利用LZF－1DNA指纹探针进行家系的父权鉴定

ＬＺＦ－１ＤＮＡ指纹探针经同位素γ－３２Ｐ－ＡＴＰ标记后，检测了４个家系１３个个体血样的ＤＮＡ指纹．结果表明，父母的遗传物质在子代中的传递符合孟德尔遗传规律，无误地确定了４个家系中的亲子血缘关系．ＬＺＦ－１ＤＮＡ指纹探针在亲权鉴定中的父权概率是０．９９９６４，达到了父权认定的目的     

利用LZF—1DNA指纹探针进行家系的父权鉴定

ＬＺＦ－１ＤＮＡ指纹探针经同位素γ＾３２Ｐ－ＡＴＰ标记后，检测了４个家系１３个体血样的ＤＮＡ指纹，结果表明，父母的遗传物质在子代中的传递符合孟德尔遗传规律，无误地确定了４个家系中的亲子血缘关系，ＬＺＦ－１ＤＮＡ指纹针在亲权鉴定中的父权概率是０．９９９６４，达到了父权认定的目的。     

佛坪三官庙地区大熊猫种群数量的DNA指纹分析

应用同位素标记大熊猫基因指纹探针Ｆ２ＺＧＰ９６０６０８０１，以秦岭南坡中段佛坪国家级大熊猫自然保护区三官庙范围内采集的大熊猫粪便样品作材料，进行了ＤＮＡ指纹检测．（１）在相同或不同时间、领域采得的粪便样品，显现出相同或不同的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱，达到个体认定的目的，进一步表明了大熊猫的尽量新鲜的粪便，可以作为ＤＮＡ指纹分析材料，进行野生种群数量调查．（２）根据检测２１个粪便样品的结果，无误地认定了三官庙地区有１３只大熊猫个体．其中有３个家系．（３）大熊猫粪便样品的ＤＮＡ指纹图，通过微机识别的个体数，准确可靠，能获得大熊猫在野外的真实个体数量．     

佛坪三官宙庙地区大熊猫种群数量的DNA指纹分析

应用同位素标记大熊猫基因指纹探针Ｆ２ＺＧＰ９６０６８０８０１，以秦岭南坡中段佛坪国家级大熊猫自然保护区三官庙范围内采集的大熊猫粪便样品作材料，进行了ＤＮＡ作指纹检测，（１）在相同或不同时间，领域采粪便样品，呈出现相同或不同的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱，达到个体认定的目的，进一步表明了大熊猫的尽量新鲜的粪便，可以作为ＤＮＡ指纹分析材料，进行野生生种群数量调查；（２）根据检测２１个粪便样品的结果，无误地定了三官庙     

寡核苷酸探针LZF－I进行两栖类DNA指纹分析的初步研究

利用寡核苷酸探针ＬＺＦ－Ｉ对两栖类的３属８种２８只个体的冷冻和甲醛固定的肝组织作了检测．所获ＤＮＡ指纹图在个体、种和属间具有特异性．表明该探针进行ＤＮＡ指纹检测可为两栖动物种、属分类提供依据．     

寡核苷酸探针LZP—I进行两栖类DNA指纹分析的初步研究

利用寡核苷酸探针ＬＺＦ－Ｉ对两栖类的３属８种２８只个体的冷冻和甲醋固定的肝组织作了检测，所获ＤＮＡ指纹图在个体，种和属间具有特异性，表明该针进行ＤＮＡ指纹检测可为两栖动物种，属分类提供依据。     

玉米种子的DNA指纹计算机化鉴定

对１２个优良玉米自效系的ＤＮＡ进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析，共筛选了２５０个Ｏｐｅｒｏｎ引物，其中１２个引物共扩增出５９个多态性产物，根据这５９个多态性ＲＡＰＤ产物，对１２个自交系进行了聚类分析，把它们分为３个群，结果与根据系谱法的聚类结果一致。经过优选，用ＯＰＮ－１１扩增出的１１种ＤＮＡ带，建立了这１２个自交系的ＲＡＰＤ－ＤＮＡ指纹图谱。在该图谱呼弱个自交系都具有特异的ＤＮＡ指纹，可以与其它自效纱相区别。     

松花江浮游生物群落DNA指纹与物种组成比较研究

对2006年1月采自松花江红旗渡口到同江7个样点的浮游生物群落进行了RAPD指纹分析,进而探讨了河流生态系统浮游生物群落DNA指纹与物种组成之间的关系.筛选出的8条随机引物扩增的谱带全为多态性带,其中特有条带所占比例最大(30.2%);形态分类共检测到浮游生物66种,且没有检测到7个样点的共有种类;这些结果显示研究区域浮游生物群落相似性比较低,环境差异性较大.基于DNA指纹的聚类进一步表明,同江、红旗渡口和佳木斯的浮游生物群落较为相似而聚为一枝,哨口、肇源和哈尔滨为一枝,而松原成为单独的一枝.物种组成则将上游的红旗渡口与哨口,下游的同江与佳木斯分别划为一类,位于中间的3个样点为一类.DNA指纹主要揭示相对优势类群DNA的多态性,因此主要反映的是浮游生物群落与环境的关系;而物种组成在这里更多是反映与空间距离的关系,水流是重要的影响因素,上游的部分个体随水流带到了下游.由此可见,浮游生物群落DNA指纹分析在河流生态系统大空间尺度研究中具有重要意义,尤其是在揭示群落与环境关系方面,并能为水环境分子生物学评价体系的建立积累基础资料和提供蘑要依据.图4表3参21     

朱鹮的随机扩增多态DNA分析与种内亲缘关系研究

利用随机扩增多态DNA技术对朱鹮 ( Nipponia nippon ) 8个个体进行了随机扩增多态DNA分析. 用20个10bp的随机引物对每只朱鹮的基因组DNA进行扩增,共得到168个扩增片段,其中共有片段为102个. 根据聚类分析所得到的树状图确定了8只朱鹮的亲缘关系,这为进一步构建全部朱鹮个体的谱系关系图打下了基础,有利于制定更有效的朱鹮保护计划.     

A2型高粱细胞质雄性不育系与其保持系的胞质DNA和核DNA差异

以高粱细胞质雄性不育系A2V4（A）及其保持系V4（B）的总DNA为模板，对184个随机引物进行筛选，找到6个其RAPD扩增产物在A／B间存在稳定差异的引物，将该6个引物同时扩增A／B的总DNA、线粒线DNA（mtDNA）及叶绿体DNA（cpDNA），以总DNA为模板时得到12个扩增片段，以mtDNA为模板时得到4个，以cpDNA为板时得到11个，结果分析表明，在这些扩增片段中，有7个仅仅出现在以胞质DNA为模板的扩增中，有5个在以总NDA和胞质DNA为模板时同时出现，即认为这12个片段来自胞质DNA，另有7个片段，在以胞质DNA为模板时未出现，而是仅仅出现在以总DNA为模板的扩增中，认为是来自核DNA，来自核DNA的7个扩增片段中，有5个来自保持系，有2个来自不育系，这表明，不育系与保持系在核DNA上存在差异，对A／B核DNA在CMS中的重要性及研究对策进行了讨论。     

Extra-pair paternity in willow ptarmigan broods: measuring costs of polygyny to males

Willow ptarmigan are one of only three monogamous grouse species in North America. However, in some populations between 5 and 20% of individuals pair polygynously. It has been suggested that monogamy may be maintained by the high cost of polygyny to males. We have used DNA fingerprinting to assess the actual reproductive success of both monogamous and polygynous adults. We determined whether or not the putative parents were the biological parents of the chicks from 38 broods. Of these clutches 30 were from monogamous matings, and 8 were from bigamous matings. Of the 207 chicks from monogamous matings 96% were within-pair offspring, compared to 67% of the 49 chicks from bigamous matings. All extra-pair offspring chicks resulted from extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs), and there were no instances of intraspecific nest parasitism. Mate guarding by monogamous males seems to be a highly effective method for maintaining genetic monogamy, as the only cases in which EPFs occurred were when the resident female left the territory for a few days or when a second female visited the territory. Our results support the notion that certainty of parentage may be one factor constraining willow ptarmigan males to be monogamous.     

Genetic monogamy in the common loon (Gavia immer)

We conducted behavioral observations and genetic analysis on breeding pairs of common loons in the upper Great Lakes region from 1993 through 1995 to look for behavioral evidence of extrapair copulations (EPCs) and to determine parentage of young. Pairs remained close to each other (usually within 20 m) during the pre-laying period, leaving little opportunity for EPCs to occur. Males and females both maintained physical proximity by approaching each other when they became separated. Copulations were obvious but infrequent, occurring about once every other day during the pre-laying period. Multilocus DNA fingerprinting was consistent with behavioral findings: 58 young from 47 different families were all genetic offspring of parents that raised them. Perfect genetic monogamy (genetic parentage of young by parents that rear them) in loons might arise as a consequence of the need for vigorous territorial defense to prevent territorial takeover. Received: 8 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 22 March 1997     

Extra-pair paternity and the opportunity for sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird (Dendroica petechia)

We used multi-locus DNA fingerprinting to characterise the genetic mating system of the socially monogamous yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). Over 2 years there were no instances of brood parasitism, but 59% of families (n = 90) contained extrapair sired young and 37% of offspring (n = 355) were of extra-pair paternity. Most hypotheses for extra-pair mating in monogamous species assume a paternity benefit to extra-pair sires, and focus on the benefit(s) to females. However, the assumption of male benefit has been little tested. Among yellow warblers, known extra-pair sires were just as likely to be cuckolded as any male in the population, and there was at least one reciprocal exchange of extra-pair paternity. Nevertheless, among known extra-pair sires, the paternity gains from extra-pair paternity were, on average, greater than the losses in their own families. These results show there is a paternity benefit to certain males. However, the benefit is not absolute but relative and therefore more difficult to measure. The results also suggest that patterns of extra-pair fertilisation are not determined by female choice alone. Most confirmed extra-pair mates were territorial neighbours, but some resided as far as three territories apart, and greater spatial separation was implied in other cases. Thus, the opportunity for extra-pair mating is great. We estimate that as a result of extra-pair fertilisations, variance in male mating success is increased somewhere between 3-fold and 15-fold over that which would result from within-pair reproduction alone. These findings affirm the potential importance of extra-pair reproduction for sexual selection in monogamous species and they support earlier suggestions that extra-territorial forays by male yellow warblers are for the purpose of extra-pair mating.     

家猪基因指纹图的初步研究

寡核苷酸探针（CAC）5／（GTG）5检测了五指山猪、枫泾猪、枫泾猪与长白山猪杂交子一代的基因指纹图．各个体的可分辨谱带，分布于0．7～21．2kb之间．在约1．3kb处的一条共有谱带，可能是家猪的特征带．     

Mating patterns and reproductive success in the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), as revealed by DNA fingerprinting

The mating patterns and reproductive success of the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) were investigated over a 3-year period (1992–1994) using DNA fingerprinting. Paternity was determined by genetic analysis of 58 juveniles of known maternity from 35 litters. Analysis of DNA fingerprints revealed that all offspring within a litter were fathered by a single male; the statistical probability of detecting multiple males mating with a female was high, indicating that multiple paternity would have been detected had it occurred. However, individual males did not father more than one litter from a given female either within or between years. At least 75% of females and 57% of males successfully produced offspring each year. The finding that all littermates are first-order relatives may contribute to the high level of female cooperation in this species. Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 22 March 1998     

Female control of reproductive skew in cooperatively breeding brown jays (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyanocorax morio</Emphasis>)

Brown jays (Cyanocorax morio) are long-lived, social corvids that live in large, stable, territorial groups (mean = 10 individuals). In this study, I determined the distribution of reproductive success within groups using multi-locus DNA fingerprinting. Breeding females produced virtually all (99%) of the young within their own nests. Reproduction within groups was highly skewed towards a single primary female, although long term data indicate that secondary females (female breeders that were usually younger and subordinate to the primary female) were sometimes successful. The high reproductive skew observed for females was associated with primary female aggression. Successful reproduction by secondary females may have been due to parental facilitation or the inability of primary females to completely suppress secondary females. Multiple paternity occurred in 31–43% of broods and extra-group paternity occurred in a minimum of 22% of broods. Patterns of paternity also varied between years, since females often switched or included new genetic mates. Although male consorts of nesting females fathered relatively few offspring (20%), they still had a higher chance of fathering offspring than any other single group male. Reproduction was less skewed for males than females as a result of female mating patterns. Female reproductive patterns are consistent with some of the predictions and assumptions from optimal skew models, while male reproductive patterns are not. The factors affecting skew in species with complex social systems such as incomplete control by breeders over subordinate reproduction, female control of paternity, and resource inheritance have not been well incorporated into reproductive skew models.Communicated by: J. Dickinson     

Parentage analysis of multi-male social groups of tasmanian native hens (Tribonyx mortierii): genetic evidence for monogamy and polyandry

Accurate estimates of male reproductive success are essential to understanding the evolution of polyandrous mating systems. Here, we use multilocus DNA fingerpinting to assess parentage in an island population of Tasmanian native hens (Tribonyx mortierii), which often live in multi-male and/or multi-female social groups. This isolated population presented special challenges to this technique because it was artificially founded from a small number of individuals in the recent past. DNA profiles from four multilocus minisatellite probes were analyzed for adults and offspring from six social groups using two methods: (1) significance of band-sharing coefficients and (2) distribution among a group's offspring of fragments unique to certain adults. Traditional band-sharing analyses did not provide sufficient resolution to establish parentage in this population due to the high level of band-sharing between adults within groups. In contrast, the distribution of unique fragments suggests that in most cases, all offspring within a group have the same male and female genetic parents, so that monogamy may be the predominant genetic mating system of this species. This forces a rexamination of the evolutionary basis of polyandry in these birds. It also demonstrates some of the difficulties in using these highly polymorphic genetic markers for parentage analyses when putative parents are closely related.