Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.     

邯郸市沁河水污染治理方案

本文对邯郸市沁河水污染现状进行了调查分析，总结了城市内河治理经验，通过方案比较，推荐“清淤，护坡，建坝，分质截污，邯钢废水混凝沉淀处理”为沁河治理方案。     

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries. Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances, complete adoption of developed countries’ experience is unrealistic. At present, China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem. Among them, efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply. Unlike developed countries, it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking; therefore, it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water. As a beneficial supplement, an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.     

Development and prospects of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China

With the lack of space for new landfills, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is playing an increasingly important role in municipal solid waste management in China. The literatures on certain aspects of incineration plants in China are reviewed in this paper, including the development and status of the application of MSW incineration technologies, the treatment of leachate from stored MSW, air pollution control technologies, and the status of the fly-ash control method. Energy policy and its promotion of MSW-to-energy conversion are also elucidated.     

Development and application of innovative technologies for drinking water quality assurance in China

The continuously deteriorating quality of source water is threatening the safety of drinking water in China. Various efforts have been made to update water treatment processes to decrease the pollution problems of drinking water, such as protection of drinking water sources, enhancement of conventional treatment processes, and development of new or advanced treatment technologies. This paper reviews a variety of protection and remediation methods for drinking water sources, development and application of drinking water treatment technologies, new technologies for special pollutants removal from groundwater, and the latest research progress on water distribution systems in China.     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的政策分析

简要介绍了城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术，提出污泥产业发展政策的建议，指出土地利用是符合我国国情的污泥处置的方向之一：污泥处理技术主要有减量化、浓缩、脱水、消化、堆肥等；污泥处置技术主要有焚烧、填埋、土地利用、建材利用等。污泥处理处置应按照减量化、稳定化、无害化原则，鼓励污泥资源化综合利用。合理确定污水处理厂污泥处理处置设施的布局和设计规模；鼓励对污泥处理处置给与税、费优惠政策，明确将污泥处理处置的运营费用列入污水排污收费范围，建立科学的价格补偿机制；政府在污泥产业发展中起着较为重要的作用，主要体现为服务与监督，包括承诺、保障和协调三个方面。     

非点源污染模型研究进展

随着点源污染的有效控制,非点源污染已成为水体污染的主要因素,如何有效地控制和管理非点源污染已成为水环境整治的一项重要任务。而计算机模型是极其有效的流域非点源污染模拟和污染负荷估算的定量化工具,为非点源污染评价、管理和控制提供了可靠依据。文章综述了非点源污染模型的发展概况及其研究不足,并对模型的发展趋势进行了分析和预测。由于非点源污染随机性大、分布范围广、形成机理模糊、管理控制难度大等特点,未来非点源污染的量化模型研究及其与量化模型有关的相应参数研究、模型与GIS集成研究将成为未来研究的主流。     

Systematical strategies for wastewater treatment and the generated wastes and greenhouse gases in China

China now faces double challenges of water resources shortage and severe water pollution. To resolve Chinese water pollution problems and reduce its impacts on human health, economic growth and social development, the situation of wastewater treatment was investigated. Excess sludge and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted during wastewater treatment were also surveyed. It is concluded that Chinese water pollution problems should be systematically resolved with inclusion of wastewater and the solid waste and GHGs generated during wastewater treatment. Strategies proposed for the wastewater treatment in China herein were also adequate for other countries, especially for the developing countries with similar economic conditions to China.     

GIS在城市给水排水中的应用

阐述了GIS在城市给水排水领域的应用和发展趋势，包括水资源管理与分析、给水排水管网设计与管理、城市污水处理厂设计与管理、管网应急预警系统分析、水质污染状况和趋势分析等，并以大庆市给水排水管网信息管理系统实例，证明GIS可以及时准确完整的提供所需信息，更好的为市政管理者辅助决策提供依据。     

城市面源污染特征及排放负荷研究--以内江市为例

城市面源污染已引起国内外的重视,研究城市面源污染特征及排放负荷,为城市面源防治提供借鉴有重要意义。在内江市将城市下垫面按照水文效应和面源污染特性不同划分为屋面,庭院,交通道路,城市水环境四类,每类下垫面中选取一定数量的点进行监测,根据选取的典型点位的监测结果,研究城市面源污染特征及污染物负荷,结果表明：（1）各类下垫面中,交通干道污染质量浓度普遍较高,屋面污染物质量浓度相对较低,交通干道 COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为215.31 mg·L-1、280.20 mg·L-1、0.35 mg·L-1、2.29 mg·L-1、4.06 mg·L-1;屋面COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为85.56 mg·L-1、117.25 mg·L-1、0.13 mg·L-1、2.03 mg·L-1、3.63 mg·L-1。（2）不同材质屋面中,沥青屋面的污染物质量浓度普遍较高,陶瓦屋面的污染物质量浓度相对较低。沥青屋面 COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为73.4 mg·L-1、56.0 mg·L-1、0.181 mg·L-1、2.529 mg·L-1、5.254 mg·L-1;陶瓦屋面COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为30.8 mg·L-1、45.4 mg·L-1、0.106 mg·L-1、2.099 mg·L-1、4.167 mg·L-1。（3）单次降雨COD污染负荷在34.6~73.7 t之间,相当于整个城区城镇生活污水不加处理排放1天;根据3次降雨监测结果估算全年COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮排放量分别为2177.1 t、2778.3 t、3.855 t、41.410 t、69.133 t,城市面源COD污染负荷是城镇生活源的近20%。（4）各类下垫面中,屋面的污染物排放负荷贡献率最大,其次为庭院、交通干道、一般道路、城市水环境,一次典型降雨中,屋面对COD污染负荷的贡献率为30.9%,庭院为28.7%,交通干道为24.7%,一般道路为14.9%,城市水环境仅为0.8%。（5）各类下垫面中,交通干道的初始冲刷效应最明显,其次为一般道路、庭院、屋面。根据分析得出结论：城市面源中COD、悬浮物的污染不容忽视;不同下垫面呈现不同的污染特征,屋面的污染物质量浓度较低,但由于面积贡献率大,污染物负荷贡献率较高,均在25%以上,交通干道、一般道路五类污染物由于质量浓度较高,各污染物负荷贡献率均超过其面积贡献率,可作为城市面源防治的重点;截留和处理城市降雨初期径流对于城市面源污染处理非常重要。     

我国水污染防治的战略与政策的探讨

我国大部分城市污水的95%未经处理排放入水体,城市地区的水质有继续恶化的趋势,甚至许多城镇的下水管网尚不完善.随着城市化和工业化的发展,城市污水将继续增加.我国在污水处理中投资不足和水污染规模大这一不相适应的矛盾将会在相当长的一个时期内存在.解决我国水污染的根本原则是供求最大的费用—有效性.未来水污染防治的政策要点是:1.集中力量于源头削减污染产生量;2.建立按总量控制的流域级水污染防治的方法和示范工程;3.在投资和管理体制上建立以城市污水集中处理的市场经济刺激机制.     

我国污水处理的发展趋势

目前我国污水处理的总体发展趋势；一是普及城市污水处理，二是提高工业废水排放达标率，三是推广污水回用。论文重点介绍了城市污水的强化一级处理、数学模型用于精确控制的技术，清洁生产在提高工业废水排放达标方面的作用，以及再生水作为环境用水的回用方式。     

广东集约化养猪业的环境影响及其防治对策

分析和评价了广东省养猪场粪尿废水排放总量、污染物排放强度和废水治理现状,指出集约化养猪业对地表水、地下水、空气污染的严重性。养猪业排放的团体废弃物总量超过生活垃圾与了业固体废物总量;COD排放总量与生活废水及工业废水排放COD总量接近,并已排放大量的N、P、K等营养盐。养猪业已成为主要的有机污染源和N等营养盐污染源,分析厂养猪业污染防治中存在的问题,提出采用综合防治的方法解决广东省集约化养猪场污染问题。     

Eutrophication status and control strategy of Taihu Lake

The water quality and eutrophication status of Taihu Lake in recent years are presented and the pollution trends are analyzed. It is shown that because of unreasonable industrial structures, pollution discharge per GDP is high within the Taihu basin, and the pollution discharge from point and non-point sources exceed the basin’s environmental carrying capacity. Especially, excessive pollutants containing nitrogen and phosphorus are being discharged. Moreover, eutrophication may also result from internal pollution sources such as the release of nutrient elements from sediment. All these factors have resulted in the water quality deterioration of Taihu Lake. To solve this environmental problem, possible control strategies are summarized, including the control of internal pollution sources and inflow-river pollution, ecological restoration and reconstruction of the degraded lakeside zone ecosystem, clean water diversion, dredging, and manual algae removal.     

天津市工业废水污染控制问题的研究

本文对天津市的水环境质量现状和存在的主要环境问题进行了系统分析,根据天津市污染防治长期规划,从建设工业水污染防治体系的目标出发,提出了解决城市工业废水污染控制问题的对策,方法和相应措施。并针对水资源严重匮乏地区的经济与环境协调发展问题,进行了研究和探讨。     

以有机污染为主的河流治理技术研究进展

借鉴国外污染河流治理与修复的经验,并结合我国当前严重的河流污染形势,介绍了以有机污染为主的河流治理技术的研究进展。根据污染河水处理系统与河道的相对空间关系,河流治理技术可分为三类,第一类是将河水引出河道水系,引入附近的污水处理厂进行处理的异地处理法,其中截污工程是异地处理法的关键;第二类是在河道内建设处理系统,沿程进行河水净化的原位处理法,如河道内的曝气法、投菌法、生物膜法和化学法等;第三类是在河岸带上建设处理系统,将河水分流其中进行处理的旁路处理法,如建于河岸上的人工湿地处理系统、氧化塘以及多种形式的生物床或生物反应器等,旁路处理法起着人工强化河岸带的作用,是目前受污染河流治理中值得关注的一条新思路。受污染河流的具体处理方法及空间位置的选择,需要根据实际情况而定。     

生化-物化-生态组合工艺用于离散型住宅小区污水处理与中水回用

以武汉市东西湖区园艺花城小区(3期)污水深度处理和中水回用系统建设为例,介绍和推广一套具有较强实用性的生活污水生化—物化—生态组合处理工艺。该项工艺特别适用于氮含量偏高情况下的离散型住宅小区生活污水深度处理与回用,具有占地省,处理效果稳定,易与周边环境协调等诸多优势。采用组合工艺,可使小区污水经处理后实现达标排放,中水处理系统的出水水质满足《城市污水再生利用(城市杂用水和景观环境用水)水质标准》;系统运行能耗低,污水处理和中水制水的总成本仅为0．69元/m~3。     

高效絮凝反应器处理生活污水试验研究

本文采用高效絮凝模拟反应器进一步对实际生活污水进行连续运行处理试验，结果表明，直接絮凝沉淀处理后的出水浊度去除率和ＣＯＤ去除率分别达到９３．４％和７９．２％，可完全达到排放标准。絮凝处理后再经纤维过滤柱过滤处理，可控制出水浊度在１．０ＮＴＵ以下，ＣＯＤ去除率增加５．０￣７．０％，试验结果进一步验证了这种高效絮凝装置具有高效处理效能及实际工程应用推广价值。