混合培养微生物利用甘油补料发酵生产乙醇研究

采用浸麻芽孢杆菌和红曲菌990691用甘油混合发酵生产乙醇.结果表明,分批发酵中高浓度的甘油对乙醇发酵有着较强的抑制作用,分批发酵最佳甘油浓度为0.217 mol L-1.在分批发酵的基础上补料发酵,考察了不同甘油浓度的补料液和不同补料时间对乙醇发酵的影响.最终确定乙醇补料发酵较优的工艺条件为:反应器1 L,装液量700 mL红曲发酵液,甘油初始浓度为0.217 mol L-1,以补料方式每隔60 h分5次补加0.217 mol L-1甘油浓度的红曲发酵液,每次补加100 mL,发酵培养360 h.当乙醇最高浓度达0.221 mol L-1,乙醇总产率0.628 mmol h-1,乙醇/甘油转化率达87%(mol mol-1).与分批发酵相比,补料发酵很大程度解除了高浓度甘油的抑制作用,有效地利用了甘油,提高了乙醇的产量,且乙醇产率较为稳定.     

Optimization of fermentation process for saccharide-based fuel ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae北大核心CSCD

低成本、高产量的发酵工艺是实现工业燃料乙醇经济和环境可持续性发展的关键,而不需要重大基础设施改变或投资.为获得酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)利用甘蔗汁生产燃料乙醇的最优发酵工艺,首先对发酵体系的氮源条件进行优化;其次,在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇发酵效率为响应值,通过响应面法优化了燃料乙醇生产的发酵工艺,并通过补料分批发酵技术在5 L发酵罐中进一步扩大发酵.结果表明,以1.0 g/L (NH)SO和1.0 g/L酵母提取物作为发酵氮源,乙醇发酵效率和得率比对照可分别提高4.80%、9.52%.响应面设计获得的最优发酵工艺条件为在总糖浓度150.0 g/L、酵母提取物浓度2.0 g/L、发酵时间24.5 h、pH5.0、外加(NH)SO浓度1.0 g/L时,最高乙醇发酵效率可达到91.10%.在5 L发酵罐中采用补料分批发酵获得的最终乙醇浓度达到98.92 g/L,发酵效率维持在90%左右,乙醇生产力最高达到3.81 g Lh.本研究获得了一种高效生产糖质燃料乙醇的发酵工艺,可在较短时间内获得高浓度乙醇且消耗较少氮源,结果可为进一步利用糖质原料进行高效生物炼制及高浓度乙醇工业化生产提供参考.(图6表6参30)     

低pH值下上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)以糖蜜为底物制取高纯度氢气

采用由有机玻璃制成的上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB),以糖蜜废水为发酵底物,投加适量氯化铵和磷酸二氢钾,研究在低p H值下系统的产氢性能.在系统启动初期,投加碳酸氢钠控制进水p H=6.75—7.15,使系统处于中性厌氧发酵,固定进水COD为4000 mg·L~(-1),HRT=8 h.系统运行20 d后,系统处于混合型发酵类型,随后停止投加碳酸氢钠.系统经过45 d的运行,乙醇和乙酸浓度占总浓度的79.39%,而丙酸的浓度只占总浓度的10.89%,形成了稳定的典型乙醇型发酵.第65天,乙醇和乙酸的浓度分别为840.56 mg·L~(-1)、403.12 mg·L~(-1),乙醇与乙酸浓度占总浓度的93.2%,氢气含量为86.97%.在出水p H=2.81时,系统产氢性能最佳.氢气产率为2.079 mmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),氢气产量1.12 m3·m-3·d~(-1),氢气含量91.46%,是稳定期氢气含量的1.65倍.     

鲜甘薯发酵生产高浓度乙醇的技术

乙醇作为燃料可以改善能源结构,减少对石油进口的依赖.高浓度发酵技术是一种生产燃料乙醇的新兴技术,有利于降低乙醇的生产成本.本研究采用酿酒酵母以鲜甘薯为底物进行了快速高浓度乙醇发酵的研究.对高浓度乙醇发酵的影响因素如发酵促进剂种类和浓度、无机盐、维生素及初糖浓度进行了探讨,获得了最佳发酵培养基配方,确定最适发酵促进剂为B,浓度为1.20 g kg-1,不需要添加无机盐和维生素,初糖浓度为270 g kg-1.在最适条件下,28 h可生产乙醇132.86 g kg-1,乙醇发酵强度达4.74 g kg-1h-1,发酵效率达91.44%.发酵规模放大至10 L时,28 h可产生乙醇131.71 g kg-1,乙醇发酵强度为4.70 g kg-1h-1,发酵效率为90.53%.图3表3参16     

初期通气和震荡培养提高高浓度乙醇发酵的乙醇浓度和产率

研究了氧气和震荡条件对酿酒酵母高浓度乙醇发酵的影响.结果表明,震荡是提高发酵液乙醇浓度和产率的最重要因素.与静止培养相比,在不通气情况下震荡培养使乙醇浓度提高了69%(从75.8 g L-1提高到128.1 g L-1),在通气条件下乙醇浓度提高了68.7%(从85.2 g L-1提高到to 143.8 g L-1).在最优条件下,两次补料,经54 h发酵,发酵液中乙醇浓度达到143.8 g L-1,乙醇产率与理论产率的比值为0.471 g/g(即92.20%).经分析,通气和震荡条件提高了发酵液中酿酒酵母的生物量和细胞活力.图5表1参12     

菊芋秸秆高浓度物料分步糖化及乙醇发酵

菊芋是生物能源和生物炼制的新型原料作物,具有和其他作物不同的秸秆组成.为了解菊芋秸秆的生物转化情况,本研究首先比较了NaOH-H_2O_2、瞬间弹射蒸汽爆破(ICSE)及NaOH-H_2O_2和ICSE联用等3种预处理方法,证明对于菊芋秸秆NaOH-H_2O_2预处理法简单高效.进一步研究显示,NaOH-H_2O_2预处理过程中水洗一次即可显著促进酶解和后续发酵.利用分批补料和补加纤维素酶的方式进行高物料浓度条件下预处理菊芋秸秆的分步水解和乙醇发酵,当物料浓度达到30%(m/V)时,水解72 h的葡萄糖和木糖浓度分别可达143.6 g/L和36.2 g/L.利用木糖-葡萄糖共发酵重组酿酒酵母菌株LX03在菊芋秸秆水解液中进行乙醇发酵,发酵72 h乙醇最高浓度达66.2 g/L(8.27%,V/V),且发酵总糖利用率达86.9%.本研究利用菊芋秸秆水解液发酵获得较高的乙醇产量,为进一步利用菊芋秸秆进行高效生物炼制及高浓度纤维素乙醇生产提供了参考.(图3表1参23)     

鲜甘薯原料的运动发酵单胞菌快速乙醇发酵条件

对运动发酵单胞菌232B同步糖化发酵(SSF)鲜甘薯快速生产燃料乙醇的条件进行了研究.通过单因素试验和正交试验获得了乙醇发酵的最佳参数为:初始pH值6.0～7.0,硫酸铵5.0 g/kg,糖化酶量1.6 AUG/kg淀粉,初始总糖浓度200 g/kg,接种量ψ=12.5%.经过21 h发酵,乙醇浓度为95.15 g/kg.发酵效率可达94%.同时对不灭菌发酵也进行了研究,发酵效率可达92%.残糖的HPLC分析结果说明,发酵液中已没有葡萄糖存在,经酸水解后又出现了葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖等成分,说明发酵结束后的残糖是多种低聚糖.图4表4参19     

一株运动发酵单胞菌Zy-1快速生产乙醇

经多次实验优化，得到运动发酵单胞菌Zy发酵葡萄糖生产乙醇较合适的条件．Zy的诱变菌株Zy-1在该条件下发酵葡萄糖生产乙醇比原始菌株更有较大优势．当葡萄糖浓度为200gL^-1时，发酵48h，乙醇浓度96．5gL^-1，残糖2．3gL^-1，发酵效率为94．42％．Zy-1发酵天然原料米粉、木薯、红薯干等，发酵时间44h，乙醇浓度达95gL^-1以上，发酵效率92％以上．发酵液用DNS法测定，还原糖约2gL^-1，残总糖因原料种类不同，其值有所差异（5～20gL^-1）．经薄层层析分析，发酵液无葡萄糖，而是二糖、三糖等低聚糖．图2表5参12     

混合糖发酵条件下甲酸抑制木糖发酵的机制

纤维素燃料乙醇生产面临的一个重要问题是纤维素原料预处理过程中产生多种副产物会显著抑制酿酒酵母的生长繁殖和发酵,其主要成分弱酸类中甲酸被认为具有最强的抑制效应.为了解工业酿酒酵母混合糖发酵时木糖利用被甲酸特异性显著抑制的机制,为发酵菌株的抑制物耐受育种提供依据,以乙酸存在条件下的发酵为对照,研究甲酸存在条件下菌株分别发酵混合糖和单独木糖时的发酵性能以及糖代谢相关基因的表达差异、葡萄糖浓度对菌株发酵木糖和木糖代谢基因表达的影响,同时研究甲酸存在条件下葡萄糖代谢产物乙酸和乙醇对菌株发酵木糖的影响以及混合糖和单独木糖发酵过程中甲酸浓度变化和甲酸脱氢酶基因FDH1转录情况.结果显示:葡萄糖只有在甲酸存在条件下才特异性地显著抑制木糖发酵,木糖消耗速率的下降与木糖还原酶(XR)和木糖醇脱氢酶(XDH)酶活下降有关;单独木糖发酵时,只有当乙酸、乙醇和甲酸共存时才表现出抑制效应,且随乙醇浓度增加抑制效应越明显,木糖发酵被抑制与XDH酶活下降有关,但乙酸、乙醇和甲酸三者对木糖发酵的协同抑制效应明显弱于60 g/L葡萄糖存在时的抑制;混合糖发酵时FDH1基因转录被抑制导致甲酸分解缓慢,对甲酸存在条件下木糖发酵被抑制有部分贡献.综上,葡萄糖抑制甲酸分解与葡萄糖代谢产物乙酸、乙醇和甲酸的协同抑制对混合糖发酵时甲酸对木糖发酵特异性显著抑制有贡献,但尚存在其他未知抑制机制,还需进一步深入研究.     

混合菌群产氢特性研究

对产氢菌株进行筛选,得到一组可以在微氧条件下高效产氢的微生物菌群.此菌群在0～15%O2浓度下都可以产氢,具有较高的耐氧产氢特性.该混合菌群可利用甘露醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖、淀粉为底物产氢,其中甘露醇为最适底物.最适产氢温度、pH值、仞始氧气浓度分别为33℃、7.0、2.72%.在此条件下,以片露醇为碳源(5.0 g/L),产氢效率可达到324.18 mL(H2)/g(甘露醇).对该产氢体系发酵末端产物的液相分析显示乙醇占76%～93%,表明该产氢体系为乙醇型发酵.通过PCR-DGGE方法进行菌群分析,发现不同初始氧浓度下菌群分布有一定差异,但克氏杆菌在各种氧浓度下的混合菌群中都占明显优势,是主要的产氢菌.图8表1参25     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.