南四湖沉积物中二(口恶)英类化合物的分布

用13C同位素内标法,高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中17种含2,3,7,8-氯代二苯并二NB12E英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)及12种共平面多氯联苯(Co-PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析,并与山东近海(日照、烟台、青岛)的测定结果进行比较.总Co-PCBs含量分别为54.4pg·g-1dw(南阳湖)和41.4pg·g-1dw(微山湖).总PCDD/Fs含量分别为106.7pg·g-1 dw(南阳湖)和147.0pg·g-1 dw(微山湖).两湖含2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同,即以四-五氯代异构体为主.PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛＞日照＞南四湖＞烟台.南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ(PCDD/F-TEQ+PCB-TEQ)的贡献为68.8%-93.0%.南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD%∑百分比表明,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致,相对恒定.除河口处外,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源.     

四川省卧龙地区土壤中二噁英类化合物和多氯萘的海拔梯度分布及对牦牛的毒性风险评价

初步研究了四川省卧龙地区5个不同海拔高度的表层土壤和2个牦牛样品中二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)、共平面多氯联苯(co-PCBs)和多氯萘(PCNs)的分布特征、来源、毒性当量以及生态风险状况.土壤样品中总2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量范围为2.48-4.30 pg·g-1dw,平均3.50 pg·g-1dw,最高含量在海拔3927 m的塘房.co-PCBs的总含量平均为9.14 pg·g-1dw,最高值在海拔4487 m的垭口.总2,3,7,8-PC-DD/Fs和总co-PCBs含量随海拔高度的变化表现出正相关关系.不同海拔高度土壤中的PCDD/Fs和co-PCBs异构体的分布相似,表明具有相同的来源.总PCNs与海拔梯度呈负相关关系,最高含量出现在海拔3345 m的贝母坪,平均21.4 pg·g-1dw,主要以3.氯为主.土壤中PcDD/Fs毒性当量浓度范围为0.29-0.43pg TEQ·g-1dw.牦牛肉和牦牛组织中PcDD,/Fs总浓度分别为27.5和23.6 pg·g-1脂肪,毒性当量浓度为4.04和4.07 pg TEQ·g-1脂肪.结果表明,牦牛中的PCDD/Fg,co-PcBs和PCNs不大可能对卧龙地区人群导致严重的负面效应.     

苏南城市群河流表层沉积物中二噁英和共平面多氯联苯的浓度水平、来源和生态风险

对25个苏南城市群河流表层沉积物中二噁英及17个样品中共平面多氯联苯的监测表明,PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs中位值分别为6.61 ng WHO1998TEQ·kg-1和1.43 ng WHO1998TEQ·kg-1,均处于我国和亚洲河流表层沉积物的中等水平.PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs含量水平与经济发展水平和工业规模呈现正相关.开发区新建企业是PCDD/Fs的新排放源之一.统计分析表明,南通PCDD/Fs的排放以燃煤和农药五氯酚的使用为主,无锡来源于农业活动和少量工业污染源,苏州则受到目前工业排放源的影响,3个城市的PCBs主要来源于历史上PCBs工业品的使用.96%的采样点总毒性当量浓度(TEQ)超过加拿大沉积物质量指导值(ISQGs),88%的采样点超过美国EPA ISQGs,表明苏南城市群表层沉积物PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs具有一定生态风险.     

利用蚀刻废液生产碱式氯化铜过程中二英类污染物的去除

针对蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的碱式氯化铜产品中二英(PCDD/Fs)和二英类多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)进行了分析研究,并比较了采用去除工艺前后两类污染物含量水平的变化特征.利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱对样品中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs进行分析,结果表明,氯化铜废液中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的平均总浓度分别为264、139 pg·mL-1,而铜氨液中浓度分别为0.09、0.50 pg·mL-1;碱式氯化铜产品中浓度分别为106 pg·g-1(2.79 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1)和27.8 pg·g-1(0.69 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1);而经过吸附和过滤等去除工艺后,产品中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的TEQ浓度水平分别降低至0.10—0.25 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1和0.05—0.72 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1,满足欧盟对于矿物源性饲料添加剂中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的限量标准要求.研究表明该工艺能够有效去除利用蚀刻废液生产碱式氯化铜过程中的二英类污染物.     

喜马拉雅山区葇籽草和棘豆样品中PCBs、PBDEs和PCDD/Fs的分析

应用同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)法分析了喜马拉雅山区海拔5000 m以上的葇籽草和棘豆样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的含量.这两种植物样品中污染物含量与世界其它偏远地区的水平基本保持一致.其中PCBs的总含量在1.94—3.62 ng.g-1干重(dw)范围内,平均值为2.60 ng.g-1dw;PCB-28和PCB-52的浓度明显较高,约占7种指示性PCBs总量的90%以上.14种PBDEs的总浓度在83.3—142 pg.g-1dw之间,平均值为116 pg.g-1dw;除BDE-85、-138、-154,以及高溴代的BDE-190和BDE-209未检出外,其它9种单体均有不同程度的检出,且以低溴代的BDE-28为主,含量占45%以上.样品中PCDD/Fs基本上未检出.由于样品采集点位于喜马拉雅山人迹罕至的珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区,周围并无工业污染源,因此植物样品中PCBs及PBDEs可能是污染物发生大气长距离传输和生物富集的结果.     

北京市大气沉降样品中PCDD/Fs的测定

利用高分辨率气质联用测定北京市大气沉降样品中的二噁英(PCDD/Fs).结果显示,5个样品的总浓度为332-3950 pg·g-1和6.9-85 pgTEQ·g-1.降雪样品浓度高于其它样品,且不同采样点样品呈现不同的分布特征.2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF是主要的TEQ组分.大部分样品同族体浓度以PeCDFs最高,其次是OCDD.∑PCDDs<∑PCDFs,二者之比为0.25-0.56.PCDD/Fs沉降通量为121 pg TEQ·m-2·month-1.北京背景土壤PCDD/Fs组成与大气沉降极为相似.     

高分辨气相色谱-质谱法同时测定土壤及沉积物中二英、溴代二英、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚

采用同位素内标稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法同时测定土壤及沉积物样品中PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs、DL-PCBs和PBDEs 4种二英类持久性有机物的含量.利用凝胶渗透色谱、多层酸碱硅胶净化柱、活性炭分散硅胶净化柱针对不同二英类污染物的不同吸附特性,运用不同极性的溶剂淋洗,实现二英组分(PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs)和其他两个组分(DL-PCBs、PBDEs)的分离,排除了同系物间及其他物质的干扰.所建方法的精密度变化范围在1.4%—13.6%之间,净化内标回收率范围在61%—104%之间,PCDD/Fs和PBDD/Fs的检出限分别在0.048—0.153 pg·g-1和0.044—0.395 pg·g-1之间,DL-PCBs和PBDEs的检出限分别在0.028—0.105 pg·g-1和0.034—10.2 pg·g-1之间,目标物检测结果大部分在质控样品标准范围之内,本文所建立的方法可以用于土壤及沉积物中PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs、DL-PCBs和PBDEs的同时净化分离.     

青海湖湟鱼(Gymnocypris przewalskii)中PCBs和PCDD/Fs的分析

应用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)分析了青海湖湟鱼体内多氯联苯(PCBs)和二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的含量.发现7-9年龄段湟鱼体内平均PCBs总浓度高达3484.9pg·g-1 ww,PCBs的毒性当量为0.41-0.57pgWHO-TEQ·g-1ww.除了PCB-81以外,其它11种二噁英类PCB都被检出,7种具有指示作用的PCB同系物(PCB-28,52,101,138,153,180)的浓度含量占总PCBs浓度的26%.湟鱼体内二噁英基本上未检出.由于青海湖区基本上没有工业污染源,鱼体内的PCBs可能是长距离迁移沉降和生物富集的结果.     

洞庭湖底泥中二噁英污染现状及水动力对其分布的影响

2013年9月采集洞庭湖区三口四水入湖口,东、西、南洞庭湖湖区以及出湖口沉积物,采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定了沉积物中的二噁英(PCDD/Fs).结果表明洞庭湖沉积物中二噁英的浓度范围为153—7144 pg·g-1dw(干重),小河嘴最低,虞公庙最高.对比国内外其他淡水湖泊河流二噁英浓度,洞庭湖污染程度相对较低.二噁英污染水平依次为洞庭湖湖区出湖口入湖口,湖区内污染水平依次为南洞庭湖东洞庭湖西洞庭湖.主要同类物为OCDD,贡献率范围为77%—97%.PCDD/Fs的污染水平比1995年下降1—2个数量级,但和2004年污染水平相当.沉积物中二噁英的含量与水的流速成反比.洞庭湖出口处PCDD/Fs浓度相比入湖口和湖区浓度处于中间水平,表明洞庭湖中的二噁英可能会随水流进入长江中下游.     

城市污水处理厂污泥中多氯二苯并二噁英/呋喃的分布特征

采用同位素稀释法-高分辨气相色谱-质谱测定了2007年北京8个污水处理厂污泥样品中多氯二苯并二噁英(PCDDs)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)的分布情况,并根据毒性当量系数计算了污泥中PCDD/Fs的毒性当量(I-TEQPCDD/Fs).样品的I-TEQPCDD/Fs为1.4-15.0pg·g-1dw,平均值为6.0p...     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.