四川省卧龙地区土壤中二噁英类化合物和多氯萘的海拔梯度分布及对牦牛的毒性风险评价

初步研究了四川省卧龙地区5个不同海拔高度的表层土壤和2个牦牛样品中二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)、共平面多氯联苯(co-PCBs)和多氯萘(PCNs)的分布特征、来源、毒性当量以及生态风险状况.土壤样品中总2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量范围为2.48-4.30 pg·g-1dw,平均3.50 pg·g-1dw,最高含量在海拔3927 m的塘房.co-PCBs的总含量平均为9.14 pg·g-1dw,最高值在海拔4487 m的垭口.总2,3,7,8-PC-DD/Fs和总co-PCBs含量随海拔高度的变化表现出正相关关系.不同海拔高度土壤中的PCDD/Fs和co-PCBs异构体的分布相似,表明具有相同的来源.总PCNs与海拔梯度呈负相关关系,最高含量出现在海拔3345 m的贝母坪,平均21.4 pg·g-1dw,主要以3.氯为主.土壤中PcDD/Fs毒性当量浓度范围为0.29-0.43pg TEQ·g-1dw.牦牛肉和牦牛组织中PcDD,/Fs总浓度分别为27.5和23.6 pg·g-1脂肪,毒性当量浓度为4.04和4.07 pg TEQ·g-1脂肪.结果表明,牦牛中的PCDD/Fg,co-PcBs和PCNs不大可能对卧龙地区人群导致严重的负面效应.     

南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布

用1 3C同位素内标法 ,高分辨率气相色谱 高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中 1 7种含 2 3 7 8 氯代二苯并二英 /呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)及 1 2种共平面多氯联苯 (Co PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析 ,并与山东近海 (日照、烟台、青岛 )的测定结果进行比较 .总Co PCBs含量分别为 5 4 4pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和 41 4pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .总PCDD/Fs含量分别为 1 0 6 7pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和1 47 0pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .两湖含 2 3 7 8 PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同 ,即以四—五氯代异构体为主 .PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛 >日照 >南四湖 >烟台 .南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ (PCDD/F TEQ PCB TEQ)的贡献为68 8%— 93 0 % .南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD %∑百分比表明 ,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致 ,相对恒定 .除河口处外 ,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源 .     

利用蚀刻废液生产碱式氯化铜过程中二英类污染物的去除

针对蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的碱式氯化铜产品中二英(PCDD/Fs)和二英类多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)进行了分析研究,并比较了采用去除工艺前后两类污染物含量水平的变化特征.利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱对样品中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs进行分析,结果表明,氯化铜废液中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的平均总浓度分别为264、139 pg·mL-1,而铜氨液中浓度分别为0.09、0.50 pg·mL-1;碱式氯化铜产品中浓度分别为106 pg·g-1(2.79 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1)和27.8 pg·g-1(0.69 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1);而经过吸附和过滤等去除工艺后,产品中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的TEQ浓度水平分别降低至0.10—0.25 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1和0.05—0.72 pg WHO-TEQ2005·g-1,满足欧盟对于矿物源性饲料添加剂中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的限量标准要求.研究表明该工艺能够有效去除利用蚀刻废液生产碱式氯化铜过程中的二英类污染物.     

南四湖沉积物中二(口恶)英类化合物的分布

用13C同位素内标法,高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中17种含2,3,7,8-氯代二苯并二NB12E英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)及12种共平面多氯联苯(Co-PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析,并与山东近海(日照、烟台、青岛)的测定结果进行比较.总Co-PCBs含量分别为54.4pg·g-1dw(南阳湖)和41.4pg·g-1dw(微山湖).总PCDD/Fs含量分别为106.7pg·g-1 dw(南阳湖)和147.0pg·g-1 dw(微山湖).两湖含2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同,即以四-五氯代异构体为主.PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛＞日照＞南四湖＞烟台.南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ(PCDD/F-TEQ+PCB-TEQ)的贡献为68.8%-93.0%.南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD%∑百分比表明,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致,相对恒定.除河口处外,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源.     

高分辨气相色谱-质谱法同时测定土壤及沉积物中二英、溴代二英、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚

采用同位素内标稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法同时测定土壤及沉积物样品中PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs、DL-PCBs和PBDEs 4种二英类持久性有机物的含量.利用凝胶渗透色谱、多层酸碱硅胶净化柱、活性炭分散硅胶净化柱针对不同二英类污染物的不同吸附特性,运用不同极性的溶剂淋洗,实现二英组分(PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs)和其他两个组分(DL-PCBs、PBDEs)的分离,排除了同系物间及其他物质的干扰.所建方法的精密度变化范围在1.4%—13.6%之间,净化内标回收率范围在61%—104%之间,PCDD/Fs和PBDD/Fs的检出限分别在0.048—0.153 pg·g-1和0.044—0.395 pg·g-1之间,DL-PCBs和PBDEs的检出限分别在0.028—0.105 pg·g-1和0.034—10.2 pg·g-1之间,目标物检测结果大部分在质控样品标准范围之内,本文所建立的方法可以用于土壤及沉积物中PCDD/Fs、PBDD/Fs、DL-PCBs和PBDEs的同时净化分离.     

广州市珠江隧道二噁英类化合物的含量与分布

对广州市珠江隧道中气相和颗粒态样品,以及隧道附近大气样品中的二噁英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)进行了检测.结果表明,珠江隧道中17种2,3,7,8-氯取代二苯对二噁英和二苯并呋喃(包括气相和颗粒态)的浓度范围夏季(7月)为3830.9 fg·m-3-4690.2 fg·m-3,毒性当量为193.0 fg·I-TEQ·m-3-217.0fg·I-TEQ·m-3;冬季(12月)为18600.8 fg·m-3-20388.8 fg·m-3,毒性当量为1275.4fg·I-TEQ·m-3-1392.2 fg·I-TEQ·m-3;冬季浓度远远高于夏季,隧道内冬季浓度是夏季浓度的3-4倍.环境大气样品中PCDD/Fs浓度低于隧道.同时期样品中,隧道出口、隧道中间、隧道外以及沙面公园中PCDD/Fs的浓度呈递减趋势,并且在冬季这种趋势更加明显,冬季隧道内浓度是环境大气浓度的2倍(毒性当量为5倍).加权平均后PCDD/Fs的排放因子值为1994.6 pg·km-1·辆-1(104.8 pg I-TEQ).     

北京市冬季大气细颗粒物中二■英的污染特征

为了解北京市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中二■英(PCDD/Fs)的污染特征,利用中流量大气颗粒物采样器,在北京市3个功能区5个采样点(两个市区点、两个工业区点和一个背景点),同步连续采集了大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品.参照US EPA 1613B标准方法,应用高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱(HRGC/HRMS),分析了PM_(2.5)中17种PCDD/Fs的浓度水平和区域分布特征,并对PCDD/Fs的污染来源做了初步探讨.结果表明,5个采样点PM_(2.5)的日均质量浓度范围102—146μg·m~(-3),平均日均值119μg·m~(-3),超出国家二级标准(75μg·m~(-3))59%,污染较重.在空间分布上,PM_(2.5)的日均浓度表现为工业区大于背景点大于市区的特征.所有采样点17种PCDD/Fs的总浓度范围∑PCDD/Fs是1.60—4.09 pg·m~(-3),平均值3.23 pg·m~(-3),PCDD/Fs总毒性当量∑TEQ范围是140.54—275.69 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3),平均值233.18 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3).与国内外其他城市相比,北京市大气PM_(2.5)中PCDD/Fs污染处于相当或略高水平.OCDD、OCDF和1,2,3,4,7,8-HpCDF是PCDD/Fs的主要组成成分,分别占总浓度∑PCDD/Fs的10%、19%和24%.对于总毒性当量∑TEQ贡献最大的是2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,占总毒性当量的48.3%,∑PCDDs/∑PCDFs比值范围为0.19—0.23,平均值0.22,属于典型的"热源"特征.在浓度变化上, PCDDs呈现为随氯取代个数的增加而增加,除OCDF外, PCDFs的各单体浓度也随着取代氯原子个数的增加而增大.在区域分布上,PCDD/Fs浓度表现为工业区高于市区,市区大于背景点,充分体现了局地源的特点.采样期间工业热过程(化石燃料燃烧、电弧炉、烧结和冶炼等)、机动车排放和固体垃圾焚烧是北京冬季大气PM_(2.5)中PCDD/Fs和PM_(2.5)污染水平的主要影响因素.     

北京市冬季大气PM10中二噁英的污染水平与分布特征

在北京市市区/交通干道(A地质大学东门、B地质大学测试楼顶),工业区(C首钢焦化、D高井热电厂)和背景点(E十三陵),同时采集了冬季大气颗粒物PM_(10)样品.利用US EPA 1613B方法,采用同位素稀释、高分辩率气相色谱/高分辩率质谱(HRGC/MS)联用技术,对比分析了PM_(10)中17种二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的浓度水平和区域分布特征.结果表明,5个采样点PM_(10)的质量浓度范围是140—264μg·m~(-3),日均值为184μg·m~(-3)比国家二级标准(150μg·m~(-3))高23%.所有采样点17种PCDD/Fs的总浓度范围1.96—4.80 pg·m~(-3),平均值3.69 pg·m~(-3),总毒性当量∑TEQ范围是148—353 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3),平均271 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3);PCDD/Fs污染水平最高出现在工业区,其次是市区,背景点最低.     

机动车限行期间大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10)中二(口恶)英(PCDD/Fs)的削减

为探讨不同交通状况下大气颗粒物中二■英(PCDD/Fs)的污染特征以及评估交通限行对大气颗粒物中二■英(PCDD/Fs)变化趋势的影响,在中国地质大学(北京)东门使用中流量采样器对大气颗粒物PM_(10)和TSP样品进行了连续同步采集,应用同位素稀释高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱(HRGC/HRMS)联用法和US EPA 1613B标准方法,检测分析了北京市交通限行期间以及交通限行前后等不同交通状况下大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中17种2,3,7,8-氯取代PCDD/Fs浓度及其变化特征,结果显示,PCDD/Fs在TSP中的浓度和毒性当量(TEQ)分别是交通限行前2117 fg·m~(-3)(120.85 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))、限行期间550 fg·m~(-3)(25.26 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3)),在PM_(10)中的浓度(毒性当量)分别是交通限行前2045 fg·m~(-3)(112.87 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))、限行期间484 fg·m~(-3)(19.67 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3))、限行结束后1572 fg·m~(-3)(81.06 fg I-TEQ·m~(-3)). PCDDs浓度远低于PCDFs,体现了典型"热源"特征,除OCDF外,PCDDs和PCDF同族体浓度变化趋势表现为随着取代氯原子个数的增加而增大,PCDD/Fs主要附着在PM_(10)中,占TSP中总浓度的87%—97%,平均92%.交通限行期间PCDD/Fs污染水平明显降低,临时交通流控制措施是PCDD/Fs降低的主要因素.当前的研究结果力求为评价交通源对大气环境中PCDD/Fs的影响以及交通限行对PCDD/Fs的削减贡献提供支撑.     

喜马拉雅山区葇籽草和棘豆样品中PCBs、PBDEs和PCDD/Fs的分析

应用同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)法分析了喜马拉雅山区海拔5000 m以上的葇籽草和棘豆样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的含量.这两种植物样品中污染物含量与世界其它偏远地区的水平基本保持一致.其中PCBs的总含量在1.94—3.62 ng.g-1干重(dw)范围内,平均值为2.60 ng.g-1dw;PCB-28和PCB-52的浓度明显较高,约占7种指示性PCBs总量的90%以上.14种PBDEs的总浓度在83.3—142 pg.g-1dw之间,平均值为116 pg.g-1dw;除BDE-85、-138、-154,以及高溴代的BDE-190和BDE-209未检出外,其它9种单体均有不同程度的检出,且以低溴代的BDE-28为主,含量占45%以上.样品中PCDD/Fs基本上未检出.由于样品采集点位于喜马拉雅山人迹罕至的珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区,周围并无工业污染源,因此植物样品中PCBs及PBDEs可能是污染物发生大气长距离传输和生物富集的结果.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.