中国北方典型城市空气中苯系物的污染特征

为了研究中国北方典型城市大气中苯系物的污染状况和季节变化特征,于2008年4月—2009年1月间,选取沈阳和天津共11个监测点位分别采集大气样品,并利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS方法进行分析.结果表明,天津的苯系物污染浓度比沈阳高,这是因为天津的机动车保有量远远大于沈阳,机动车尾气排放量大.苯系物的污染程度与不同季节的气候变化密切关联,两城市均表现为春秋两季污染严重,冬夏两季污染较轻.城市不同功能区采样点的比较和苯与甲苯(B/T)的比值以及各苯系物之间的相关性分析表明,两城市苯系物污染浓度均受到局部排放源的明显影响,但在大部分地区交通源仍为主要排放源.     

6种苯系物对球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制

海洋环境中苯系物污染主要来源于海洋溢油事故以及沿海石油化工企业的废水排放。为探究苯系物对海洋微藻的毒性作用,选择球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻作为受试生物,分别考察了苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯和对-二甲苯6种苯系物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响。结果表明,在0.25~64.0 mg·L-1暴露浓度下,6种苯系物对2种微藻生长具有显著的抑制作用,随着暴露浓度的升高,抑制作用明显增强。苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯对球等鞭金藻的24 h的半数效应浓度(24 h-EC50)分别为:17.07、12.88、7.58、0.55、0.36、0.27 mg·L-1;对新月菱形藻的24 h-EC50值分别为:1.03、0.68、0.46、0.40、0.42、0.38 mg·L-1。上述研究结果为确定苯系物海洋环境质量标准、保护海洋生态环境提供了基础数据。     

2009年北京市苯系物污染水平和变化特征

采用Tenax-TA/吸附热解吸、光离子化气相色谱法(GC-PID)对北京市大气中苯系物(BTEX)的小时平均浓度进行了为期1年的观测.结果表明,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯和邻二甲苯的年平均浓度分别为:4.43、7.03、2.27、4.18和2.06μg.m-3.苯系物之间具有很好的同源性,其浓度存在明显的日变化和季节变化,这些变化特征与交通尾气排放、采暖期化石燃料燃烧、光化学反应活性等密切相关.苯与甲苯特征比值(B/T)的分析表明,交通尾气排放是北京市大气中苯系物的主要来源,冬季和早春采暖期化石燃料燃烧也是北京市大气中BTEX的重要来源之一.乙苯与二甲苯比值(E/X)的季节变化为:夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,与北京市大气光化学反应活性季节变化趋势相似.2009年北京夏季总苯系物的平均浓度比2004年夏季减少了2/3,表明北京市政府为改善空气质量所采取的一系列控制措施十分有效.     

南京市典型交通区与背景区春季大气中VOCs的污染水平与日变化趋势

于2014年春季使用Tedlar气袋采集南京市典型交通区与背景区的大气样品,参照美国EPA TO-15方法共检出30种挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分,研究了典型区域的VOCs污染特征与日变化趋势。结果表明,交通区ρ(VOCs)范围为122.58!236.97μg·m-3,平均值为(149.31±36.70)μg·m-3;背景区ρ(VOCs)范围为27.24!54.68μg·m-3,平均值为(43.29±10.53)μg·m-3。从污染物类型来看,烯烃、芳烃、卤代烃和酯类化合物是空气中的主要污染物。交通区空气中VOCs以苯系物为主,质量浓度范围为18.72!41.28μg·m-3,平均值为(25.39±7.63)μg·m-3,苯系物浓度日变化高峰出现在9:00、12:00和18:00,与道路车流量密切相关;而背景区苯系物浓度偏低,且无明显的变化趋势。对交通区苯系物各组分进行主成分分析发现,苯、乙苯、对,间-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、4-乙基甲苯、1,3,5-三甲苯和1,2,4-三甲苯是主要的贡献因子,汽车尾气是交通区苯系物污染的主要来源。     

苯系物对仿刺参catalase基因表达及酶活性的影响

以仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为受试生物,采用半静水式试验方法,设置3种不同浓度(1/5、1/25、1/125的96 h-LC50)的苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻–二甲苯、间–二甲苯和对–二甲苯处理健康仿刺参,检测仿刺参过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因在呼吸树、肠组织中的表达和酶活性变化情况。结果发现:在各苯系物处理组的仿刺参呼吸树和肠组织中,cat基因的转录表达变化显著;苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻–二甲苯对呼吸树中CAT活性具有诱导作用,其中乙基苯的诱导倍数最高,为12.0~19.8倍;6种苯系物对肠组织中CAT活性具有抑制作用,抑制程度大小顺序为:邻–二甲苯乙基苯对–二甲苯甲苯间–二甲苯苯。表明苯系物对仿刺参呼吸树、肠具有氧化胁迫作用,可能造成2种组织的氧化损伤。相关性分析表明:苯系物处理后,仿刺参肠组织中cat m RNA相对表达倍数与CAT活性变化呈显著正相关;仿刺参肠和呼吸树中cat m RNA相对表达倍数变化呈显著正相关。以上结果为苯系物对仿刺参的生物毒性评价提供了基础数据。     

北京市东北城区夏季环境空气中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险评价

于2013年8月2日至31日,利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪开展了北京市东北城区环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的在线监测,分析了其中16种苯系物的污染水平、变化特征、来源及其臭氧形成潜势(OFP),并采用US EPA的健康风险评价模型对BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、间-对二甲苯、邻二甲苯)和苯乙烯的人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,16种苯系物在观测期间总平均质量浓度为10.36μg·m-3,其中BTEX的质量浓度均值为7.45μg·m-3,约占总的苯系物质量浓度的72%。苯系物的质量浓度呈现明显的一次污染物日变化特征,即早晚较高,中午较低。苯与甲苯的质量浓度比值(B/T)平均为0.39,说明除机动车尾气外,涂料和溶剂的挥发释放对大气中苯系物也可能具有重要贡献。间-对二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯和甲苯的OFP值较高,对北京市大气臭氧光化学形成具有显著贡献。BTEX和苯乙烯对人体的非致癌风险危害商值在8.70E-05至3.76E-02之间,危害指数为6.19E-02,对暴露人群尚不存在明显的非致癌风险;而苯的致癌风险值为8.80E-06,超过了US EPA的建议值1.00E-06,显示苯对研究区居民身体健康存在潜在的致癌风险。     

上海市区生活垃圾中转站臭气污染状况

对上海市区3个不同位置的垃圾中转站运行过程中的臭气产生状况进行了为期一年的监测和分析,研究了其浓度和变化规律。结果表明,3个中转站内气体污染物中H2S、NH3以及臭气浓度范围分别为0.005～0.20mg/m3,0.44～4.67 mg/m3以及16～40,大多在春季达到最高,且与温度和垃圾量没有明显相关性。而挥发性有机物VOCs中主要有1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、乙酸乙酯、间二甲苯等污染物,浓度在10-1～103μg/m3之间变化。分析结果表明,臭气浓度和VOCs的产生量与日垃圾处理量呈正比。     

北京市典型城区环境空气中苯系物的污染特征、来源分析与健康风险评价

自2013年6月以来,利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪在北京市典型城区开展了环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的连续观测,选取2014年4个季节中各1个月的苯系物在线数据,分析了其浓度水平、变化特征、光化学反应活性,利用美国环保署(US EPA)提出的健康风险评价方法开展了有毒有害苯系物物种的健康风险评价,结合来源分析结果,明确北京市应重点控制的苯系物污染来源。研究区观测期间环境空气中16种苯系物的质量浓度为(22.64±16.83)μg·m-3,且具有秋季冬季春季夏季的特点,其中BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的质量浓度为(19.27±14.46)μg·m-3,占苯系物浓度水平的41.09%~95.16%。研究区观测期间苯系物质量浓度夜间高于日间,日变化呈V字形,在13:00—15:00时质量浓度低。16种苯系物的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的范围为66.62~170.67μg·m-3,其中间+对二甲苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯的OFP值相对较大;二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)的范围为0.71~1.86μg·m-3,其中甲苯、间+对二甲苯和乙苯的SOAFP值相对较大。研究区观测期间6种苯系物(BTEX和苯乙烯)的危害指数在8.19E-03~5.01E-02之间,在4个季节中对暴露人群尚不存在非致癌性风险;而Ⅰ类致癌物质苯的风险值处于7.13E-08~8.13E-06之间,在夏、秋和冬季对研究区暴露人群的人体健康均存在潜在的致癌性风险。来源分析结果表明,研究区春、秋季苯系物主要来源于机动车尾气的排放,其中春季还受到溶剂等挥发的影响,夏、冬季苯系物则主要来自于燃煤源。     

北京市典型城区环境空气中苯系物的污染特征、人体健康风险评价与来源分析

自2013年6月以来利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪在北京市典型城区开展了环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的连续观测,选取2014年4个季节中各1个月的苯系物在线数据,分析了其浓度水平、变化特征、光化学反应活性,利用美国环保署(US EPA)提出的人体健康风险评价方法开展了有毒有害苯系物物种的人体健康风险评价,结合来源分析结果,明确北京市应重点控制的苯系物污染来源。研究区观测期间环境空气中16种苯系物的质量浓度为22.64±16.83μg·m-3,且具有秋季冬季春季夏季的特点,其中BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的质量浓度为19.27±14.46μg·m-3,占苯系物浓度水平的41.09%~95.16%。研究区观测期间苯系物质量浓度夜间高于日间,日变化呈V字形,在13:00~15:00时质量浓度低。16种苯系物的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的范围为66.62~170.67μg·m-3,其中间+对二甲苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯的OFP值相对较大;二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)的范围为0.71~1.86μg·m-3,其中甲苯、间+对二甲苯和乙苯的SOAFP值相对较大。研究区观测期间6种苯系物(BTEX和苯乙烯)的危害指数在8.19E-03~5.01E-02之间,在四个季节中对暴露人群尚不存在非致癌性风险;而Ⅰ类致癌物质苯的风险值处于7.13E-08~8.13E-06之间,在夏、秋和冬季对研究区暴露人群的人体健康均存在潜在的致癌性风险。来源分析结果表明,研究区春、秋季苯系物主要来源于机动车尾气的排放,其中春季还受到溶剂等挥发的影响,夏、冬季苯系物则主要来自于燃煤源。     

耐低温混菌降解苯系物的特性及菌种鉴定研究

以吉化双苯厂被硝基苯、苯系物（BTEX）污染的土壤为菌源,经过筛选驯化得到一组在低温条件（10℃）下可降解苯系物（BTEX）的混菌。室内研究表明,在10℃,pH=6.8,苯系物（BTEX）总质量浓度200mg·L^-1的条件下,84h后该菌对苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的降解率依次为93.2%、95.6%、91%、88.4%、对6种质量浓度的苯系物（BTEX）污染物中最难降解的苯进行降解动力学曲线模拟,当苯质量浓度小于17.48mg·L-1时,降解符合一级降解动力学,当苯的质量浓度为17.48～195.30mg·L^-1时,降解符合零级降解动力学、该混菌降解效果稳定、适应环境能力强,经80次传代后仍能保持良好的降解效果,且在6个不同地区含有不同背景组成的地下水中降解效果稳定、应用Biolog细菌自动鉴定系统和16SrDNA序列分析方法对降解率较高的3株菌B2、B4、B6作菌种鉴定,B2为嗜麦芽糖寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）,B4为斑生假单胞菌（Pseudomonas maculicola）,B6为多刺假单胞菌（Pseudomonas spinosa）。     

Degradation of toluene and benzene by Trametes versicolor

In this study, biological degradation of non-polar monoaromatic compounds, benzene and toluene, by one of the white rot fungi, namely Trametes versicolor was analyzed and the biomass formed was determined. The studies were carried out in mediums which contain basic nutrients in certain amounts, toluene and benzene at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 250 and 350 mg/l, pH at 5, temperature at 28 degrees C and rpm at 150. Within an incubation period of 48 hours, it was observed that, removal was completed in 4 hours when toluene concentration was 50 mg/l and was completed in 36 hours when concentration was 300 mg/l. Biodegradation was completed at the end of 4th hour at benzene concentration of 50 mg/l while it continued for 42 hours at the concentration of 300 mg/l. With the addition of veratryl alcohol (3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol) to the basic feed medium, the operation of the enzyme system gained speed and biodegradation completed in a shorter time period.     

南京市大气中挥发性有机物污染的研究

1　IntroductionVolatileorganiccompounds (VOCs)areimportantairpollutantsintheurbanatmosphere .SomeVOCsaretoxicandpotentiallycarcinogenic.ExposuretoVOCsisofconcernasitmayresultinsignificantrisktohumanhealth .AmbientVOCsareemittedfromvariousurban ,industrial…     

Numerical simulation of benzene transport in shoreline groundwater affected by tides under different conditions

● An approach for assessing the transport of benzene on the beach was proposed. ● The behavior of benzene in the subsurface of the beach was impacted by tide. ● Tidal amplitude influenced the travel speed and the benzene biodegradation. ● Hydraulic conductivity had the impact on plume residence time and biodegradation. ● Plume dispersed and concentration decreased due to high longitudinal dispersivity. The release and transport of benzene in coastal aquifers were investigated in the present study. Numerical simulations were implemented using the SEAM3D, coupled with GMS, to study the behavior of benzene in the subsurface of tidally influenced beaches. The transport and fate of the benzene plume were simulated, considering advection, dispersion, sorption, biodegradation, and dissolution on the beach. Different tide amplitudes, aquifer characteristics, and pollutant release locations were studied. It was found that the tide amplitude, hydraulic conductivity, and longitudinal dispersivity were the primary factors affecting the fate and transport of benzene. The tidal amplitude influenced the transport speed and percentage of biodegradation of benzene plume in the beach. A high tidal range reduced the spreading area and enhanced the rate of benzene biodegradation. Hydraulic conductivity had an impact on plume residence time and the percentage of contaminant biodegradation. Lower hydraulic conductivity induced longer residence time in each beach portion and a higher percentage of biodegradation on the beach. The plume dispersed and the concentration decreased due to high longitudinal dispersivity. The results can be used to support future risk assessment and management for the shorelines impacted by spill and leaking accidents. Modeling the heterogeneous beach aquifer subjected to tides can also be further explored in the future study.     

Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds were measured both indoors and outdoors in 50 residences of Beijing in heating (December, 2011) and non-heating seasons (April/May, 2012). SUMMA canisters for VOCs and diffusive samplers for carbonyl compounds were deployed for 24 h at each site, and 94 compounds were quantified. Formaldehyde, acetone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds both indoors and outdoors with indoor median concentrations being 32.1, 21.7 and 15.3 μg·m⁻³, respectively. Ethane (17.6 μg·m⁻³), toluene (14.4 μg·m⁻³), propane (11.2 μg·m⁻³), ethene (8.40 μg·m⁻³), n-butane (6.87 μg·m⁻³), and benzene (5.95 μg·m⁻³) showed the high median concentrations in indoor air. Dichloromethane, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and toluene exhibited extremely high levels in some residences, which were related with a number of indoor emission sources. Moreover, isoprene, p-dichlorobenzene and carbonyls showed median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios larger than 3, indicating their indoor sources were prevailing. Chlorinated compounds like CFCs were mainly from outdoor sources for their I/O ratios being less than 1. In addition, indoor concentrations between two sampling seasons varied with different compounds. Carbonyl compounds and some chlorinated compounds had higher concentrations in the non-heating season, while alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds showed an increase in the heating season. Indoor concentration of VOCs and carbonyls were influenced by locations, interior decorations and indoor activities, however the specific sources for indoor VOCs and carbonyls could not be easily identified. The findings obtained in this study would significantly enhance our understandings on the prevalent and abundant species of VOCs as well as their concentrations and sources in Beijing residences.     

Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment

An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ≥1) were regarded as top-priority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future.     

天津市地表水体与沉积物中7种高关注酚类化合物的污染特征与生态风险分析

为探究地表水体与沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布特征和生态风险,选择天津市3个水源地与6条主要河流,采集了26个地表水样与6个沉积物样品,利用固相萃取与超声萃取、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定了水样及沉积物中1-萘酚(1-naphthol)、壬基酚(nonylphenol, NP)、双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)、2-苯基苯酚(biphenyl-2-ol)、3,4-二氯酚(3,4-dichlorophenol)、四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA)和对叔丁基苯酚(p-tert-butylphenol, PTBP)等7种高关注酚类化合物的浓度水平,并应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)法和熵值法(ecological risk quotient, RQ)评估7种酚类化合物水环境和沉积物的生态风险。结果表明,地表水样中7种酚类化合物均全部检出;其中壬基酚的检出浓度最高,其次为四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A。沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布规律与水样相似,除双酚A外的目标物全部检出。其中,壬基酚浓度比其他物质浓度高2个数量级。风险评估结果显示,壬基酚对水环境与沉积物存在不可接受的风险;而四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A则对环境具有较低风险或者存在一定的风险。     

Benzene conversion by manganese dioxide assisted silent discharge plasma

Non-thermal plasma technologies have shown their promising potential specially for the low concentration of volatile organic compound control in indoor air in recent years. But it is also high energy consuming. So, to improve the energy efficiency, adding catalysts which enhance the plasma chemical reactions to plasma reactors may be a good selection. Therefore, in this study the manganese dioxide assisted silent discharge plasma was developed for benzene conversion at a relatively high energy efficiency. The results show that MnO₂ could promote complete oxidation of benzene with O₂ and O₃ produced in the plasma discharge zone. The energy efficiency of benzene conversion with MnO₂ was two folds as much as that without catalysts. It was also found that the site of MnO₂ in the reactor and the energy density had effects on benzene conversion. While the energy density was lower than 48 J/L, benzene conversion decreased with the increase in the distance between MnO₂ bed and the plasma discharge zone. Whereas when the energy density was higher than 104 J/L, benzene conversion had an optimal value that was governed by the distance between MnO₂ bed and the plasma discharge zone. The mechanism of benzene oxidation in plasma discharges and over MnO₂ is discussed in detail.     

苯系化合物好氧生物降解性研究

选用城市污水处理场的活性污泥做菌源，研究了苯、甲苯、邻－间－、对－二甲苯、乙基苯、三甲苯等七种芳香化合物的好氧生物降解规律。实验结果表明，七种化合物浓度在１０ｍｇ／ｌ左右时，在实验周期内能全部降解；浓度在４０－１８０ｍｇ／ｌ时，有的化合物不能被降解。七种化合物降解的难易程度为：甲苯＞间二甲苯＞苯＞对二甲苯＞乙基苯＞三甲苯＞邻二甲苯。此外，实验结果还表明，化合物的降解性受苯环上取代基数量及位置等因素     

杭州市居室空气中芳香族化合物污染研究

用热解吸/气质联用技术研究了杭州市居室空气中芳香族化合物的组成。结果表明:杭州市居室空气中共存在60种芳香族化合物,其中苯系化合物48种,非苯芳香族化合物12种,检出率大于50%的23种;在10种非苯芳香族化合物,茚、二氢甲基-1H-茚、二氢二甲基-1H-茚、六氢四甲基亚甲基奥、戊基呋喃等5种化合物的总含量之比为77%-96%,是主要的非苯芳香族化合物污染物,在48种苯系化合物中,苯、甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、邻二甲苯、间(对)二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、1,3,5-三甲苯、乙基甲苯、丙烯基苯、乙基二甲苯、二乙基苯、萘等13种的总含量之比大于97%,是室内空气中最主要的苯系污染物。