs相对表达量总体呈现磺胺类ARGs高于四环素类ARGs的特点。抗生素浓度与ARGs相对表达量的Pearson相关性分析显示,样本中sul（Ⅲ）与磺胺类抗生素浓度存在较明显的正相关性,但其它几种ARGs与抗生素则未见或存在一定负相关性。表明除抗生素外,ARGs在水环境中的丰度可能与ARGs种类及其它环境因子有关。该研究将有助于认识上海地区养殖场废水中抗生素和ARGs污染状况,为进一步开展黄浦江水域抗生素尤其是ARGs的污染研究提供数据基础。     

北黄海近岸海域磺胺类抗生素及其抗性Escherichia coli分布

致病菌耐药性的增加和扩散目前已成为全球公共安全问题,为提供解决该问题的重要理论数据,在我国北黄海近岸海域采集排污口、海水养殖区和海滨浴场等水样和沉积物样品,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析水体样品中14种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素浓度含量,同时根据EPA方法(Method 1604)对水和沉积物中Escherichia coli(E.coli)和磺胺抗性E.coli(Re-E.coli)总量进行测定,计算出E.coli磺胺抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量的相关性以及E.coli磺胺抗性菌株的分布特点及来源.结果显示,北黄海近岸海域水体中抗生素检出浓度差异性较大,磺胺浓度含量范围为ND-584.32 ng/L;E.coli和Re-E.coli每100 mL总量范围在27×104-5.5×104和8×104-1.6×104株,在每克沉积物中分别为0-1 363和0-320株;E.coli磺胺抗性率范围为18.18%-66.91%.研究表明,E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量存在显著相关性(P=0.846),说明环境残留抗生素可诱导抗性微生物;E.coli和Re-E.coli分布和抗性水平显示,抗性基因之间存在水平转移,且其主要来源是渔业养殖.     

城市垃圾填埋场抗生素抗性基因的污染特征

抗生素抗性基因是一种新型的环境污染物,为探究抗生素抗性基因在垃圾填埋场的污染特征,采集上海老港垃圾填埋场中固体垃圾和渗滤液样品,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测磺胺类抗生素抗性基因(sul1、sul2)、四环素类抗性基因(tetM、tetQ)、氨基糖苷类抗性基因(strB、aadA1)、大环内酯类抗生素抗性基因(ermB、mefA)、多重抗性基因(mexF)及I类整合子(intl1)等6类目标基因的丰度.结果显示,6类目标基因均在固体垃圾和渗滤液中检测到,丰度分别介于10~2-10~6、10~3-10~7/ng,且多重抗性基因、氨基糖苷类及磺胺类抗生素抗性基因检出丰度较高.在填埋场固体垃圾中,部分目标基因在1.5 m深处的丰度高于0.5 m深处;在渗滤液中,目标基因丰度和呈现老龄渗滤液大于新鲜渗滤液,部分目标基因在秋季的丰度大于春季.上述结果说明垃圾填埋场是抗生素抗性基因潜在的储存库,目标基因的丰度在垃圾填埋场中存在时空差异.(图8表2参41)     

东江下游典型饮用水源地抗生素抗性基因分布研究

抗生素抗性基因(AntibioticsResistanceGenes,ARGs)是环境中的一类新型污染物。为了解东江下游地区水源地中ARGs的污染水平及其影响因素,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对东江下游地区9个河流型饮用水源地和5个湖泊型饮用水源地8种ARGs[sul1、sul2、sul3、tet(M)、tet(O)、tet(Q)、tet(G)、ermB]的绝对丰度进行检测分析。结果表明:东江下游饮用水源地总ARGs绝对丰度水平偏低,ARGs总丰度范围为2.37×10~7-4.80×10~8 copies?L~(-1),其中抗性基因sul1的丰度相对较高,这可能与磺胺类药品是常用药品有关。磺胺类ARGs(sul1、sul2)在所有饮用水源地中均有检出,而sul3的检出率为85.7%;四环素类ARGs[tet(M)、tet(O)、tet(Q)、tet(G)]的检出率较高,为64.3%-100%;大环内酯类ARGs检出率最低。河流型水源地上游点位ARGs绝对丰度为1.03×108 copies?L~(-1),下游点位绝对丰度为2.89×10~8 copies?L~(-1),因此河流型饮用水源地的ARGs绝对丰度水平随着河流方向呈现逐渐升高趋势。除了一处曾为水产养殖的备用湖泊型水源地外,河流型水源地除sul1外的抗性基因丰度(3.25×10~5 copies?L~(-1))明显高于湖泊型饮用水源地(1.14×10~5 copies?L~(-1))。通过对东江下游典型饮用水源地ARGs进行研究,为该地区ARGs污染现状提供了基础数据,也为水环境中ARGs污染整治提供依据。     

施用畜禽粪便有机肥土壤抗生素抗性基因污染状况

为研究施用畜禽粪便有机肥农田土壤中抗生素抗性基因的分布状况,采集北京地区9个长期施用有机肥蔬菜基地的温室和大田土壤,对土壤中的抗生素耐药菌和18种抗性基因进行检测分析。结果表明,温室土壤中四环素耐药菌占总菌数的比例显著高于大田土壤(P0.05),但温室土壤中氨苄西林、磺胺甲恶唑和环丙沙星耐药菌占总菌数的比例均与大田土壤无显著性差异(P0.05)。大田土壤和温室土壤中磺胺类抗性基因sulⅠ、sul2和四环素类抗性基因tet L的检出率均为100%。其他抗性基因,如四环素抗性基因tet A、tet A/P、tet C,红霉素抗性基因erm B,以及Ⅰ类整合子(intⅠ1),温室土壤的检出率均高于大田土壤,这可能与温室土壤有机肥施用量较大有关。     

污泥堆肥过程中磺胺类和大环内酯类抗性基因的残留

抗生素抗性基因是一种新型环境污染物,污水处理厂特别是污泥中存在着高丰度的抗生素抗性基因.为研究污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因的残留,对磺胺类和大环内酯类抗性基因(sulI、sulII、erm(B)和erm(F))以及I类整合子(intI1)的丰度变化进行了定量分析.结果显示,sulΙ、sulΙI、erm(B)和erm(F)的相对丰度在中温阶段降低(PsulII0.05,Perm(B)0.05,Perm(F)0.05),且sulΙ的相对丰度在高温阶段达到最小值(PsulI0.05),sulΙ、sulΙI和erm(F)的相对丰度在冷却和腐熟阶段增加(PsulI0.05,PsulII0.05,Perm(F)0.05).堆肥过程中sulΙ、sulII和erm(B)的丰度与温度呈负相关(P0.05),温度可能是影响磺胺类和大环内酯类抗性基因变化的重要因素.sulΙ和sulII的丰度与intI1的丰度呈正相关(P0.05),表明水平基因转移可能是该类抗性基因传播与扩散的重要途径.研究结果表明,尽管存在于污泥中的抗生素抗性基因的相对丰度在升温阶段呈下降趋势,但在随后的冷却和腐熟阶段却显著反弹.因此,经堆肥处理的污泥直接施用于农田可能造成抗生素抗性基因的二次扩散.     

Degradation of extracellular genomic,plasmid DNA and specific antibiotic resistance genes by chlorination

Extracellular DNA structure damaged by chlorination was characterized. Integrity of extracellular ARG genetic information after chlorination was determined. Typical chlorine doses will likely effectively diminish extracellular DNA and ARGs. Plasmid DNA/ARGs were less readily broken down than genomic DNA. The Bioanalyzer methodology effectively documented damage incurred to DNA. There is a need to improve understanding of the effect of chlorine disinfection on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in order to advance relevant drinking water, wastewater, and reuse treatments. However, few studies have explicitly assessed the physical effects on the DNA. Here we examined the effects of free chlorine (1–20 mg Cl₂/L) on extracellular genomic, plasmid DNA and select ARGs. Chlorination was found to decrease the fluorometric signal of extracellular genomic and plasmid DNA (ranging from 0.005 to 0.05 mg/mL) by 70%, relative to a no-chlorine control. Resulting DNA was further subject to a fragment analysis using a Bioanalyzer, indicating that chlorination resulted in fragmentation. Moreover, chlorine also effectively deactivated both chromosomal- and plasmid-borne ARGs, mecA and tetA, respectively. For concentrations >2 mg Cl₂//L × 30 min, chlorine efficiently reduced the qPCR signal when the initial concentration of ARGs was 10⁵ copies/mL or less. Notably, genomic DNA and mecA gene signals were more readily reduced by chlorine than the plasmid-borne tetA gene (by ~2 fold). Based on the results of qPCR with short (~200 bps) and long amplicons (~1200 bps), chlorination could destroy the integrity of ARGs, which likely reduces the possibility of natural transformation. Overall, our findings strongly illustrate that chlorination could be an effective method for inactivating extracellular chromosomal- and plasmid-borne DNA and ARGs.     

Assessment of antibiotic resistance genes in dialysis water treatment processes

• Quantitative global ARGs profile in dialysis water was investigated. • Totally 35 ARGs were found in the dialysis treatment train. • 29 ARGs (highest) were found in carbon filtration effluent. • erm and mtrD-02 occurred in the final effluent. • The effluent was associated with health risks even after RO treatment. Dialysis water is directly related to the safety of hemodialysis patients, thus its quality is generally ensured by a stepwise water purification cascade. To study the effect of water treatment on the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in dialysis water, this study used propidium monoazide (PMA) in conjunction with high throughput quantitative PCR to analyze the diversity and abundance of ARGs found in viable bacteria from water having undergone various water treatment processes. The results indicated the presence of 35 ARGs in the effluents from the different water treatment steps. Twenty-nine ARGs were found in viable bacteria from the effluent following carbon filtration, the highest among all of the treatment processes, and at 6.96 Log (copies/L) the absolute abundance of the cphA gene was the highest. Two resistance genes, erm (36) and mtrD-02, which belong to the resistance categories macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B (MLSB) and other/efflux pump, respectively, were detected in the effluent following reverse osmosis treatment. Both of these genes have demonstrated the potential for horizontal gene transfer. These results indicated that the treated effluent from reverse osmosis, the final treatment step in dialysis-water production, was associated with potential health risks.     

生态毒理学教学专栏寄语

抗生素的长期滥用,使得环境细菌耐药性不断增强,加速了耐药基因(antibiotics resistance genes,ARGs)在环境中的传播扩散,并给饮用水带来健康风险。在介绍饮用水中抗生素和耐药基因污染现状的基础上,阐述了耐药基因在饮用水中的来源和归趋,对环境中抗生素和耐药基因的人体健康风险做了初步探讨,针对目前饮用水的污染现状,对今后有关饮用水中细菌耐药的研究进行了展望。     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.     

Metagenomic analysis on resistance genes in water and microplastics from a mariculture system

• Total 174 subtypes of ARGs were detected by metagenomic analysis. • Chloramphenicol resistance genes were the dominant ARGs in water and microplastics. • The abundances of MRGs were much higher than those of ARGs. • Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phylum. • Microplastics in mariculture system could enrich most of MRGs and some ARGs. Microplastics existing widely in different matrices have been regarded as a reservoir for emerging contaminants. Mariculture systems have been observed to host microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, more information on proliferation of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in mariculture system at the presence of microplastics is needed. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate the distribution of ARGs and MRGs in water and microplastics of a typical mariculture pond. Total 18 types including 174 subtypes of ARGs were detected with the total relative abundances of 1.22/1.25 copies per 16S rRNA copy for microplastics/water. Chloramphenicol resistance genes were the dominant ARGs with the abundance of 0.35/0.42 copies per 16S rRNA copy for microplastics/water. Intergron intI1 was dominant gene among 6 detected mobile genetic elements (MGEs) with the abundance of 75.46/68.70 copies per 16S rRNA copy for water/microplastics. Total 9 types including 46 subtypes of MRGs were detected with total abundance of 5.02 × 10²/6.39 × 10² copies per 16S rRNA copy for water/ microplastics while genes resistant to copper and iron served as the dominant MRGs. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria accounted for 84.2%/89.5% of total microbial community. ARGs with relatively high abundance were significantly positively related to major genera, MGEs, and MRGs. Microplastics in mariculture system could enrich most of MRGs and some ARGs to serve as potential reservoir for these pollutants. The findings of this study will provide important information on resistance gene pollution at presence of microplastics in the mariculture system for further proposing suitable strategy of environmental management.     

Presence,dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in urban drinking water system: A review

Reviewed the change of ARGs and ARB in full-scale urban drinking water systems. Conventional processes are more promising than BAC process in ARGs removal. Mechanisms of ARGs enrichment and spread in BAC filter and DWDSs are discussed. Raise the need of future research on ARGs and ARB change in building plumbing systems. Antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment has become an important pollution problem worldwide. In recent years, much attention was paid to antibiotic resistance in urban drinking water systems due to its close relationship with the biosafety of drinking water. This review was focused on the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, as well as the presence, dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the urban drinking water system. First, the presence of ARB and ARGs in the drinking water source was discussed. The variation of concentration of ARGs and ARB during coagulation, sedimentation and filtration process were provided subsequently, in which filtration was proved to be a promising technology to remove ARGs. However, biological activated carbon (BAC) process and drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) could be incubators which promote the antibiotic resistance, due to the enrichment of ARGs and ARB in the biofilms attached to the active carbon and pipe wall. Besides, as for disinfection process, mechanisms of the inactivation of ARB and the promotion of conjugative transfer of ARGs under chlorine, ozone and UV disinfection were described in detail. Here we provide some theoretical support for future researches which aim at antibiotic resistance controlling in drinking water.     

北江流域抗生素污染水平和来源初探

北江是发源于湖南(武水)和江西(浈水),汇于广东韶关,流经广东全境并入海的三大河流之一。为了解整个北江抗生素污染情况,共设置44个采样点,并采集了河水及部分沉积物样品,较全面地分析了各样品中12种典型抗生素含量并初步探究了其污染来源。研究发现,包括北江源头在内的全河段均有抗生素的检出,5类抗生素在表层水和沉积物中的平均浓度分别为77.8 ng·L~(-1)和3.6 ng·g~(-1)。其中,大环内酯类污染最为严重,其含量范围为11.7~114.6 ng·L~(-1)和0~435.3 ng·g~(-1),远高于其他类抗生素。表层水中磺胺类的磺胺甲恶唑和氯霉素类的检出率达100%,其中以磺胺甲恶唑(14.7 ng·L~(-1))和阿奇霉素(25.0 ng·L~(-1))为主,而沉积物中以阿奇霉素(35.9 ng·g~(-1))、氧氟沙星(5.4 ng·g~(-1))和四环素(3.3 ng·g~(-1))为主。由于流域污染源种类和数量不同,各抗生素在北江中的分布也存在差异。表层水中抗生素含量水平表现为下游高于上中游,在沉积物中则主要集中于中、下游之间河段。这反映了人类活动强度对北江抗生素污染的直接影响。     

Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure,typical pathogens,and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water

• UV/chlorine can effectively remove VBNC pathogens, ARGs and MGEs in reclaimed water. • Microbial community was changed with reduced diversity during UV/chlorine process. • CRBs-carried MGEswere the predominant groups during UV/chlorine process. • No direct co-selection strategy was shared between UV/chlorine and resistome. Urban wastewater contains a wide range of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are a serious concern if reusing treated wastewater. However, few studies have explored the microbial communities in reclaimed water using ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine treatment and assessed the changes of the resistome. This study investigated the occurrence of typical pathogens, ARGs, and bacterial communities in UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water samples. The numbers of culturable and viable but non-culturable pathogens were effectively reduced to 0 CFU/mL within 1–10 and 10–30 min after UV/chlorine treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the physicochemical indices of water quality were not affected. UV/chlorine treatment could significantly change the bacterial community structure of reclaimed water, showing a decrease in bacterial abundance and diversity. Chlorine-resistant Acinetobacter and Mycobacterium were the dominant bacterial genera (>50%) after UV/chlorine treatment. Moreover, the number of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) decreased with an increase in UV/chlorine exposure. However, eight ARGs and three MGEs were consistently detected in more than three seasons, making these major concerns because of their potential role in the persistence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that UV/chlorine treatment can potentially improve the microbiological safety of reclaimed water. And more attention should be paid to the pathogens that are both chlorine-resistant and carry MGEs because of their potential for resistance transmission.     

MBR工艺处理螺旋霉素制药废水过程中抗生素耐药菌与抗性基因的研究

抗生素废水含有大量的抗生素耐药菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB)与抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs),处理排放后可能增强受纳环境的微生物抗性,因此有必要深入研究抗生素废水处理过程中ARB与ARGs的削减效果及其影响因素。本研究采用膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)工艺处理螺旋霉素制药废水,考察了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对ARB与ARGs削减效果的影响。结果表明,虽然在HRT=30 h时MBR对COD与氨氮的去除率略高于HRT=40 h,但HRT=40 h时,不仅总异养菌与肠球菌的去除效果更佳,出水肠球菌耐药率及携带的抗性基因检出率也更低,而且MBR对废水中erm B、erm F、erm X、mef A、ere A、mph B和转移元件ISCR 1、Tn 916/1545相对丰度的削减效果更好。这表明长HRT更有利于MBR工艺削减螺旋霉素废水的耐药菌与抗性基因。