典型酚类化合物对土壤跳虫的慢性毒性

以跳虫Folsomia candida为受试物种,基于其28 d繁殖试验评价了12种典型酚类化合物的慢性毒性效应。结果表明,在所设浓度范围内,除间苯二酚外的其他酚类对跳虫繁殖均存在不同程度的抑制效应。氯酚类对跳虫慢性毒性最大,2,4-二氯酚、2-氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚对跳虫繁殖毒性的EC50分别为5.94、10.2、19.7 mg·kg-1;其次为烷基酚类,2,4-二甲基酚、3-甲基酚、壬基酚对跳虫繁殖毒性的EC50分别为21.7、35.1、50.5 mg·kg-1。苯酚的毒性较上述烷基酚低,EC50值为71.7 mg·kg-1。其他取代酚—包括2-萘酚、4-硝基酚、邻苯二酚对跳虫繁殖的EC50分别为95.4、133、306 mg·kg-1。双酚A仅在最高浓度(500 mg·kg-1)处理下对跳虫繁殖有显著影响。     

5种酚类物质对中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂的急性毒性

酚类物质作为一类主要的污染物,已引起国内外高度重视,但目前其对陆生生物的毒性研究较少。本试验探究了4-叔丁基苯酚、间甲酚、2-氯苯酚、2-甲酚、2,4-二氯苯酚这5种酚类物质对中国本土物种中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂的急性毒性。在中国白羽鹌鹑的急性经口试验中,2-氯苯酚、2-甲酚的7 d的半致死浓度(7 d-LC50)分别为331 mg·kg~(-1)和413 mg·kg~(-1),其他3种酚类物质的7 d-LC50均大于限度值1 000 mg·kg~(-1);在中国白羽鹌鹑的急性饲喂试验中,5种酚类物质的8 d-LC50均大于限度值2 000 mg·kg~(-1);在中华蜜蜂的急性经口试验中,2-氯苯酚、2-甲酚和2,4-二氯苯酚的48 h-LC50分别为306 mg·L~(-1)、358 mg·L~(-1)和364 mg·L~(-1);在中华蜜蜂的急性接触试验中,2,4-二氯苯酚的48 h的半致死量(48 h-LD50)为2.6μg·蜂~(-1),其他4种酚类物质的48h-LD50均大于限度值100μg·蜂~(-1)。研究结果表明不同的酚类物质由于其结构不同亦表现出不同的毒性,甲酚的邻位取代比间位取代对中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂的毒性更高,不同物种表现出了相似的规律性。5种酚类物质对我国本土物种中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂毒性比对其他水生生物更敏感,存在良好的剂量效应关系。     

5种化学品对丽斑麻蜥和日本鹌鹑的毒性研究

目前,在化学品生态风险评价体系中对爬行动物的毒性效应研究较少。本研究参考鸟类急性经口毒性试验建立了我国本土爬行动物——丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)的急性毒性测试方法,来评价化学品对爬行动物和鸟类的毒性效应之间的差异。选择异氰酸酯、1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮、2,4-二氯苯酚、苯并噻唑和二苯甲酮5种化学品分别对丽斑麻蜥进行暴露实验,并与鸟类模式物种——日本鹌鹑(Coturnix japonica)的急性毒性结果进行比较。结果发现异氰酸酯和苯并噻唑对丽斑麻蜥7 d的半数致死剂量(7 d-LD50)分别为125 mg·kg~(-1)和500 mg·kg~(-1),而对日本鹌鹑的7 d-LD50值分别为27 mg·kg~(-1)和37 mg·kg~(-1);1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮、2,4-二氯苯酚和二苯甲酮对丽斑麻蜥的7 d-LD50值分别为909 mg·kg~(-1)、787 mg·kg~(-1)和528 mg·kg~(-1),而对日本鹌鹑7 d-LD50值均大于剂量上限1 000 mg·kg~(-1)。结果表明,丽斑麻蜥和日本鹌鹑对相同化学品的毒性敏感性是存在差异的,用鸟类来评价化学品对爬行动物的潜在风险可能不够准确,应该重视化学品对爬行动物的毒性效应研究。同时,以本土爬行动物的代表物种丽斑麻蜥作为化学品环境风险评价的模式生物,对保护我国本土物种及其多样性、维持生态平衡具有重要意义。     

合成有机化学品的超临界水氧化

研究了超临界水氧化系统中合成有机化学品 ,如酚、间苯三酚、对叔丁基酚、间甲酚、3 ,5-二甲酚、苯胺、硝基苯、叔丁醇、三氯乙醛等的氧化作用。在实验条件下 ,上述化学品均能显著降解。酚和苯胺的去除随氧化剂过氧化氢加入量增加而增加。较优的K值 (实验中加入的H2 O2 量与按反应方程化学计量的量的比值 )对酚和苯胺分别为 1 .5和 1 .1。实验结果显示 ,当系统的压力为 3 0MPa ,温度为 4 50℃ ,停留时间为 1 90s,K =2 .0 (对酚 )和系统压力为 2 5MPa,温度为 50 0℃ ,停留时间为 3 0s,K =1 .2 (对苯胺 ) ,氧化效率都接近 1 0 0 %。含酚废水处理结果表明温度、压力、停留时间 3种因素中 ,温度是主要影响因素     

酚类化合物在矿化垃圾中吸附性能的研究

研究了苯酚、2-氯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附性能.酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附是一个比较迅速的过程,经过6h的吸附即可达到平衡.pH值对酚吸附容量的影响较大,低pH值有利于矿化垃圾对酚的吸附.四种酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附容量大小顺序为:4-氯酚＞2,4-二氯酚＞2-氯酚＞苯酚.在实验浓度范围内,酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附符合Freundlish等温吸附方程.四种酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附是酚在矿化垃圾有机质的分配作用和化学吸附作用共同作用的结果.     

应用黑斑蛙胚胎测试化学品发育毒性的方法

选择合适的尤其是本土生物种进行化学品生态毒性评估,对于各国化学品的环境管理十分重要.本文选择我国本土两栖种黑斑蛙的胚胎为试验生物,以半数致死浓度LC50、半数致畸浓度TC50、致畸指数TI及最小抑制生长浓度MCIG为终点指标,建立了黑斑蛙胚胎发育毒性试验方法.以五氯酚、视磺酸、氯化镉、重铬酸钾为测试物研究了方法的敏感性,并以五氯酚为测试物研究了方法的可重复性.结果显示:五氯酚、视磺酸、氯化镉和重铬酸钾对黑斑蛙胚胎的LC50分别为572.3 μg·L-1、54.8 μg·L-1、6.8 mg·L-1和97.5 mg· L-1.五氯酚、视磺酸和氯化镉对黑斑蛙胚胎的TC50分别为246.5 μg·L-1、18.7 μg· L-1和3.4 mg·L-1,TI分别为2.3、2.9和2.0,MCIG分别为160.0 μg· L-1、10.1 μg·L-1和2.4 mg·L-1.重复性试验发现,五氯酚的LC50、TC50、TI及MCIG的变异系数分别为12.6％、18.0％、23.0％和18.6％.与文献中非洲爪蟾胚胎试验的数据比较,这些数据显示黑斑蛙胚胎与非洲爪蟾胚胎对测试物的敏感性存在一定的差异,各个终点指标的变异系数相当.因此,本文建立的黑斑蛙胚胎发育毒性试验可以用于化学品的发育毒性评价,为我国化学品环境管理提供技术支持.     

不同测定方法探讨重金属对微生物毒性的影响

微生物是污水处理工艺中污染物的重要分解者,重金属对活性污泥微生物具有一定毒性。为了研究和比较重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性影响,采用发光细菌毒性、活性污泥脱氢酶毒性、硝化抑制毒性3种方法测定4种重金属(Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb)对活性污泥微生物的毒性,并对测定结果进行了比较。结果表明,4种重金属均可降低污泥系统COD_(Cr)的去除率,其中,Cd和Hg对COD_(Cr)去除率的影响最明显(43.2%-92.3%和52.4%-92.5%),而Pb和Zn对活性污泥COD_(Cr)去除率的影响较小。发光细菌毒性测定方法的灵敏度最高(达50%以上),测得的重金属半数有效浓度(EC_(50))最低(Hg 9.6 mg·L~(-1),Cd 0.3 mg·L~(-1),Zn 3.6 mg·L~(-1),Pb 13.9 mg·L~(-1)),4种重金属对发光细菌发光强度的抑制程度表现为HgCdZnPb,发光细菌的发光强度抑制率与重金属的对数浓度呈极显著的线性相关关系(P0.01),发光细菌发光强度随重金属对数浓度的增大而减小。活性污泥脱氢酶毒性和硝化抑制毒性的测定结果与发光细菌毒性测定结果相比,灵敏度相对较低,测得的重金属EC_(50)相对较高,活性污泥脱氢酶活性的抑制程度大小顺序为CdHgZnPb,与测得的活性污泥硝化速率抑制程度大小顺序一致,但二者测得的EC_(50)有所差别。4种重金属与活性污泥脱氢酶活性的Logistic回归方程均达到极显著水平(P0.01),活性污泥SVI值随重金属浓度的增加而升高,当重金属浓度较低时,其对活性污泥SVI的影响并不大。为了更准确地判定重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性影响,应取不同的重金属毒性终点指示指标进行毒性组实验,而不能以发光细菌毒性的单一测定结果作为评判依据。     

水生态模拟系统及其在化学品生态风险评估中的应用

水生态模拟系统是用于高层次化学品生态风险评估的测试模型,目前在国外已经广泛用于工业化学品、农药、兽药、重金属等单一化学物质和复杂混合物的生态风险评估研究,而我国的相关研究比较匮乏。随着我国化学品风险评估体系的完善,水生态模拟系统测试必将作为作为单一生物毒性测试的有效补充。在此背景下,简述了水生态模拟系统的分类、研究方法和结果外推方法;从单一化学物质暴露作用下的生态危害评估、多种化学物质联合暴露作用下的生态危害评估以及目标化学物质的归趋分析三个方面阐述了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品风险评估科学研究中的应用,对比了水生态模拟系统和单一物种毒性测试结果和基于两种测试数据的生态危害评估结果。与此同时,分析了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品环境管理中的应用情况。在此基础上,对我国发展水生态模拟系统所存在的问题及解决方案提出了建议。     

5种取代酚化合物对淡水发光菌的联合毒性

以新型淡水发光菌——青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensissp.—Q67)为检验生物,以VeritasTM微孔板光度计为发光强度测试设备,分别测定了3,5-二羟基甲苯、2,3-二甲基苯酚、对氯苯酚、邻氯苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚对淡水发光菌的发光抑制毒性及其混合物的联合毒性.结果表明,5种取代酚的剂量-效应关系都可用Weibull模型有效描述,从这些模型估算的半数效应浓度负对数值(-logEC50)分别为2.69、3.08、3.43、2.81和3.66,可知其对发光菌的毒性大小顺序为:2,4-二氯苯酚>对氯苯酚>2,3-二甲基苯酚>邻氯苯酚>3,5-二羟基甲苯.分别设计浓度等于各自之EC50和EC10的2个等效应浓度比混合物以及3个不同效应浓度比混合物进行联合毒性实验,结果发现,在所实验的浓度范围内各个混合物的剂量加和(DA)模型与独立作用(IA)模型具有相似的作用规律,其联合毒性既可用DA模型也可用IA模型进行预测.     

基于斑马鱼毒理基因组学的化学品测试技术研究进展

大量缺乏毒性信息的化学品最终进入环境水体,对人类及生态生物产生潜在的危害与风险。提高化学品生物毒性测试与评估技术的通量和效率,是实现毒害化学物质环境与生态健康风险防控的关键。作为一种可以实现高通量测试的脊椎动物模型,斑马鱼胚胎测试在化学品的毒性评估中应用广泛。随着组学技术的发展,毒理基因组学可有效提取毒害化学品致毒过程中干扰生物学通路的信息。这些机制信息可用于对单物质或复合污染物生物毒性的筛选和预测。本文综述了不同斑马鱼胚胎测试技术在化学品毒性筛选评估管理与水环境复合污染毒性监测中的发展和应用,详细介绍了一种新型斑马鱼胚胎简化转录组学技术的方法流程和优势,并探讨了综合斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试、行为分析和组学等不同测试技术在化学品毒性测试、环境监测与评价中的应用前景。     

制革废水处理系统各级出水的生态毒性评价

采用生态毒理学常用的大型溞（Daphnia magna）和活性污泥（activated sludge）作为试验系统,对制革废水处理系统各个环节出水进行毒性试验,以评价其处理效果。按照OECD标准试验方法,选取本实验室繁殖的大型溞（溞龄小于24 h）,和采自以处理生活污水为主的污水处理厂活性污泥,分别使用重铬酸钾和3,5-二氯酚作为参比物验证大型溞和活性污泥的毒性敏感性。以大型溞活动抑制和活性污泥呼吸抑制作为毒性终点,利用48 h静态试验和3 h曝气试验分别评价水样对于大型溞活动和活性污泥呼吸作用的急性毒性效应。统计各试验组大型溞的活动情况和活性污泥的呼吸速率,分别将其与空白对照组进行比较,计算大型溞的活动抑制率和活性污泥的呼吸抑制率,采用Bliss法统计制革废水处理系统各个环节出水对大型溞和活性污泥的半数抑制浓度（EC50）。结果表明：制革废水依次经过厌氧脱硫反应器、脱色厌氧反应器、微曝气反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器的生物处理系统处理,其出水对大型溞和活性污泥的急性毒性已大为降低。进水、厌氧脱硫反应器出水、脱色厌氧反应器出水、微曝气反应器出水和厌氧氨氧化反应器出水对大型溞活动抑制试验的48 h-EC50分别为41.3%、32.2%、48.0%、91.2%和无抑制作用;活性污泥呼吸抑制试验3 h-EC50则分别为178.2%、101.5%、689.7%、184.6%和无抑制作用。总体上毒性呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而且大型溞比活性污泥更为灵敏。大型溞和活性污泥的生态毒性结果与化学分析的结果相互补充,可为制革废水处理提供预警和效果评价提供科学依据。     

制药废水的可生物降解性与生物毒性研究

制药废水有机物含量高,难生物降解成分多,有些成分可抑制污泥活性或具有生物毒性.以某制药企业维生素生产的7个工段(W1 ～ W7)的排放废水为研究对象,用摇瓶试验评价了各工段废水的可生物降解性能,用瓦勃氏呼吸仪测试了各工段废水对污泥活性的抑制作用,用发光菌急性毒性试验评价了各工段废水经好氧生物处理前后的生物毒性变化.研究...     

Acute toxicity of industrial endocrine-disrupting chemicals,natural and synthetic sex hormones to the freshwater planarian,Dugesia japonica

Many chemicals commonly occurring in surface water are found to be hormonally active. Fourteen compounds including four sex hormones, three synthetic hormones, one non-steroidal anti-androgen, and six industrial endocrine-disrupting chemicals were selected to examine their acute toxicities on the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica. Among all test chemicals, diethylstilbestrol had the highest toxicity. Relatively, the toxicities of the synthetic hormones were higher than the natural ones. Among the six industrial endocrine-disrupting chemicals tested, bisphenol A was the most toxic, with a 48-h LC₅₀ of 8.3 mg L^?1. Overall, the natural or synthetic hormones, other than estrone and estriol, were more acutely toxic to planarians than the industrial endocrine disruptors tested. The acute toxicities of the test chemicals to Dugesia japonica were in the same order of magnitude as those to Daphnia magna based on available published data. Despite this study used non-environmentally relevant levels, such kinds of chemicals do not exist singly in the aquatic environment, but typically act in synergistic and/or additive ways in the complex environmental mixtures, and the total estrogen equivalents are much higher than a single chemical. This study stands as a starting point for other acute and chronic assays, namely using mixtures.     

Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing

The BOD inhibition test, the activated sludge respiration inhibition test, and the Microtox® Bioassay procedure were examined for their potential as rapid toxicity screening methods for acid mine drainage (AMD) and for setting toxicity threshold levels in receiving waters. The BOD inhibition test proved to be unsuitable due to the high chemical oxygen demand of the toxicant. The long incubation time (minimum 5 d at 20°C) allowed growth of chemo-autotrophic bacteria and resulted in excessive flocculation and precipitation of metals, making accurate and meaningful measurements of inhibition impossible. The activated sludge respiration inhibition test was successful in measuring AMD toxicity, and for deriving toxicity threshold levels for the basic heterotrophic community in surface waters. However, it is a very time-consuming technique and is not sensitive enough to be used as a routine screening technique. The variability in toxicity was found to be due to the availability of metals as well as the effect of pH on metabolism. Simple linear models were derived to estimate inhibition within surface waters. Prediction of the inhibition caused by AMD can be made as long as the pH of the river water after mixing and the dilution of the AMD are known. Most accurate predictions are made using equations for specific pH ranges, but a useful estimation of inhibition can be obtained using the general equation: inhibition (%) = -2.34 pH + 6.41 AMD (%) + 22.1. The Microtox® Bioassay method, although expensive, was rapid and simple to use. It was the most sensitive test of the three, with the toxic response of marine bacteria increasing notably from 5 to 15 min due to the presence of bivalent metals in the toxicant. The problem of repeatability and reproducibility encountered with the activated sludge inhibition test was overcome with the highly standardised Microtox® method, making it an ideal screening method for AMD. However, the advantage of the activated sludge inhibition test is that the types of heterotrophic micro-organisms found in activated sludge are similar to those found in receiving waters such as the Avoca River and so more meaningful toxicity threshold values can be obtained.     

Comparison between inhibitor and uncoupler for minimizing excess sludge production of an activated sludge process

In order to study the minimization of excess sludge production, the reduction in the excess sludge production in the presence of an inhibitor and uncoupler was studied in this work. The experimental results show that such an addition could effectively reduce the production of excess sludge. With the energy uncoupling model established in this work, energy uncoupling coefficient (E _u) was used to evaluate the reduction in excess sludge production. The energy uncoupling coefficients in the presence of dinitrophenol (dNP), Zn²⁺, and Cu²⁺ was 0.75, 0.46, and 0.18, respectively. The analysis demonstrated that energy spilling occurred in the presence of dNP, and that dNP was an effective uncoupler for reducing the production of excess activated sludge without affecting the microbial respiration activity.     

Acute toxicity of 30 pharmaceutically active compounds to freshwater planarians,Dugesia japonica

Pharmaceutically active compounds are produced worldwide and consumed in large quantities, so these chemicals are frequently detected in limnic environments posing potential ecological risks. Thirty pharmaceutically active compounds were selected for examination of their acute toxicity for freshwater planarians (Dugesia japonica). Among the 30 compounds tested, diclofenac, mefenamic acid, naproxen, propranolol HCl, and diphenhydramine HCl had a 48-h nominal LC₅₀ below10 mg L^?1, and for 18 chemicals, it exceeded 100 mg L^?1. The 96-h nominal LC₅₀ was below 10 mg L^?1 for diclofenac, mefenamic acid, naproxen, propranolol HCl, diltiazem HCl, diphenhydramine HCl, hydroxyzine HCl, and triprolidine HCl, and for 15 chemicals, it exceeded 100 mg L^?1. Among different therapeutic groups, analgesics were most toxic to planarians, and antibiotics were least toxic. Antihistamines and beta blockers varied in their acute toxicity to planarians. At the current environmental levels, none of the tested pharmaceutically active compounds may have acutely harmful impacts on aquatic invertebrates. To answer the question whether chronic, long-term exposure to pharmaceutically active compounds may entail ecological risks for aquatic ecosystems, further investigations with different end points in multiple species tests are needed.     

The use of metabolic ratios for determining the catabolic substrates of a solitary ascidian

In a previous study, Hatcher (1989: Mar. Biol. 102: 445–452) found that variations in CO₂ and O₂ respiration rates in individual marine invertebrates led to RQ (respiratory quotient) values which were variable and often outside theoretical limits. The present study was designed to examine the variability in several excretionbased metabolic ratios which are often used as alternatives for the RQ in qualitative predictions of catabolic substrates. The experimental organism was a solitary ascidian,Herdmania momus (Savigny), collected near Perth, Western Australia, between January and July 1984. Respiration and excretion rates ofH. momus were examined as a function of a progressive nutritional stress, and covariation was examined. Nutritional stress accounted for more of the variation over time in respiration rates (40 to 50%) than in NH ₄ ⁺ excretion rates (20%). Significant net exchanges of dissolved organic compounds were measured. Qualitative predictions of catabolic substrates were based on a comparison of metabolic ratios with theoretical limits. The O:PO ₄ ^3- ratios were lower than the theoretical limits. The values of the O:NH ₄ ⁺ and NH ₄ ⁺ :PO ₄ ^3- ratios were not influenced by nutritional conditions but changed as a function of reproductive condition of the ascidians. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that metabolic ratios measured on individual ascidians cannot be reliable predictors of catabolic substrates.     

联苯胺类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的初步研究

应用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,对4种联苯胺类化合物(联苯胺、3,3'-二甲氧基联苯胺、3,3'-二甲基联苯胺、3,3'-二氯联苯胺)的毒性进行了测定.结果表明,这4种化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育均有明显抑制作用,可以造成仔鱼畸形甚至死亡,具有特定的最敏感毒理学终点及作用时间;联苯胺苯环上的取代基可以增强联苯胺的亲电作用或亲核作用,从而增强其胚胎毒性,其中尤以卤代产物(3,3'-二氯联苯胺)最为显著.其毒性排列顺序大致为:3,3'-二氯联苯胺>3,3'-二甲基联苯胺>3,3'-二甲氧基联苯胺>联苯胺;4种联苯胺的斑马鱼胚胎毒性数据与lgKow没有显著相关性,推测这4种联苯胺的毒性机理属体内反应型,毒物参与生理代谢.     

Fate of herbicides and nonylphenol in soil–plant–water systems amended with contaminated sewage sludge

We studied the fate of sludge spiked with ¹⁴C-labelled diuron, glyphosate and nonylphenol applied to the soil by the way of contaminated sewage sludge in the soil-plant-water system. Here we show that the mineralization of the chemicals in mixture is reduced by 40–80% by comparison with a direct soil contamination. The persistence of the chemicals in soils is increased in the presence of sludge. We showed also that the chemicals present in the sludge are mobile and partly transferred to soil leachates and plant seedlings. These results allow postulating that these compounds may induce an ecotoxicological impact on the soil ecosystem.     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.