乙氰菊酯对草履虫的毒性

乙氰菊酯是一种新型菊酯类杀虫剂．以甲苯为助溶剂的水溶液，对草履虫的半致死浓度为１６．３ｍｇ／ｌ；以丙酮为助溶剂的水溶液对草履虫的半致死浓度为２４．０ｍＧ／ｌ。建议在实际应用乙氰菊酯农药时以丙酮代替甲苯做助溶剂为好。     

南京市大气中挥发性有机物污染的研究

1　IntroductionVolatileorganiccompounds (VOCs)areimportantairpollutantsintheurbanatmosphere .SomeVOCsaretoxicandpotentiallycarcinogenic.ExposuretoVOCsisofconcernasitmayresultinsignificantrisktohumanhealth .AmbientVOCsareemittedfromvariousurban ,industrial…     

6种苯系物对球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制

海洋环境中苯系物污染主要来源于海洋溢油事故以及沿海石油化工企业的废水排放。为探究苯系物对海洋微藻的毒性作用,选择球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻作为受试生物,分别考察了苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯和对-二甲苯6种苯系物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响。结果表明,在0.25~64.0 mg·L-1暴露浓度下,6种苯系物对2种微藻生长具有显著的抑制作用,随着暴露浓度的升高,抑制作用明显增强。苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯对球等鞭金藻的24 h的半数效应浓度(24 h-EC50)分别为:17.07、12.88、7.58、0.55、0.36、0.27 mg·L-1;对新月菱形藻的24 h-EC50值分别为:1.03、0.68、0.46、0.40、0.42、0.38 mg·L-1。上述研究结果为确定苯系物海洋环境质量标准、保护海洋生态环境提供了基础数据。     

Study by evolution of nucleic acid content of prepuberal growth in the shrimp Crangon vulgaris

Growth of the shrimp Crangon vulgaris was studied by following the evolution of its nucleic acid concentration and total content. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) analysis were effected on homogenates of whole shrimps. Cell multiplication was estimated from evolution of total DNA content, and cell size increment from evolution of fresh weight: DNA ratio. DNA puric bases ratio and RNA monoribonucleotides percentages were constant throughout the investigation period. A decrease in DNA concentration was observed from 50 to 20 M/g dry defatted weight (DDP), when fresh weight increases from 40 to 570 mg. This decrease was more marked in the first half of the period studied (prepuberal phase). The DNA content in the whole shrimp increases with fresh weight without slowing down at sexual maturity. However, at the beginning of the prepuberal phase the cell-multiplication rate seems to be graduated rather than continuous; this is still to be explained. Cell size, calculated from fresh weight: DNA ratio, increases until the shrimp weighs 300 mg; beyond this weight, cell increment proceeds much more slowly. The weight gain of shrimps throughout the growth period studied is mainly attributable to hyperplasia — which occurs constantly — while hypertrophy insures only 21% weight increment in the largest shrimps. As protein content, RNA content is a linear function of shrimp weight. RNA:DNA ratio evolution is similar to that of cell size and protein content. We suggest that cells have attained a physiological balance when shrimps reach a weight of 300 mg.     

苯系化合物好氧生物降解性研究

选用城市污水处理场的活性污泥做菌源，研究了苯、甲苯、邻－间－、对－二甲苯、乙基苯、三甲苯等七种芳香化合物的好氧生物降解规律。实验结果表明，七种化合物浓度在１０ｍｇ／ｌ左右时，在实验周期内能全部降解；浓度在４０－１８０ｍｇ／ｌ时，有的化合物不能被降解。七种化合物降解的难易程度为：甲苯＞间二甲苯＞苯＞对二甲苯＞乙基苯＞三甲苯＞邻二甲苯。此外，实验结果还表明，化合物的降解性受苯环上取代基数量及位置等因素     

Environmental impact of nitrogen fertilization in tea eco-system

To quantify the nitrogen losses through runoff and leaching under a tea plantation in hilly soil, a field experiment was conducted from October 2001 to October 2002 at United Planters Association of Southern India (UPASI), Coonoorin Nilgiri district. Runoff water was collected in the collection tub on most rainy days but the leachate was collected in the soil water sampler when the rainfall exceeded 150 mm. Higher nitrogen fertilization levels significantly influenced the NO3-N concentration in both the runoff and leachate and it was likely to cause adverse environmental impact at the delivery end. The NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations in runoff decreased with the days after fertilizer application. NH4-N concentration reduced from 10.27 mg/l on the 9th day to 1.72 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. NO3-N concentration reduced from 23.5 mg/l on the 9th day to 4.32 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. Nitrogen loss varied depending on the quantity of rainfall and runoff. The NO3-N concentration in the leachate increased with increase in depth (18.06 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 20.98 mg/l at 45 cm depth) whereas NH4-N concentration decreased with increase in depth (6.32 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 5.79 mg/l at 45 cm depth.     

Soil mycofloral responses following the exposure to 2, 4-D

2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a post emergence herbicide. The tests were conducted to study the toxicity of 2,4-D using EC50 value in four dilutions. 2,4-D was applied at concentration of 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 300 mg l(-1) in the potato Dextrose agar medium. The effect of this herbicide was evaluated as the colony forming unit (CFU). EC50 value for 10(-3) dilution of soil was 138 +/- 5.944 mg l(-1). Soil physico-chemical parameters and mycofloral properties were also evaluated. Qualitatively 10 genera of fungi were observed in untreated soil, whereas 4 genera were found in 2,4-D administered dose.     

甲醛及苯系物混合暴露对小鼠肺脏的氧化损伤作用

为探讨甲醛、苯、甲苯及二甲苯混合气体急性暴露对小鼠肺脏的氧化损伤作用,选用雄性健康昆明种小鼠50只,随机分为对照组和4个染毒组。染毒组1到4中甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度依次为:1.0+1.1+2.0+2.0μg·L-1、3.0+3.3+6.0+6.0μg·L-1、5.0+5.5+10.0+10.0μg·L-1、10.0+11.0+20.0+20.0μg·L-1,各染毒组混合气体的浓度分别是我国室内空气质量标准(GB/T18883-2002)的10、30、50和100倍。用静式吸入染毒方式,每天染毒2h,共染毒10d,实验结束后,测定小鼠肺脏中的氧化损伤指标。结果表明:染毒组小鼠的体重增加幅度均低于对照组,肝脏和脾脏系数显著低于对照组,肺脏ROS、MDA含量随染毒剂量的增加而增加,T-AOC、GSH、CAT、GSH-Px及SOD活力随染毒剂量的增加而降低,并且ROS、MDA含量与混合气体的浓度呈显著的正相关关系,GSH含量与混合气体的浓度呈显著的负相关关系。研究结果显示,甲醛、苯、甲苯及二甲苯混合气体急性暴露对小鼠肺脏具有氧化损伤作用,混合气体的联合毒性效应强于单一组分,ROS、MDA和GSH可以作为评价VOCs急性暴露对机体氧化损伤作用的敏感生物学标志。     

The toxicity of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate to the fish,Catla catla (Hamilton)

The acute toxicity of unionized ammonia; nitrite and nitrate to the Indian major carp Catla catla (Hamilton) was determined using static and continuous flow through systems for 24 hours. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for 24 h of ammonia (NH3-N), nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) were 0.045 mg/l, 120.84 mg/l and 1565.43 mg/l in static test respectively and were 0.036 mg/l, 117.43 mg/l and 1484.08 mg/l in continuous flow through test respectively.     

Toxizität und anreicherung von blei bei der miesmuschel Mytilus edulis im laborexperiment

In a laboratory experiment, conducted over 130 days, three batches of a total of 100 common mussels, Mytilus edulis, were maintained in media containing different lead concentrations. Two vessels served as controls. There was no acute injury to the mussels; but, over an extended period of time, a marked increase in mortality occurred which was related to the lead concentration in the medium. The median lethal time (LT₅₀) was computed to be 218 days for the control, 150 days with 0.5 mg Pb/l in the medium, 129 days with 1 mg/l, and 105 days with 5 mg/l. Quantitative analyses of the soft parts of M. edulis by flameless atomic-absorption-spectrophotometry revealed a distinct accumulation of lead. From a natural lead content of 8.4 μg Pb/g dry weight, the lead concentration increased to 12,840 μg/g at 0.5 mg/l, to 20,770 μg/g at 1 mg/l and to 39,830 μg/g at 5 mg/l. The ratio of the concentration of lead in the soft parts of M. edulis to the concentration in the medium remained in the same order of magnitude both under laboratory conditions using high lead concentrations and under in situ lead levels. Over a period of 130 days, lead uptake expressed as percentage of lead offered was 10.9% at 0.5 mg/l, 9.5% at 1 mg/l, and 3.4% at 5 mg/l, respectively.     

Effects of azadirachtin on mortality, fertilization, and swimming speed in larvae of the cane toad, Bufo marinus (Anura: Bufonidae)

Experiments were conducted to assess the effects of azadirachtin (AZ) on survival capacity, fertilization success, and swimming speed in larval stages of the cane toad, Bufo marinus . LC50 values (96-hr) for various larval stages exposed to 0.50 mg/l AZ were as follows: 5.35 (stage 12), 5.77 (stage 16), 787 (stage 20), 13.43 (stage 24), and 21.54 (stage 30). Tadpoles did not exhibit any apparent disorientation or production of mucous in response to AZ concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 mg/l. Mortality was significantly higher at 0.50 mg/l AZ than at lower concentrations. At 0.50 mg/l, mortality rate decreased significantly from 36% for stage 12 tadpoles, to 24% for stage 20 tadpoles. Mortality for early stages (stage 12) dropped significantly, from 36% at 0.50 mg/l, to 21% at 0.40 mg/l AZ There were no significant differences in percent mortality for any developmental stage at an AZ concentration of 0.3 mg/l, or for controls (no AZ). Exposure of gametes to 0.30 mg/l AZ did not reduce fertilization success as compared to controls (89.8 vs. 83.7%). At 0.40 mg/l, percent fertilization decreased significantly (68.8%). This effect was even more pronounced at 0.50 mg/l. No significant difference was found in swimming speeds between controls and subjects exposed to 0.30 mg/l AZ. However, at a concentration of 0.40 mg/l, tadpoles required a significantly longer period of time to swim a distance of 140 cm as compared to controls. The potential impact of AZ on amphibian populations is discussed.     

上海市区生活垃圾中转站臭气污染状况

对上海市区3个不同位置的垃圾中转站运行过程中的臭气产生状况进行了为期一年的监测和分析,研究了其浓度和变化规律。结果表明,3个中转站内气体污染物中H2S、NH3以及臭气浓度范围分别为0.005～0.20mg/m3,0.44～4.67 mg/m3以及16～40,大多在春季达到最高,且与温度和垃圾量没有明显相关性。而挥发性有机物VOCs中主要有1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、乙酸乙酯、间二甲苯等污染物,浓度在10-1～103μg/m3之间变化。分析结果表明,臭气浓度和VOCs的产生量与日垃圾处理量呈正比。     

Interaction of alcohol and kola nut on brain sodium pump activity in Wistar rats

The effect of interaction of alcohol and kola nut on sodium pump activity was studied in Wistar rats. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into six groups of five rats per group. Control received a placebo (4 mL of distilled water). Groups 2–6 were treated for a period of 21 days with 10% (v/v) alcohol, 50 mg caffeine/kg, 50 mg kola nut/kg, or a combination of 10% (v/v) alcohol + 50 mg kola nut/kg, or 10% (v/v) alcohol + 50 mg caffeine/kg, respectively. One day after the final exposure, brains were harvested and several biochemical parameters examined including activities of total ATPase, ouabain-insensitive ATPase, ouabain sensitive ATPase (Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase) and levels of nonenzymatic breakdown of ATP and inorganic phosphate (P_i) released. Results showed that the essential enzyme of the brain responsible for neuronal function, Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase, was inhibited by alcohol–kola nut co-administration relative to control, resulting in a decreased ATP production, ion transport and action potential, leading to loss of neuronal activities.     

甲醛对厌氧降解糖蜜酒精废水的抑制及消除

在10 L的厌氧折流板(ABR)反应器中,研究甲醛浓度对糖蜜酒精废水的厌氧降解处理的影响,研究结果表明,甲醛浓度在0~200 mg/L内时,厌氧发酵降解相对稳定,产生抑制作用较小,当甲醛浓度大于200mg/L时,厌氧发酵降解抑制作用明显,当达到250 mg/L左右时,厌氧反应几乎停止进行,在糖蜜酒精废水溶液中添加0.75倍甲醛浓度的NS能过消除甲醛的抑制作用,维持厌氧反应的正常进行.     

Distribution of lindane in plasma and brain after a single administration to cats

The distribution of lindane and its metabolites in the plasma and brain of the cats after 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours of administration of lindane (2mg/kg, i.v.) was investigated. The compound distributes differentially in the CNS and this pattern changes with time. The pattern of distribution shows that although lindane concentration is higher in areas with a high myelin content, it disappears more rapidly from gray matter. The plasma levels were also high at 30 minutes interval and then gradually decreased. The rate of formation of the metabolite 2,4,6‐Trichlorophenol appeared to be maximum in the first 4 hours. The accumulation of the compound and its metabolite in brain during the experimental period was not evident.     

The assimilation and chronic effects of sub-lethal concentrations of Endosulfan on condition and spawning in the common mussel Mytilus edulis

The rate of uptake of Endosulfan by Mytilus edulis L. exposed to pesticide concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/l, and its subsequent elution on removal to clean sea water, was investigated. Higher residue levels were recorded for mussels exposed to higher concentrations of the pesticide, but concentration factors were reduced. There was a rapid initial fall in tissue residue levels on transfer to clean sea water due, it is suggested, to elution of Endosulfan adsorbed on particulate matter assimilated in the gut. The spawning period was prolonged at higher concentrations and, at 1.0 mg/l, the onset of spawning was delayed, possibly due to interference with gamonic action. At 0.1 mg/l, the minor protraction of the spawning period may reflect the effect of experimental tank conditions. No seasonal trend was obvious, and there was an exaggeration of the expected fall in condition in mussels exposed to higher concentrations of Endosulfan. In controls, the expected seasonal trend was reduced.     

北京市典型城区环境空气中苯系物的污染特征、来源分析与健康风险评价

自2013年6月以来,利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪在北京市典型城区开展了环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的连续观测,选取2014年4个季节中各1个月的苯系物在线数据,分析了其浓度水平、变化特征、光化学反应活性,利用美国环保署(US EPA)提出的健康风险评价方法开展了有毒有害苯系物物种的健康风险评价,结合来源分析结果,明确北京市应重点控制的苯系物污染来源。研究区观测期间环境空气中16种苯系物的质量浓度为(22.64±16.83)μg·m-3,且具有秋季冬季春季夏季的特点,其中BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的质量浓度为(19.27±14.46)μg·m-3,占苯系物浓度水平的41.09%~95.16%。研究区观测期间苯系物质量浓度夜间高于日间,日变化呈V字形,在13:00—15:00时质量浓度低。16种苯系物的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的范围为66.62~170.67μg·m-3,其中间+对二甲苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯的OFP值相对较大;二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)的范围为0.71~1.86μg·m-3,其中甲苯、间+对二甲苯和乙苯的SOAFP值相对较大。研究区观测期间6种苯系物(BTEX和苯乙烯)的危害指数在8.19E-03~5.01E-02之间,在4个季节中对暴露人群尚不存在非致癌性风险;而Ⅰ类致癌物质苯的风险值处于7.13E-08~8.13E-06之间,在夏、秋和冬季对研究区暴露人群的人体健康均存在潜在的致癌性风险。来源分析结果表明,研究区春、秋季苯系物主要来源于机动车尾气的排放,其中春季还受到溶剂等挥发的影响,夏、冬季苯系物则主要来自于燃煤源。     

Effect of fenvalerate technical grade on acetyl cholinesterase activity in Indian bullfrog Haplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin)

Indian bullfrog Haplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin) was exposed to sublethal dose (1/3 of LC50 I.E. 1.166 mg/kg) of fenvalerate technical grade and the effect was studied on the specific activity of acetyl cholinesterase in the different tissues of frog viz., brain, muscle, liver, kidney and testis at different time periods viz., 3,6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The inhibition of specific activity of acetyl cholinesterase was in the order of kidney > brain > muscle > liver > testis. A significant inhibition was noticed in kidney at 12 hours (-64.33%) and no effect was noticed at 3 hours in testis (+0.67%). The AChE activity was inhibited in first three hours of administration of fenvalerate in all the tissue tested. The inhibition continued upto 6 hours or 2 hours in different tissue but the recovery was started by 24 hours and almost completed by 72 hours.     

挥发性有机物混合暴露对小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤及学习记忆能力的影响

为探讨挥发性有机物混合急性暴露对小鼠脑组织氧化损伤及学习记忆能力的影响,选用雄性昆明种小鼠50只,随机分为对照组和4个染毒组。1到4号染毒组中甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度依次为:(1.0+1.1+2.0+2.0)、(3.0+3.3+6.0+6.0)、(5.0+5.5+10.0+10.0)、(10.0+11.0+20.0+20.0)mg·m~(-3)。各染毒组混合气体组分的浓度分别是我国室内空气质量标准(GB/T18883—2002)的10、30、50和100倍。结果显示,在Morris水迷宫实验第4天,2、3和4号染毒组小鼠的逃避潜伏期分别为(68.9±10.3)、(72.2±4.0)和(71.5±5.1)s,比对照组(48.5±10.1)s显著延长(P<0.05或P<0.01),但小鼠的脑体比和抓力在染毒期间没有明显变化。同时,随着染毒剂量的增加,小鼠脑组织中GSH含量显著降低,ROS和MDA含量显著升高。研究表明,挥发性有机物混合暴露可导致小鼠学习记忆能力降低,而脑组织氧化损伤可能是引起神经毒性,导致学习记忆能力降低的原因之一。     

城市加油站苯系物污染状况

在重庆地区利用苏马罐系统和气相色谱质谱分析方法对加油站及其周边空气中苯系物进行了初步监测。结果发现,几种苯系物均有检出,各监测点苯系物总体浓度介于0.34-11.33 mg/m3之间,其中苯浓度最高,各点浓度为0.07-3.57 mg/m3,二甲苯其次,苯乙烯最低。从不同监测点来看,卸油区和加油区苯系物浓度普遍较高,环境敏感点相对较低。