澳洲野生稻(Oryza australiensis)内生固氮菌的分子鉴定及发育分析

采用两种无氮培养基经平板划线法共分离筛选到澳洲野生稻(Oryza australiensis)45株内生固氮菌.利用全细胞蛋白电泳和插入序列指纹图谱对获得的内生固氮菌进行聚类分析,将其分为8个类群.其中类群Ⅰ有10株菌,类群Ⅱ为4株菌,类群Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ均为3株菌,类群Ⅵ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ各有2株菌.对分离得到的内生固氮菌主要类群部分代表菌株的固氮活性进行了系统研究,结果表明,菌株在偏酸(pH值5.0)和偏碱(pH值9.0)的条件下均能保持较高的固氮酶活性,NaCl浓度在2%时达到最高固氮活性,NH4+浓度达到7.5 mmol/L时,均无固氮酶活性,不同菌株所能利用的碳源不同.16S rDNA序列测定及系统发育分析显示:类群ⅠYH39与Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416T相似性为97%;类群Ⅱ为克雷白氏杆菌属(Klebsiella),相似性为100%;类群Ⅲ为泛菌属(Pantoea),相似性为99%;类群Ⅴ为草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum),相似性为99%;类群Ⅶ为中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium),相似性为99%.本研究表明澳洲野生稻内生固氮菌资源具有遗传多样性.图5表1参26     

中国7个毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)菌株ITS序列比较

对毛木耳7个菌株rRNA基因内转录间区(ITS)进行了克隆测序,并将其与木耳属其它几种的相应序列进行了比较.在供试的7个毛木耳菌株中,除特大(209bp)外,其余6个菌株的ITS2区序列长度完全相同;毛木耳rRNA基因的两个ITS区序列有一定数量的碱基变异,整个ITS区共有11个变异位点.与下载的木耳属另外4个种相比较,均有较大程度的变异.根据遗传同源性分析,遗传距离分析和系统树上所显示的供试菌株及相关已知种的亲缘关系,ITS序列分析支持传统的依据形态学进行的木耳属分类.图2表2参9     

四川省部分豆科植物根瘤菌的遗传多样性

从四川省豆科植物鸡眼草属、合欢属、豇豆属、葛属、金合欢、杭子梢分离获得了103株根瘤菌,采用AFLP、BOXAIR-PCR研究了这些菌株的遗传多样性.结果表明,分离自四川省豆科植物6个属的根瘤菌存在明显的遗传多样性,AFLP分析中,全部供试菌株的相似性为21%,全部供试菌株可分为26个AFLP遗传群;BOXAIR-PCR聚类分析结果表明,103个菌株分在70%相似性水平处,供试菌株被分为18个BOX遗传群.除部分菌株外,多数根瘤菌按宿主类型聚群,同一宿主而地理来源不同的根瘤菌分布于不同的遗传群,表明宿主和地理环境对根瘤菌具有深刻影响.图3表1参9     

甲基营养型芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及在防蝇产蛆环境防治中的应用

从华南农业大学试验基地土壤筛选芽孢杆菌,得到17株芽孢杆菌,结合插入序列指纹图谱对分离获得的芽孢杆菌进行聚类分析,共分为3个类群;测定各类群代表菌株的16S rDNA序列,分析其系统发育,结果表明类群Ⅰ代表菌株RF2与甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus CBMB 205~T)相似性为99.48%;类群Ⅱ代表菌株RF10与好氧芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aerophilus 28K~T)相似性为99.61%;类群Ⅲ代表菌株RF16与蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus ATCC14579~T)相似性为99.87%.餐厨垃圾试验表明类群Ⅰ RF2具有餐厨垃圾防蝇产蛆效果;并且生理生化、碳源利用以及抗菌谱试验表明菌株RF2在碱性条件下可以将葡萄糖分解成丙酮酸并脱羧氧化生成二乙酰,既能够将氨转化为氨基酸和胞内其他含氮化合物,也利用多种碳源供自身生长,能够拮抗多种植物病原菌(水稻纹枯病、尖刀廉孢菌、香蕉枯萎病).而RF2在含有难溶性的磷酸盐[Ca_3(PO_4)_2]条件下可分泌出有机酸降低pH值,使难溶性磷酸盐溶解供自身利用.因此本研究获得的菌株RF2是一株具有较强促生作用和应用于防蝇产蛆的芽孢杆菌,具有很好的应用前景.     

发生和未发生连作芦蒿枯萎病土壤的尖孢镰刀菌数量、产毒能力和致病力

尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病是芦蒿连作障碍主要病害.对芦蒿不同种植年限发病和未发病土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量、产毒素(镰刀菌酸)能力、致病力等开展研究.对采集的11份土壤样品分析结果显示:相较于不发病土壤,发病率≥40%的土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量显著增加;不发病和发病率≤25%的土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量没有显著差异(P>0.05).发病率为85%和40%的土壤尖孢镰刀菌高产毒素(镰刀菌酸产量>500μg L-1)的菌株比例显著(P<0.05)高于发病率为11%和不发病土壤.致病力测定显示发病率为85%和40%土壤中高致病力菌株比例显著(P<0.05)高于发病率为11%的土壤和不发病土壤,不致病菌株比例显著(P<0.05)低于发病率为11%的土壤和不发病土壤.土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量与连作年限没有显著相关性(P>0.05).发病土壤中,发病率、尖孢镰刀菌高产毒素菌株比例和高致病力菌株(病情指数>2)比例与连作年限显著(P<0.05)相关;未发病土壤中,尖孢镰刀菌高产毒素菌株比例和高致病力菌株比例与连作年限没有显著相关性(P>0.05).随着连作芦蒿发病率的增加,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌菌株数量、高产毒素菌株比例、致病菌株比例均显著增加(P<0.05),未发病连作土壤尖孢镰刀菌菌株数量、高产毒素菌株比例、致病菌株比例均没有显著变化.本研究结果可为连作芦蒿枯萎病发病机理的研究及其防治提供理论基础.     

rRNA基因ITS区序列分析在粘帚霉属生防菌株种级分类上的应用

对分离自不同地域的粘帚霉属不同种类的生防菌株rRNA基因转录间区进行了克隆测序,用Clustal X软件进行自动排序,用Njplot程序构建系统进化树.供试26个粘帚霉菌株分在4个组,与传统形态分类结果一致,同一种类的不同来源的菌株差异不明显.研究表明,可以根据ITS区DNA序列差异对粘帚霉属进行种级分类,但不能用于区分种内不同地域的菌株之间的差别.图1表1参17     

云南腾冲热泉极端嗜酸热硫化叶菌多样性研究

硫化叶菌(Sulfolobus)是极端嗜热古菌遗传机制研究的重要模式菌株,广泛分布于酸性热泉中.对分离自云南腾冲酸性热泉的11株极端嗜酸热菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列测定,并通过菌体形态观察、16S rRNA基因可变区序列比较、菌株16S rRNA基因相似性比较及系统发育分析,研究腾冲热泉硫化叶菌的多样性.结果表明,分离自腾冲热泉的11株硫化叶菌的16S rRNA基因序列与分离自世界上其它地区的8个硫化叶菌的标准菌株的相似性为85.8%～94.9%,与同样分离自腾冲热泉的S.tengchongensis标准菌株的相似性为96.6%～97.5%,在分类学上具有形成新种的可能.在16S rRNA基因高可变区序列上,与分离自世界上其它地区的8个硫化叶菌的标准菌株存在明显的差异.系统发育分析表明,分离自腾冲热泉的硫化叶菌在系统发育树上形成两个亲缘关系较为紧密的簇群,可见腾冲热泉硫化叶菌不仅具有一定的多样性,同时具有较明显的地域性特征.     

基于rDNA ITS和ISSR标记研究四川松茸遗传多样性

松茸是一种珍贵的食药用菌,至今无法人工栽培.为更好地开发利用松茸资源,以采自四川小金、雅江、木里等7个县的24株不同生境的野生松茸子实体为材料,采用ISSR(Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)分子标记及rDNA ITS序列分析的方法研究这些菌株的遗传资源及多样性.从15条ISSR引物中筛选出2条多态性较好的引物对所有菌株进行了扩增,所得条带表明,在松茸中存在一定的遗传多样性;亲缘关系树状图表明,来自木里、会东、小金的大部分松茸样品聚为一个类群,而雅江、盐源、盐边、冕宁的为另一类群,呈现一定的地理分化现象.通过对各菌株rDNA ITS序列分析表明,松茸菌株间的ITS序列相似性很高.同时系统进化树表明四川松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)与美洲口蘑(T.magnivelare)同源关系较近,与欧洲口蘑(T.caligatum)距离较远,这与报道的形态学分类结果并不一致.本研究表明四川松茸蕴含丰富的遗传信息.图4表4参16     

紫云英根瘤菌的系统发育多样性

在筛选根瘤菌与不同紫云英品种高效结瘤的基础上,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,对13株共生结瘤效果好的菌种进行了系统发育研究.结果表明,13株菌属于3个主要聚类群,分别与Mesorhizobium、Agrobacterium和Stenotrophomonas亲缘关系最为接近,种类多样性较为丰富;其中编号为ACCC13065株的菌株与S.rhizophila16S rDNA序列相似性为100%,位于γ-变形菌纲,这是除α-变形亚纲、β-变形亚纲外所发现的一类新的根瘤菌类型.     

内蒙古中东部地区几种豆科牧草根瘤菌的表型多样性及水分梯度对其分布的影响

选用101株分离自扁蓿豆、胡枝子、野豌豆、锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤菌菌株，进行了营养利用、抗生素抗性、耐逆性和酶活性测定等84个表型性状分析，发现分离自同种寄主植物的根瘤菌由于地理来源的不相同而存在着较大的多样性．通过数值分类，各已知种分别聚群，101株未知菌在84％的相似水平上分为4个各不同的群．根据1、2、3、4群菌的聚类情况，结合在不同水分梯度下采集的豆科牧草根瘤菌，结果发现除个别菌外，绝大部分菌株呈现随着水分梯度的不同，各菌以类群形式分布．证明土壤中水分含量对根瘤菌的分布有很大影响．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.